# contingency and recursivity notes
從田立克的理解,地球是有幾層,物質層、動植物的生命層...自從人類出現,亦出現了Cognitive sphere.
由此引申,在電腦(cybernetics)出現後,亦出現了一個digital sphere
系統是? 一個input output? 一個整全?
幾個構念︰
生機論
器官學
「直至1860年後,生物學事實才被認為是技術的重要基礎」—Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization
機械
有機
機械有機主義(也稱為「控制論」)
機械正變得有機 = 由organised inorganic 變為 organic material
P.7 The cause is the totality of the loop
Spinosa: Deus sive Natura (The slogan of Spinoza's pantheism: the view that god and nature are interchangeable, or that there is no distinction between the creator and the creation.)
Ich denke (我思)是一個Loop
在亞里士多德之後,人們理解上帝同時是動力因也是目的因。 (參考︰亞里士多德四因說)
從機械論的視角下,上帝則只是動力因。
機械論中只有決定性判斷 (determinative judgement) ,只有線性因果特徵,只是命令(p.11) 因此不足以作為科學或哲學的解釋基礎。
在有機體中,則有遞歸->不斷指向自己,評估自己。
Categorical imperative 的普遍性是moral end ,是倫理性的,並透過遞歸的(有機的)方式得到普遍性。
1打爆左對開始的追問
2。打爆finality
我與非我的辯證,要不斷透過negation 來肯定自我
p11. non-organic都有recursivity?
contingency is a test that every reason have to pass
Hegel:當歷史發生的時候,我們無能為力
精神與自然的合一 機械論的決定判斷只具有線性因果,而在同樣的前題 下將 會出現一樣的結果,因此在這種活動中並沒有判斷,同樣地,定言律令因為想達到普遍性,即使透過給予行動一個理由,在同樣的理由下,做一萬次你都會出現同樣的行動,這就好像得 到道得判斷的普遍性,但其實同樣地,如果前題已經預設了結果,那其實並沒有判斷。
Spinoza makes a distinction between natura naturans and natura naturata.
Natura Naturans - the infinite productive force of nature.
Natura naturata - the product of Natura Naturans. It emerges when the productive force is hindered by an obstacle.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_naturans
心靈是不可見的自然,自然是不可見的心靈的意思就是心靈和自然是兩個類似的結構,所謂自然的自然化(natura naturans),就是指自然在其本身永續地運行的循環,而當這個循環遇到了障礙,就會產生了一些產物,而這些產物就是人能夠理解和利用的,因此這個過程又叫生產力,這就是自然化的自然(natura naturata)。自然本來是神秘的不可理解的,透過生產力,而令自然也成了主體。從黑格爾當中要透過辯証法理解 自我時,要先將我物化,然後去檢視這個物化的我,但我不可能完全物化,而要再進入主體中去了解,這就 是自反性邏輯,精神透過自反性把自然認作了另一個自我,然後在下一個主體化過程中就吸納進整體的自我理解,我們談到到底偶然性是怎樣的介定,第一個理解是error handling,即是在一個重覆出現的機械訊號中不斷地接收回饋以重新 調整齒輪的運作,第二個理解 是在系統外部完全不可知的元素進入了,就好像一個國家的邊境有一個外國人出現,這本書選擇的是後者,即是說系統的新訊號,不能被限於幾個選項。
偶然性已被預設為必然
Part 3
偶然性不等於概率(p.16)
亞里士多德區分了「實體」與「偶性」
意外是偶性,例如顏色,是非本質的i.e.它的出現或消失不會影響主體的同一性。 ——《範疇篇》
「意外近似於非存在」——《形而上學》
「那些與實存一致的東西是由必然的經驗之普遍條件決定的」—康德《純粹理性批判》
本書反對此種看法,並要擴展偶然的概念,因為如果只將偶然性理解為一種模態範疇,它就與必然性對立,只是諸多可能性中的一種。
亞里士多德︰
autonmation/ automatic: 日常的routine —極有可能發生,提供了metastability
tyche : 偶見了一個欠錢的朋友,向之討債
>
> 機遇(tyche)、無序(ataxia)、和無組織化(dis-organization)這些概念自古以來便被看作對理性(logos)、秩序(taxis)和組織(systasis)的對立和否定。直到最近,知識才得以洞察機遇,學習區分它的程度——換句話說,就是逐漸把它理性化;然而,知識始終沒能成功對「純粹的機遇」問題作出明確和全面的解釋。
>
> --Iannis Xenakis
終極性︰nihil est sine ratione 沒有甚麼是沒有理由的
偶然性對不同的運動有不同的意義︰
A-B-C-D
A-B-C’-D’-C (圖靈機為了避免耗盡資源而引入雜訊)
A-B-C-A 非線性運動(但有auto-finality) ,情境式的終極性。有機會會停止,但是由於負熵的極限
把[同時偶然又必然的運動, 同時存在又不存在的東西]看作客觀偶然性,因為它是由「屬於獨立序列的各事件的組合或相遇」引起的。
Augustinr Cournot, Essai sur les fondements de la connaissance et sur les caracteres de la critique philosophique
遞歸是一種不斷將偶然性融入自身,以實現其終極目的的運動。
p 19 生物有機主義 VS 機械有機主義(控制論)
有機主義是介乎於機械論和生機論之間
[Wilhelm Roux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roux) and Hans Driesch
青蛙卵的實驗 : 不論人怎麼控制,自然都有其偶發的方式
第三個群體︰organicists
把有機體視為一種組織形式
[Ludwig von Bertalanffy ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy)
Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (19 September 1901 – 12 June 1972) was an Austrian biologist known as one of the founders of general systems theory (GST). This is an interdisciplinary practice that describes systems with interacting components, applicable to biology, cybernetics and other fields. Bertalanffy proposed that the classical laws of thermodynamics might be applied to closed systems, but not necessarily to "open systems" such as living things. His mathematical model of an organism's growth over time, published in 1934,[1] is still in use today.
The biologist is widely recognized for his contributions to science as a systems theorist; specifically, for the development of a theory known as general system theory (GST). The theory attempted to provide alternatives to conventional models of organization. GST defined new foundations and developments as a generalized theory of systems with applications to numerous areas of study, emphasizing holism over reductionism, organism over mechanism.
Foundational to GST are the inter-relationships between elements which all together form the whole.
Open systems
Main article: Open system (systems theory)
Bertalanffy's contribution to systems theory is best known for his theory of open systems. The system theorist argued that traditional closed system models based on classical science and the second law of thermodynamics were inadequate for explaining large classes of phenomena. Bertalanffy maintained that "the conventional formulation of physics are, in principle, inapplicable to the living organism being open system having steady state. We may well suspect that many characteristics of living systems which are paradoxical in view of the laws of physics are a consequence of this fact."[11] However, while closed physical systems were questioned, questions equally remained over whether or not open physical systems could justifiably lead
[Norbert Wiener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener)
許煜應用了Norbert Wiener的反饋概念作為遞歸的同義詞
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher. He was a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). A child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher in stochastic and mathematical noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems.
Wiener is considered the originator of cybernetics, the science of communication as it relates to living things and machines,[3] with implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, neuroscience, philosophy, and the organization of society.
Norbert Wiener is credited as being one of the first to theorize that all intelligent behavior was the result of feedback mechanisms, that could possibly be simulated by machines and was an important early step towards the development of modern artificial intelligence.[4]
[George Spencer Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Spencer-Brown)
許煜應用了他的再入概念
Maxwell Boltzmann Gibbs - [統計力學](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_statistics) -化解了物理學中宏觀與微觀狀態的差異
本書將「反饋和自我參照」看作是遞歸的另一種稱呼
Hans Jonas - (控制論)是對古典著作默認的二元論的克服:自亞里士多德主義以來我們第一次有了一種統一的學說...來表現現實
-認為控制論缺乏目的論
Simondon 認為反饋系統能「積極地探取一種自發的終極性」(Gilber Simondon , technical Mentality )
Quasi Cause:
「它不是真正的原因,因為它和結果的關係不是必然的。換句話說,生病和成為一個好哲學家之間沒有必然關係,但是生病這一件事可能是讓一個人變成好哲學家的准原因(比如尼采)。生病暗含著雙重的因果:一是驅體性的原因,二是非身體的准原因。」
[Claude Shannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon) -information theory
Simondon 認為訊息無法還原為物質或能量。他將訊息變成更一般的概念︰含義(Signification)
Gregory Bateson - information is the difference that makes a difference - Steps to an Ecology of Mind
信息(操作性+自我指涉 ) + 物質+能量= 促成[individuation](https://youtu.be/BkXEeJyn-ts)
individuation 不單指人,也是廣義的object如何得到個體性,就好似水晶,一定在充分飽滿的溶液之中生出來 (也就是,不能脫離collective)
Metastability - 即是在古典分野的stability - instability , order - chaos 之上,有一個溝通的方法,從而生出individuation
Peter Haff
地理學家。著作︰《人類世的人類與技術六條準則》(Human and technology in the Anthropocene: Six Rules)
曾定義了Technosphere
>
> "人類對技術界來說必不可少,但人是從屬於它的部分。簡而言之,我們可以說技術界是自動的(autonomous)。。。在大範圍內,各不相同且原本彼此無關的技術元素以無計劃,無設計、自發的方式結晶,進入被稱為技術界的網絡化的全球系統,這意味著出現了一個新角色,它的利益必須與人類利益一起加以考慮。這便是技術脫離人類控制的時刻。“- Anthropocence Review 1, 第2期月p.127
Jean-François Lyotard
他認為現代性不應被理解為一個時代,而應被理解為容忍偶然性的能力
《非人:對時間的反思》
“我認為,現代性不是一個歷史時期,而是一種能接受較高程度的偶然性、形塑一系列時刻的方式“
這個個說法現來被稱為"resilience"