Matthias
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    # Netzwerke ## Aufgabe 1: Was ist das Internet? ### 1. Was und wozu ist das Internet? Das Internet war ursprünglich gedacht um militärische sowie Akademische Netzwerke zu verbinden um Daten auszutauschen. Das Internet von heute verbindet Milliarden an Geräten in localen und globalen Netzwerken und ist somit ein Netzwerk von Netzwerken über das Daten ausgetauscht werden können wie etwa das WorldWideWeb, mail, messaging, file-sharing and many more. Zusammenschluss von autonomen systemen. Autonomes System: Menge von Geräten und Leitungen, welche unter einer einzigen eigenständigen Verwaltung stehen. Das Internet dient dem Informationsaustausch. ### 2. Überlegen Sie, wie das Internet grundsätzlich funktioniert. Das Internet funktioniert ohne zentrale Organisation. Each network can choose its own policies. The definitions that form the Internet are defined by the ICANN Institution. Die kommunikation erfolgt über IPv4 bzw IPv6 Protokolle (Internet Protocol) in kombination mit dem DNS (Domain Name System). ### 3. Wie verbinden Sie sich mit Internet (Use Cases: Kabel, Wi-Fi, Mobile Data)? Wie funktioniert es? Kabel: Ethernet-Cable RJ45 bei den meisten stationären Devices sowie den meisten Laptops. Dies ist eine Verbindung über Kupfer Kabel. Mobile-devices verwenden Wifi. Über dieses verbindet sich mein Gerät über das lokale netzwerk zum nächsten Gateway/Router, welcher ein eingebautes Modem hat oder an einem Modem (ISP) angeschlossen ist. Der Router stellt den Zugang zum globalen Internet dar. Smartphone: Über mobile daten verbindet sich das smartphone zum nächsten Mobilfunkmasten (LTE) welcher wiederum eine Verbindung zum ISP herstellt. --- ## Aufgabe 2: Netzwerkgeräte Beschreiben Sie Zweck und Funktion von den folgenden Geräten. (Eine High-Level-Beschreibung reicht.) ### 1. Patch Panel, Repeater, Hub **Patch Panel:** [...] ein technisches Gerät zur Vereinfachung von Verkabelungen, an dem in der Regel mehrere Geräte angeschlossen sind, deren Verbindungen komfortabel mittels kurzer Patchkabel über an der Frontseite angebrachte Buchsen hergestellt und verändert werden können. - [Source](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steckfeld_(Verkabelung)) ![](https://i.imgur.com/cndkapd.png) **Repeater:** In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. - [Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater) **Hub:** is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment. A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. **Hubs are now largely obsolete, having been replaced by network switches except in very old installations or specialized applications.** - [Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_hub) ![](https://i.imgur.com/E2O1XKV.png) ### 2. Bridge, Switch [vlan switch](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj_vsHO2On6AhX4_rsIHWLWAagQFnoECAwQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkb.netgear.com%2F21574%2FWhat-is-a-virtual-LAN-VLAN-and-how-does-it-work-with-my-managed-switch&usg=AOvVaw2srzURq_HqOwC8jvO8QKKq) **Bridge:** A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single, aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging. Bridging is distinct from routing. **Routing allows multiple networks to communicate independently and yet remain separate, whereas bridging connects two separate networks as if they were a single network.** In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the data link layer (layer 2). - [Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_bridge) **Switch:** is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. A network switch is a **multiport network bridge** that uses MAC addresses to forward data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. - [Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch) ![](https://i.imgur.com/obIVpdl.png) ### 3. Router, Home-Router, Gateway **Router**: Nur ein Router ohne Switch. A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. **Home-Router**: Router mit Modem und Switch. Anbindung an die Außenwelt -> https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_Gateway [Gateway](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(Informatik)): Stellt eine Verbindung zwischen zwei Systemen her. Je nach Schicht wird etwas anderes gemacht. - Layer 1: Hier arbeiten Medienkonverter, welche z. B. elektrische in optische Signale umwandeln. Auch Powerline-Adapter zählen zu den Gateways auf Layer 1. - Layer 2: Auf dem Layer 2 findet die Übersetzung zwischen unterschiedlichen Netzwerktypen statt, z. B. zwischen Ethernet und Token Ring. - Layer 3: Ein Router leitet Pakete zwischen den angeschlossenen Subnetzen weiter. - ... ### 4. Firewall, Proxy Firewall: In computing, a firewall is a network security system that **monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules**. A firewall typically establishes a **barrier between a trusted network and an untrusted network**, such as the Internet. Proxy: Sending traffic via another server. Proxy doesn't modify it, it just relays it. ### 5. Multilayer Switch (Load Balancer, Content Switch) > A multilayer switch (MLS) is a computer networking device that switches on OSI layer 2 like an ordinary network switch and provides extra functions on higher OSI layers. This can include tagging packages for the use with VLANs.y **Content Switch:** Layer 4–7 switch, web switch, or content switch - Content switches are typically used for load balancing among groups of servers. Load balancing can be performed on HTTP, HTTPS, VPN, or any TCP/IP traffic using a specific port. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_switch ### 6. Modem A modulator-demodulator or modem is a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission medium such as telephone or radio. - [Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem) --- ## Aufgabe 3: IP und MAC Adressen ### 1. Warum gibt es zwei Arten von Adressen? MAC-Adressen: sollen eine Global einzigartige Adresse darstellen. Die in Rechnernetzen verwendeten Übertragungsmedien sind üblicherweise Kupferkabel (Twisted-Pair-Kabel), Lichtwellenleiter und Funk (WLAN). Über das Übertragungsmedium werden in der Bitübertragungsschicht Bitsequenzen gesendet, die in der nächsthöheren Schicht (Sicherungsschicht) zu Frames zusammengefügt werden. Zur eindeutigen Adressierung von Rechnern auf der Leitungsschicht dient die MAC-Adresse. Jede Ethernet-, WLAN- oder Bluetooth-Netzwerkkarte besitzt solch eine eindeutige MAC-Adresse, unter der sie angesprochen werden kann. Obwohl sie effektiv nur in lokalen Netzen eine Bedeutung haben, sind MAC-Adressen üblicherweise global eindeutig und besitzen keinerlei Strukturmerkmale, die für die Wegewahl (Routing) genutzt werden können. MAC-Local identification, but ideally globaly unique; IP-Adress: Global identification MAC: Physical vs IP: logical adress MAC: Media Access Control Adress. Represents the hardware address of every single Network Adapter. OSI: Layer 2 Datalink IP (Internet Protocol) Adressen. Used to route traffic on the internet. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space which provides 4,294,967,296 (232) unique addresses, but large blocks are reserved for special networking purposes.[3][4] OSI: Layer 3 Network In Internet Protocol (IP) networks, the MAC address of an interface corresponding to an IP address may be queried with the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for IPv4 and the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) for IPv6, relating OSI Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses. MAC: Name IP: Postadresse ### 2. Beschreiben Sie die Anatomie von IPv4-Adressen inkl. Subnetzmaske Subnetmask is used for logical subdivision of the network. Computers that belong to the same subnet are addressed with an identical most-significant bit-group in their IP addresses. This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields: the network number or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. Class C: Subnetzmaske /24=24Bits=255.255.255.0 Routing prefix = network number = subnetmask Bitwise & ip-adress

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