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    --- Title: 2021 COSCUP_Open tags: Glossary-open description: slideOptions: progress: false slideNumber: true preloadIframes: true viewDistance: 5 help: true showNotes: false --- # 嘿,來聊聊開放吧(?) 何明諠 (中研院資創中心) slide: https://hackmd.io/@hmsyuan/S1jC3RDad --- ## 今天談論的對象 "Open Internet" Note: 事實上有非常多與 Open 有關的詞彙,都在 Open 使用上展現了一定程度的複雜性,但我挑選了 Open Internet,大致有幾個理由: 一來 Internet 是每個人每天都在使用的東西,Open 在其中可能具有的意義比較容易被理解; 二來,我覺得這也是一個機會,可以讓我們趁此去想想,我們當前的 internet到底有沒有什麼理想與現實上的落差? --- Open Internet v.s. Closed Internet Note: 我們很常聽到人家說網際網路是自由、開放的,但所謂的自由、開放到底是什麼意思?是指什麼東西的開放?什麼東西的自由? 或者換個角度想,討論 Open 時往往有另一個很方便的途徑,就是與其正面談 Open 的意義,更好理解的可能是 Closed,也就是有沒有一些事情是可以直接讓我們說這樣的網路是「封閉」的。~~*~~~~因此要理解「開放網路」,可能從封閉網路談,會更容易一些。*~~ - 很常聽到人家說網際網路是自由、開放的?開放到底什麼意思? - Close 與 Open 相對,所以提到不開放的網路,大家會想到什麼? --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/peJJEDz.png) Note: ~~*在想什麼案例可以稱為「封閉網路」的案例時,我試著回顧了一些台灣曾經發生的事情,看有沒有一些事件,可以被歸類為封閉網路。~~ ~~不過那種非常明顯、重大的案例,在台灣其實沒有那麼好找。我自己過去做了不少與這部份有關的工作,在我的經驗中,台灣一直都有一些大大小小的事,我自己覺得多少會影響到網路的開放或封閉的特性。例如我們怎麼縮減數位落差、處理不實資訊、例如我們怎麼看待電信業的競爭環*境、或是像正在做的科技偵查法立法、或數位通傳法立法等。*但要說有什麼真正重大、曾發生的,足以讓人徹底懷疑網路如今到底還能不能稱之為開放或封閉的事件,其實直接的印象,就是2013年的這起事件。~~ 2013年的這起事件,有些人網路使用者應該都有聽過。它在維基百科上叫「經濟部智慧財產局研擬封鎖境外侵權網站事件」,照其字面上的意思,就是經濟部的智慧財產局在2013年,曾經試圖要修著作權法,在ISP的層次上,封鎖境外且侵犯著作權的網站。須注意的是,是封鎖網站,不是個別網頁,也不是要想方設法移除侵權內容,侵權內容都還在,所以這起事件在當時引發軒然大波。 - 先來看一個可能有關開放網路的事件 - 2013 年的 SOPA 事件, - 事件緣由:修法在 ISP 層次封鎖境外盜版網站 - 事件過程:網路全黑日 - 這起事件引發軒然大波,直到近期,台灣在修著作權法的時候,你都會看到智財局認為不能做這件事 --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/A8h32ap.png) Note: 當時很多網路社群都有發起抗議活動,這是Mozilla的頁面,我們也會看到第一點就明確點出「網際網路是全球公用資源,應該保持**開放**並易於取用」,網路的開放在這裡被提及。 而顯然的,在這個脈落下,網路的開放或Open直接和言論可否流通或言論自由有關。*當然這是政府造成的脈落,但也可以是不同類型的企業造成的言論無法流通的脈落。* --- ![](https://i.imgur.com/oagrPMa.png) Note: Open Internet 近年也時常被與「網路中立性」這個特別與電信業有關的詞彙劃上等號。網路中立性的基本概念就是電信商不能因客戶的不同,而對其傳輸的資料採差別待遇。例如電信商不該因為任何原因,特別偏愛Netflix的資料,而降低甚至阻擋Friday影音的資料。因為這可能會降低網路創新。 在過去幾年,網路中立性幾乎與 Open Internet 掛上等號,而在這個脈落下,Open 則與各服務的資料都能透過電信商的服務平等流通有關,它意味著Internet can be used by each data. --- ## "Open" Internet 意義與困擾: - Free Speech? - Net Neutrality? - Interoperability? 但其實都有程度之別 Note: 所以我們在說的開放網路是: - 言論自由的網路? - 網路中立性? - 還是說其實不同網路或機器之間,他們可以因為使用共通的標準,而能相互溝通? 亦即和open standard有關 然而這是不是 - 言論不自由是否就意味著網路不開放? - 機器或網路間無法溝通,是否就表示網路不開放? 這其實也是之前在想 --- ## Open Internet -> "Openness" of Internet ![](https://i.imgur.com/iujmoqB.png) <p style="font-size: 12px;">source: CIGI - 2016 - A Framework for Understanding Internet Openness </p> Note: - 說明資料來源 - 其實開放網路是個很含糊的概念,如果用開放性(Openness) 這個「程度」的概念來討論,會比較合用。 - 使用開放大概可能有四個面向:技術、經濟、社會、其他。我們每次在用的時候,可能因為不同脈絡,而使用不同的意思。 - 解釋各點意思 --- ## 如今的 Open Internet - Open 成為修辭? - Open API but not Open Standard - Proprietary Software v.s. Open Source Software - Community Co-opted - Big Giant 難究責 <p style="font-size: 14px;">SOURCE: Mozilla - 2021 - Reimagine Open: Building Better Internet Experiences</p> Note: - 越來越多程式間彼此使用 OpenAPI 溝通,但這並不有利於共通標準的制定,共通標準才有可能 - 有非常多目前常見的服務,是使用開源軟體打造它們的服務,但卻在其外層,用了一圈又一圈的專屬軟體,沒有為開源帶來了什麼好處。但開源軟體卻是很多比較少資源(技術、經費)的人用以解決的方式,如今都要付費,提高門檻 - 使用同一套服務的人都彷彿就叫做「使用社群」 - 封閉大企業因為服務過多人,營運機制複雜,因此所造成的傷害時常難以預測。例如隱私傷害到底會在哪裡發生,此外,修正一個問題要牽涉到的東西時常太複雜,也時常會讓人放棄修正, --- Inspect OPEN Keep Internet Sustainable ---

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