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    ###### tags: `Tsukuba Univ` `統計分析法` # 2022/10/04(火) - 資料 ‪C:\Users\itsu0\OneDrive - 筑波大学\docs\reports\2年\秋A\統計分析法\Stats_week01_Handout-S.pdf - パスワード Stats2022 # 1. 統計分析で何をするか ## 統計分析とは - 統計分析:**Statiscal Analysis** - ばらつきを伴う情報を客観的分析・評価 ## 統計分析の機能 ### 1. 少数のデータから全体を推し量る **母集団(Population)** ← **標本(Sample)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/ipo60Yl.png) 1.1. 標本の**特徴**から母集団の特徴を推し量る   **推定(statistical estimation)** 1.2. 母集団の特徴について何らかの仮説を設け、その妥当性を確率論的に検証する   **検定(statistical hypothesis testing)** ### 2. 情報の構造を明らかにする **相関(correlation)**、**回帰(regression)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/93YuKmS.png) ## 確率の利用 統計分析では結論に確率を用いる ### 例 - 「推定値の誤差が3%以下」である確率は0.95  ↑ 95%正しい - 結論に付帯させる**確率**の大きさ(0.95)は結論の真実性に対する**信頼**の度合い # 2. 標本データ:母集団と標本 教科書:Chapter 4 ## 2.1. サンプリング - 全体(母集団)を少数(標本)から推し量る 母集団から妥当な結論を得るためには、どのようにサンプルすればよいか → どの個体も選ばれる確率を同じにする → **無作為抽出(random sampling)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/CwVnbDj.png) ## 2.2. データ(標本)分布の特徴(特性値) - 視覚的・直感的に分布の特徴を知る **ヒストグラム(histogram)** - 少数の簡単な特性値で分布の特徴を記述 ### 1. 平均(mean) - 変数Xについてm個に標本値があるときの平均: $\bar{X}=\frac{X_1+X_2+\dots+X_n}{n}=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^nX_i$ ### 2. 分散(variance) 測定値の「平均からの差」を考える - 平均からの差:$X_i-\bar{X}$ - 「平均からの差」の平均:$\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i-\bar{X})$ - 「平均からの差」の二乗平均:$\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i-\bar{X})^2$ → 分散のもと # 3. 母集団の確率分布(probability distribution of population) ## 3.1. 母集団の確率分布 - **母平均**:$\mu=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^nx_i$ - **母分散**:$\sigma^2=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\mu)^2$ - **母標準偏差**:$\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\mu)^2}$ ## 3.2. 期待値(expectation) **確率変数(random vatiable)**$x$が$x_i$の値をとる確率を $P(x_i)$ とする(ただし、$\sum_{i=1}^nP(x_i)=1$) この確率変数$x$の期待値(推定値)は $E(x)=\sum_{i=1}^nx_iP(x_i)$ この確率変数$x$の分散は $V(x)=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\mu)^2=E[(x_i-\mu)^2]$ # 4. 主要な確率分布:正規分布(Gaussian) - **確率密度関数**:$f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}exp(-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}),\, N(\mu, \sigma^2)$ - **正規分布の標準化**(**Z変換**):$z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/QvJiZ67.png) - **偏差値**:$\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma} \cdot 10 + 50(=N(50, \sqrt{10}))$ # 5. 標本抽出(Sampling) - 母集団の**母平均**、**母分散**の推定量としての**標本平均**、**標本分散**($\bar{x}, s^2$)の**信頼性**を調べる 1. 不偏性:偏り 2. 精度:$\bar{x}$は周りにどのくらい変動するか ## 5.1. 標本平均 - (標本平均)の平均:$\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n\bar{x_i}$ - 無限回の平均:$\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n\bar{x_i}\rightarrow\mu$であれば、**$\bar{x}$は$\mu$の不偏推定量** ### 1. 標本平均の不偏性 確率変数 $x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n$ の平均:$\bar{x}=\frac{x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n}{n}$ 確率変数 $\bar{x}$ を求める  $E(\bar{x})=\frac{1}{n}E(x_1+x_2+\dots +x_n)=\frac{1}{n}\lbrace E(x_1)+E(x_2)+ \dots +E(X_n)\rbrace=\frac{n}{n}\mu=\mu$ 標本平均:$E(\bar{x})=\mu$ 標本平均(←不偏推定量)の期待値は母平均(サンプル数が$\infty$になれば$\bar{x}=\mu$) ### 2. 標本平均$\bar{x}$の精度(分散) 確率変数 $\bar{x}=\frac{x_1+x_2+\dots+x_n}{n}$ $V[\bar{x}]=V[\frac{x_1+x_2+\dots+x_n}{n}]$ $V[\bar{x}]=\frac{1}{n^2}V[x_1+x_2+\dots+x_n]=\frac{1}{n^2}\lbrace V[x_1]+V[x_2]+\dots+V[x_n]\rbrace=$ ここで、$V[x_i]=\sigma^2$ とすると $V[\bar{x}]=\frac{n}{n^2}\sigma$ $\therefore V[\bar{x}]=\frac{\sigma}{n}$:標本平均の分散 ### 3. 標本平均$\bar{x}$の分布 分布:$\bar{x}$が$\mu$の周りにどの程度ばらつくか ある分布$D(\mu, \sigma^2)$から$n$個のサンプルをするとき、$n$が十分に大きくなると**標本平均$\bar{x}$は$N(\mu, \frac{\sigma^2}{n})$に近づく**

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