Summa Grammatologica
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    # 2022.10.20-2022.11.3 ### 德国哲学 1760-1860 [美]Terry Pinkard > 摩西·门德尔松称康德是“摧毁一切的人”,因为他推翻了传统形而上学及其所附属的一切;享利希,海涅在康德去世后很久,还将康德描述为哲学上的雅克宾派,因为他所引发的革命冷酷无情(这典型表现在法国的革命恐怖中)地“处死”了哲学和宗教的过去。 > 从1785年开始,弗里德里希·海因里希·雅可比作为康德之竞争者而声名日隆,因为他先是一般性地公开攻击启蒙运动,而后明确地反对康德。雅可比指控启蒙运动(以及康德哲学本身),在毁灭一切的同时没有在废墟上建立起任何新东西,并伪称不受束缚的理性实际上能够创造出现代世界来取代现在正在遭受押击的旧秩序。 > 一方面是理性主义者,他们主张,除了通过纯粹理性和逻辑所发现的东西之外,我们对于自在之物是一无所知的;另方面是经验主义者,他们说,除了我们从我们关于自在之物的经验中获得的东西之外,我们对于自在之物是一无所知的。 **二者都承认自在之物?** > 耶拿,一座相当小的工匠城镇和一所重要大学的所在地,突然作为哲学和德意志知识生活中新的革命中心出现了。这很大程度上要归功于魏玛公国的新首相一约翰,沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德;歌德使耶拿成为一个自由进行学术研究的中心,有些东西几乎是那个时代的德意志闻所未闻的,耶拿大学很快成为一所革新的甚至是“康德式”的大学。耶拿的崛起与当时的时代风气紧密相关:在德意志(以及欧洲其他地区)占统治地位的看法是,大学是过时的、老式的机构,任职的教授们教给学生的都是无用的知识,大学中醉酒学生狂欢的传统对于学生的道德健康是有害的;人们普遍认为,更好的做法是取消大学并代之以更具前瞻性的学院和研究所,后者将培养学生更有用的技能。 > 雅各比属于如下这类思想家:他们怀疑理性能够为自己提供辩护;他们认为推动理性去解释一切的动力本身就是虚构的怪物;他们像帕斯卡尔(他是这类思想家中另一位主要代表人物)那样,认为理性最终是从“内心”而非它自己的认知活动当中获得它的第一原则的。雅可比并非全然蔑视理性;他只是认为,对理性能够解决一切生活问题的信仰是错位的 > 康德在第一《批判》的导言中谈及,“人类知识有两大主干,它们也许来自某种共同的,但不为我们所知的根基,这就是感性和知性”;在《判断力批判》中,他再次谈及现象的不确定的超感性基底,它是既某种“非自然,亦非自由,但却与自由的根据……相联的东西”。对于许多人来说,这当然是提出了如下问题,即康德是否主张,现象和自在之物、感性和知性,甚至自然和自由可能只是某种基础性的、“绝对的”实在的不同方面。的确,康德本人也似乎这样说过。 ### 元宇宙哲学批判:架构模式及其缘起 夏莹 > metaverse就其词源学意义上的内涵,或可所意味着有关未来世界之根源的另一种元叙事,在其中,建基于互联网技术至上的虚拟的共享世界被“表述”(元叙事)为一个比我们的真实世界更为真实的超真实(hyperreal)世界。 > 史蒂芬森引用了“雪”在《美国传统词典》中的词义阐释,他摒弃了作为自然现象的雪之内涵,转而凸显了以下两个内容:“词义甲:与雪相像的物体;词义乙:因接收信号微弱而在电视屏幕上出现的白色斑点。” > 元宇宙架构模式,一般被分为三个层次:处于基底的技术支持,包括 5G网络、区块链、NFT、人工智能等;处于中间层的虚拟主机、智能可穿越等前端设备平台;作为表层场景入口的社交、游戏、交易平台等。 > 外在于主体之人的世界不再首先是客观物质世界,同时更是被技术构架的虚拟世界,并在这一架构当中形成了一个肉体之人及其现实世界—技术中介(可穿戴设备)—虚拟世界(数据流所编织的世界)的三元结构。

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