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# 伺服器基本架構懶人包:主機板、記憶體、背板、電源供應器、機箱...... `伺服器` `主機板` `記憶體` `背板` `電源供應器` `機箱` 伺服器大家可以想像成超高效的大型桌機,當然,這只是比喻而已,無倫你是想上網看影片還是玩遊戲,都會需要用到伺服器,而伺服器的外表跟型態千變萬化。 在現代社會中充滿著大大小小的伺服器,跑跑卡丁車的韓服、我們愛用的雲端硬碟,甚至是球賽轉播......大部分人使用過它,享受過它的好處,但卻沒有看過伺服器的「本體」,接下來,就讓我們好好認識它吧! ### 伺服器的基本架構 伺服器主要由主機板、CPU、記憶體、背板、電源供應器、機箱組成,而電源供應器跟機箱其實是伺服器非常重要的一個Component(零件),接下來讓我們詳細介紹。 #### 一、主機板 (Motherboard) ![](https://i.imgur.com/pW1Soh7.png) (圖片來源: [美超微X12DAI-N6](https://www.supermicro.com/zh_tw/products/motherboard/x12dai-n6)) 又稱Motherboard、Mainboard、MB、MBD,這些都是科技業常見的縮寫,伺服器的主機板多為14~16層PCB打件而成,不然伺服器需要用到的線路太多,普通層數根本印不完。 #### 二、CPU ![](https://i.imgur.com/A8fxolL.jpg) [圖片來源:科技新報](https://technews.tw/2019/04/09/2gn-intel-xeon-cpu/) 在一般PC(桌上型電腦、筆電)可能8核心已經是極限了,但伺服器的話,即使是workstation也可以兼容到24核甚至以上,CPU的核心數決定了它的多工執行的能力。 特別備註一下,CPU廠牌主流的有Intel跟AMD,那CPU可以簡單分成PC grade、Server grade、Worksation grade。 #### 三、記憶體 (Memory) ![](https://i.imgur.com/TsJHcRZ.png) [圖片來源:StorageReview](https://www.storagereview.com/news/intel-optane-dc-persistent-memory-module-pmm) 除了一般8G~128G的記憶體,伺服器還能support所謂的DCPMM、LRDIMM等等,也就是可以同時擁有儲存跟快取功能的記憶體,大大增加了伺服器的靈活度。 #### 四、背板 (Backplane, BPN) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ENTKZva.png) [圖片來源:微文庫](https://www.gushiciku.cn/dc_tw/200662667) 這大家應該就比較少見了,伺服器會有所謂的背板來銜接主機板跟硬碟,如果搭上raid卡,就能有磁碟陣列管理(簡單來講:管理硬碟啦!)的功能,對於網路管理員來說是整理的好幫手~ #### 五、電源供應器 (Power Supply, PWS) ![](https://i.imgur.com/HQ2IIPD.png) [圖片來源:台達電](https://www.deltaww.com/zh-TW/products/Server-Power/ALL/) Power supply(電源供應器)的品質決定了主機板訊號的穩定度,當然,各家廠牌在出貨就會幫大家測試好,因此不用擔心~ 伺服器的PWS通常會有兩顆,一顆作為主要電源輸出,另一顆則做為redundant使用(多出來的,主要供應緊急升高的瓦數使用) #### 六、機箱 (Chassis) ![](https://i.imgur.com/CsiJB6s.png) [圖片來源:股感StockFeel](https://www.stockfeel.com.tw/%E9%9B%B2%E7%AB%AF%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E5%95%86%E5%8B%A4%E8%AA%A0%EF%BC%9A%E6%A9%9F%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96/) 這這這就有趣了,伺服器的型態無遠弗屆,有機架(rackmount)、刀鋒(blade)、塔式(Tower).....去因應不一樣的使用情境。 可能有人說,機箱應該美觀漂亮就好了吧?NONONO,機箱會大大影響伺服器的散熱,在現在GPU動不動就300w,CP動不動就205w的世界,散熱真的有夠重要的! #### 七、小結 相信說到這邊,大家應該也有些基本認識了吧?當然還有很多網卡、儲存管理卡、IB卡、硬碟、SSD、NVME還沒有講到,伺服器的世界,歡迎大家去探索!

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