chunhung.yu
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Note Insights Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    1
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    --- title: RecMap:Rectangular Map Approximations tags: presentation slideOptions: theme: black transition: 'fade' spotlight: enabled: #true # parallaxBackgroundImage: --- [toc] # [RecMap : Rectangular Map Approximations](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1382888) >[name=Presenter: Chun-Hung Yu][time=Date: Tue , July 28, 2020] [name=Publisher: IEEE][time=Date of Conference: Oct, 2004] --- * slide: https://hackmd.io/@king87515/recmap# --- ## Authors >[name=Roland Heilmann∗ Bayer Technology] [name=Daniel A. Keim† University of Konstanz] [name=Christian Panse‡ University of Konstanz] [name=Mike Sips§ University of Konstanz] --- ## Abstract * 針對地理空間數據集提出了一種新穎的視覺化技術,稱為**RecMap**。 * 為一種全自動技術。 * 以顯示區域的**矩形**分區保留許多重要地理空間約束的地圖區域。 * 增強了對全局和局部的相關性。 <font style="font-size:15px;">**`Keywords: Geographic Visualization,Information Visualization, Database and Data Mining Visualization`**</font> --- ## 1. Introduction * 許多應用領域的數據是按地理位置收集和索引的。然而地理空間數據在現實世界的不均勻分佈會對生成的地圖視覺化的效果有直接影響。 * 使用**經典面積圖**的問題在於,它們可能在重要性不高的大面積上突出顯示圖案,造成++無法快速地理解所呈現的地理空間信息++。 --- ## 1. Introduction * 手動構建製示意地圖是一項非常困難的任務。因為在一方面,我們必須根據其地理空間統計值來調整區域的大小。另一方面,我們必須考慮到區域的(原始)==形狀==及其鄰域關係(==拓撲結構==)要保留得盡可能多。 * 據我們所知,不存在任何自動程序來計算地圖的**分割層次**(split hierarchy)。且提出的大多數技術都沒有考慮到地圖的形狀和拓撲,或者無法完全消除連續製圖上的面積誤差。 --- ### 經典面積圖 <font style="font-size:20px;">**==重要性可能不高的大面積區域上突出地顯示圖案。==**</font> ![](https://i.imgur.com/l9qIhUx.png) --- ### Circular Cartograms <font style="font-size:20px;">**==以圓形呈現,忽略了多邊形的形狀。==**</font> ![](https://i.imgur.com/RUIczYm.png) --- ### TreeMaps <font style="font-size:20px;">**==此種呈現方法能以不同顏色區塊呈現不同資料,可以透過區塊大小看出各資料數值大小比較。==**</font> <font style="font-size:20px;">**==當該區塊範圍越大,代表該資料數值越大、越多。==**</font> ![](https://i.imgur.com/AiCBIBr.png) --- ## 2. Contribution * 用**矩形近似**熟悉的土地覆蓋的地圖區域形狀,並找到可用屏幕空間的分區,其中這些矩形區域的面積與給定的統計值成比例。 * 嘗試將矩形放置在盡可能靠近其原始位置並儘可能靠近其鄰居的位置。 * 我們定義了此優化問題的兩個變數,並提出了兩個相應的演算法,區別在於,++第一種方法不允許有空白空間,而第二種方法則保留了多邊形的形狀++。 Note: 這些統計值可能是人口、薪資、資源... 保留多邊形的形狀指的是整個地圖的拓樸結構 --- ### Optimization Problem ![](https://i.imgur.com/EXeAlKO.png) --- ## 3. Problem Definition * <font style="font-size:25px;">**先滿足 constraints 再轉向目標函數的單個組成部分。**</font> <font style="font-size:22px;">**:pencil: *P* : A formulation of the problem of determining a near–optimal cartogram**</font> <font style="font-size:22px;">**:pencil: *Z* : Vector ,為地理空間的數據值**</font> * $\scriptsize P=\{p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_R\}$ * $\scriptsize \overline{P}=\{\overline{p}_1,\overline{p}_2,\ldots,\overline{p}_R\} \\\scriptsize\to consisting\ of\ R\ polygons\ or\ region\ \\\scriptsize\to Z=(Z_r)_{r_=1,\ldots,R}\ of\ spatial\ data\ values\ \\ \scriptsize \qquad\enspace Z_r\ge0\ with\sum\limits_{r = 1}^R{Z_r=1}$ --- ### 3.1. Constraints * 𝑃 為一**平面圖**。 * 任一多邊形 𝑝∈𝑃 皆為==矩形==。 * 任一多邊形 𝑝∈𝑃 對於另一多邊形 𝑝∈𝑃 至少存在一個不同的鄰居。 $\to$ *P* 須遵守這些 constraints 稱為 **feasible**。 $\to$ 這些 *P* 所成的集合,記作 *M*。 --- ### 3.2. Objective Function <font style="font-size:22px;">**==5個標準來評估 *P* 的質量==**</font> * 質量取決於兩點: * *P* 的多邊形是否可以在 *P* 中輕易辨別 * *P* 的多邊形需反映 *Z* 給出的地理空間數據值 * Area * Shape * Topology * Relative polygon positions * Empty space --- ### Area * The area error $𝐴(𝑃)=𝐴(𝑃,𝑍)$ with $A(P):=\frac{1}{R}\sum\limits_{r = 1}^R{\frac{|\varepsilon_r-Z_r|}{Z_r}}$ <font style="font-size:18px;">**==平均相對偏差==**</font> * $\varepsilon_r:=a(p_r)/A_f(P)$<font style="font-size:18px;"> **==全部面積分之r區域面積==**</font> * $A_f(P):=\sum\limits_{r = 1}^R{a(p_r)}$ --- ### Shape * The shape error $𝑆(𝑃)=𝑆(𝑃,\overline{P})$ * $𝑆(𝑃):=\frac{1}{R}\sum\limits_{r = 1}^R{\frac{|s(p_r)-s(\overline{p}_r)|}{s(\overline{p}_r)}}$ <font style="font-size:18px;">**==平均相對偏差==**</font> * $s(p_r), s(\overline{p}_r)$ 分別為各自的水平最大延伸率和垂直最大延伸率的比值 ![](https://i.imgur.com/xb6WcDV.png =500x) --- ### Topology * 先求 $P,\overline{P}$的**相鄰矩陣**或者 **pseudo dual graphs** ($G_a,\overline{G}_a$) * The topology error $T(𝑃)=T(𝑃,\overline{P})$ with $T(P):=\frac{|\overline{E}_a\backslash E_a|+|E_a\backslash \overline{E}_a|}{|\overline{E}_a\cup E_a|}$ <font style="font-size:18px;">**==偏差==**</font>&nbsp;![](https://i.imgur.com/EAXJQsh.png =300x) * $\overline{E}_a,E_a$ : 分別為 $\overline{G}_a$ 和 $G_a$ 的邊集合 * Normalized to the interval [0,1] --- ### Topology * adjacency graph of U.S map(左圖) * 右圖其相對應地圖的分區,紅色部分表示拓撲錯誤 ![](https://i.imgur.com/WYFe9HZ.png =600x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/2uWKSqy.png =500x) --- ### Relative polygon positions * The (relative) position error $R(𝑃)=R(𝑃,\overline{P})$ with $R(P):=\frac{2}{R\cdot(R-1)}\cdot\frac{1}{180^o}\sum\limits_{r = 1}^{R-1}\sum\limits_{\rho=r+1}^{R}{ \alpha_{r,\rho}}$ * $\alpha_{r,\rho}:=arccos\frac{{(\vec{\overline{u}}_{r,\rho}\cdot\vec{u}_{r,\rho})}}{|\vec{\overline{u}}_{r,\rho}|\cdot|\vec{u}_{r,\rho}|}$ <font style="font-size:19px;">**==$p_r \ and\ p_{\rho}$多邊形相對位置的偏差(角度)==**</font> * $\vec{\overline{u}}_{r,\rho}=c(\overline{p}_{\rho})-c(\overline{p}_{r})$ * $\vec{{u}}_{r,\rho}=c({p}_{\rho})-c({p}_{r})$ <font style="font-size:20px;">**=="c()":重心==**</font> * Normalized to the interval [0,1] --- ### Empty space * 製作矩形圖時,$P$ 可能會有孔洞或者空白區域 * The empty space error $E(P)$ with $E(P):=\frac{A_t(P)-A_f(P)}{A_t(P)}$ * Normalized to the interval [0,1] * $A_t$ 代表被 $P$ 包圍的空間區域 --- ### Formulation of the optimization problem * $𝐹(𝑃)=(𝐴(𝑃),𝑆(𝑃),𝑇(𝑃),𝑅(𝑃),𝐸(𝑃))$ * Variant 1 (MP1) * Min. &nbsp;&nbsp; 𝐹(𝑃) * s.t. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 𝑃∈𝑀, 𝐴(𝑃)=0, and 𝐸(𝑃)=0. * Variant 2 (MP2) * Min. &nbsp;&nbsp; 𝐹(𝑃) * s.t. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 𝑃∈𝑀, 𝐴(𝑃)=0, and 𝑆(𝑃)=0. $\to$ MP1,MP2 is ==NP-hard== optimization problems --- ### Traditional map ![](https://i.imgur.com/2o66YJE.png) --- ### RecMap for (MP1) * Variant 1 (MP1) * Min. &nbsp;&nbsp; 𝐹(𝑃) * s.t. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 𝑃∈𝑀, 𝐴(𝑃)=0, and 𝐸(𝑃)=0. ![](https://i.imgur.com/LLKCRp6.png =400x) --- ### RecMap for (MP2) * Variant 2 (MP2) * Min. &nbsp;&nbsp; 𝐹(𝑃) * s.t. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 𝑃∈𝑀, 𝐴(𝑃)=0, and 𝑆(𝑃)=0. $\because$ 不允許有形狀誤差 $\therefore S(P)=0$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/plkZrxd.png =400x) --- ## 4. The RecMap Algorithm * Step of map partition problem 1. 啟發法 (heuristic)<font style="font-size:20px;">**==MP1==**</font> 1. 最佳近似解 (near-optimal solution)<font style="font-size:20px;">**==MP2==**</font> * genetic algo. : 不斷迭代,為一種最佳化的搜尋演算法。 * $\hat{F}$ (means of a weighted objective function) is derived from $F$ <font style="font-size:20px;">**==可以由使用者設定權重以達到其想要的視覺呈現。==**</font> --- #### Example : 對每個 constraints 設權重所帶來的結果 $\tiny(a) T(P)=1$, $\tiny(b) R(P)=0$, $\tiny(c) E(P)=0$, $\tiny(d) conbination\ of\ all\ constraints\ (weight=1)$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/M9W0Zqz.png =500x) <!-- <center class="half"> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/ekL3xUk.png" width="20%"/> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/BDwk8Cd.png" width="20%"/> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/uAktmja.png" width="20%"/> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/3xtuMSN.png" width="20%"/> </center> --> --- ### 4.1. Variant 1 |![](https://i.imgur.com/Obcfp9y.png =1300x)|<font style="font-size:25px;"><ol><li>$\widetilde{P}$ : 初始化參數,記錄一連串的 cartograms,確保沒有空區域發生。<li>[有一矩形行政區包含2個重心,則需分裂。](#/27)</li></li><li>$\lambda$為迭代次數</li><li>$I_{\lambda}\in{\{0,1\}}$</li><li>最後相當於一個p只有一個重心。</li></ol></font>| | --- | --- | --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/yYqDNZT.png) --- ### 4.2. Variant 2 |![](https://i.imgur.com/k7UYGQ8.png =1300x)|<font style="font-size:25px;"><ol><li>$\overline{G}_{a_x}$: $\overline{P}$的外部區域例外節點(R+1)的相鄰矩陣</li><li>$p^c$ 從 $\overline{p}_{R+1}$到某個行政區 $p_{r}$最大距離($d_{r,R+1}$)</li><li>在初始化步驟中,我們選擇一個多邊形 $p^c$(core polygon)作為佈局或製圖的中心</li><li>在主要步驟中,從 $p^c$開始,將其餘周圍R-1個多邊形圍繞放置直到$P :=\widetilde{P}$</li></ol></font> | |---|---| <!-- Note: 簡報按S的備忘錄 --> --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/8X5EmqH.png) --- # Thank you for listening

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully