marianaosiecka
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    # Trabalho realizado na Semana #12 > # Ficha da semana #12 - Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) ## 3.1 Task 1: Becoming a Certificate Authority (CA) Depois de feito o *setup* do container na virtual machine, criamos o ficheiro myCA_openssl.cnf com o conteúdo do openssl.cnf, mas com ligeiras alterações. Criamos também os diretórios e ficheiros necessários. Executamos o código: ``` openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -days 3650 \ -keyout ca.key -out ca.crt \ -subj "/CN=www.modelCA.com/O=Model CA LTD./C=US" \ -passout pass:dees ``` gerando um certificado de uma CA. ![](https://i.imgur.com/We5owmx.png) <br> **Questões** **Que parte do certificado indica que se trata de um certificado de uma CA?** A parte do certificado que nos indica que estamos perante um certificado de uma CA, é precisamente a seguinte linha: ![](https://i.imgur.com/MlxqQr5.png) <br> **Que parte do certificado indica que se trata de um certificado assinado pelo próprio?** Garantimos que este certificado se trata de um autoassinado, pois o emisssor e o sujeito são os mesmos. ![](https://i.imgur.com/7iXaR1u.png) <br> **No algoritmo da RSA, temos um expoente público e, um expoente privado d, um módulo n, e dois números secretos p e q, tais que n = pq. Identifique os valores para estes elementos no seu certificado e ficheiros-chave.** expoente público **e**: ![](https://i.imgur.com/yE857Wj.png) expoente privado **d**: ![](https://i.imgur.com/WvvRjfb.png) modulos **n**: ![](https://i.imgur.com/AwrXOrT.png) número **p**: ![](https://i.imgur.com/BwCTLT0.png) número **q**: ![](https://i.imgur.com/97JQUzz.png) ficheiros-chave: **ca.key** e **ca.crt** ![](https://i.imgur.com/sCraY98.png) ## 3.2 Task 2: Generating a Certificate Request for Your Web Server Usando o comando abaixo foi possível gerar um *Certificate Signing Request (CSR)* para o nosso servidor `www.sequeiracarvalhocardoso2022.com` com dois nomes alternativos. ![](https://i.imgur.com/10aaNVJ.png) ## 3.3 Task 3: Generating a Certificate for your server Primeiro retiramos o "#" do ficheiro myCA_openssl.cnf de modo a permitir que o comando **openssl ca** copie o campo de extensões do pedido para o certificado. Depois, executamos o comando: ![](https://i.imgur.com/p76pOb1.png) que transforma o pedido de certificado num **certificado X509**. O diretório **newcerts**, previamente vazio, ficou com um novo ficheiro lá dentro. ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZJ65rxr.png) Como vemos na imagem abaixo, os nomes alternativos do servidor estão presentes no conteúdo do certificado. ![](https://i.imgur.com/FKWtDQv.png) ## 3.4 Task 4: Deploying Certificate in an Apache-Based HTTPS Website Através da shell criada no container, criamos um novo ficheiro **sequeiracarvalhocardoso2022_apache_ssl.cnf**, no diretório **/etc/apache2/sites-available**, com o mesmo conteúdo do ficheiro **bank32_apache_ssl.conf**, mas substituindo "bank32" por "sequeiracarvalhocardoso". É importante referir que os ficheiros **.crt** e **.key** foram copiados para o diretorio `/volumes/certs`, de modo a serem partilhados entre a VM e o container. ![](https://i.imgur.com/trdwkAS.png) Como já tinhamos feito **build** ao container apenas foi necessário correr o comando **service apache2 start** para dar início ao servidor. ![](https://i.imgur.com/VKPajYW.png) Escrevendo o URL **`https://www.sequeiracarvalhocardoso2022.com`** na barra de endereço, aparece-nos um aviso de site inseguro, não sendo possível aceder ao site. Apenas quando se carrega nas opções avançadas e assumindo o risco é que é possível ver: ![](https://i.imgur.com/G7Gj31G.png) De modo a corrigir, acedemos às preferências do Firefox à secção de "View certificates" e adicionamos o nosso certificado **ca.crt**. ![](https://i.imgur.com/s28t4qN.png) Agora que a autoridade que assinou o certificado foi reconhecida, o browser já assume o nosso site como sendo seguro. ![](https://i.imgur.com/FBIzHre.png) ## 3.5 Task 5: Launching a Man-In-The-Middle Attack Adicionamos `10.9.0.80 www.ex.com` ao ficheiro /etc/hosts e mudamos o nome do servidor no ficheiro sequeiracarvalhocardoso2022_apache_ssl.cnf para **`www.ex.com`**. ![](https://i.imgur.com/0Bk8Xw1.png) Reiniciando a Apache server e acedendo ao site, aparece-nos: ![](https://i.imgur.com/ioCuYoK.png) Apesar de termos feito o reconhecimento da autoridade que assinou o certificado na task anterior, o browser assume o site como sendo inseguro. Isto porque, como apenas mudamos o nome do servidor e não alteramos os endereços que o browser estaria à espera de reconhecer (`www.sequeiracarvalhocardoso2022.com`, `www.sequeiracarvalhocardoso2022A.com`, `www.sequeiracarvalhocardoso2022B.com`), `www.ex.com` não se encontra entre os possíveis, ocorrendo então num aviso de segurança. ## 3.6 Task 6: Launching a Man-In-The-Middle Attack with a Compromised CA Assumindo que o CA criado na Task 1 está comprometido, partimos dele para gerar outro *Certificate Signing Request* (CSR) como na Task 2, mas agora acrescentando o DNS: **`www.ex.com`** ![](https://i.imgur.com/Ttu5HvA.png) Depois, como na Task 3, geramos um certificado X509 a partir do pedido. Verificamos que o novo DNS aparece em baixo na figura. ![](https://i.imgur.com/zgWbsyc.png) Na shell do container, alteramos novamente o SSLCertificateFile e SSLCertificateKeyFile, do ficheiro sequeiracarvalhocardoso2022_apache_ssl_conf, para os nomes com que o certificado e a key foram criados: **server.crt** e **server.key**. ![](https://i.imgur.com/bEUpXDZ.png) Depois de reiniciar o Apache server, vemos que o browser assume o site como sendo seguro, uma vez que o certificado foi assinado em nome da CA. Isto apenas foi possível porque tinhamos acesso à sua chave privada, gerando assim certificados cuja autoridade é reconhecida. ![](https://i.imgur.com/WoOs46W.png)

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