# NTFI 最新講稿大彙整

## TOPIC
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**Evaluating Human Impacts and Marine Environment by Listening to Snapping Shrimps**
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**PAGE 1 -- Cover**
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==greetings, Taiwan, topic==

>如果主持人沒有介紹我們:

Greetings to all the judges and audience, this is Team Snapping Shrimp from Taiwan. I am [XXX], and my teammates are [XXX]. Our investigation is “Evaluating Human Impacts and Marine Environment by Listening to Snapping Shrimps”.

>如果主持人有介紹我們:

Thank you, Chair. Greetings to all the judges and audience, this is Team Snapping Shrimp from Taiwan. I am [XXX], and here goes our presentation.

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**PAGE 2 -- Motivation**
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==sports, conservation area, harm ecosystem, lower impact==

Living in a tropical island country, many Taiwanese people love water sports like scuba diving and snorkeling. However, in Taiwan, these watersports are allowed even in conservation areas, and we suspect that it may affect the ecosystems there. We hope that by our investigation, we can know what may interfere the ecosystems the most and propose solutions to decrease the impacts of humans on coral reef organisms. Also, we would like to keep our instruments as simple as possible, so that we can easily conduct research or monitor changes in the ecosystems.

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**PAGE 4-1 -- Snapping shrimps**
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==照右邊關鍵字講==

The snapping shrimp (Superfamily Alpheoidea) is a group of species about 3~5cm long and is commonly found on the bottom sands under coral reefs. They are crepuscular animals, meaning that they are most active at dawn and at dusk. Furthermore, because of its poor vision, it has a symbiotic relationship with goby. Whenever the danger comes, the goby will "tremble" to warn it and let it go back to the hole to avoid danger.
Also, they are known for their large claws that make sounds mostly when catching prey, deterring enemies, or communicating with others. Here is the sound of snapping shrimps. [[聲音]]

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**PAGE 3 -- Investigation Methods**
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==hydrophone, HOBO, widespread, Keelung, analyze, hypothesis==

With the aim of investigating how biological and anthropogenic factors affect snapping shrimps, we chose to record their acoustic waves by a hydrophone and detect the luminosity by a HOBO logger. As snapping shrimps have a wide distribution across coral reef ecosystems worldwide, this investigation has a higher prospect of applying to other corners of the world. In our NTFI, we place the recorder in a conservation area in Keelung, northeast of Taiwan. After collecting the data, we analyzed the sound waves into graphs and audios, investigated their relations with several analysis, and then proposed hypotheses. Last, we examined the hypotheses one by one to find the factors that influence the behaviors of snapping shrimps.

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**PAGE 4-2 -- PSD**
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==PSD, snapping shrimps, high in dawn and dusk, higher at day, damselfish 300-700, human 20-170==

Through Fourier transform, we turned the audio into a PSD graph that demonstrates the median amplitude for 3 minutes of each frequency. The x-axis is time, the y-axis is frequency, and the color bar shows the amplitude.
In this graph, we can see 4 sections in frequency of green to orange that is generated by snapping shrimps. We noticed that the amplitude had rise when at dawn and at dusk. Also, in this graph we can see that snapping shrimps here prefer night than daytime.
There are other sections existing as well. For instance, we found that damselfishes is present in the area and they generates sounds in 300-700Hz. We can also see random spikes of red in 20-170Hz generated by human diving activities.

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**PAGE 5 -- Snapping Shrimp Bands**
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==ANOVA, null: same, they are different==

To examine whether these 4 types of snapping shrimps are different, we did a one-way ANOVA test and Bonferroni Post Hoc Test. The null hypotheses of the two test are the types have no significant differences.
In the ANOVA Test, the F is greater than the F-crit, so we rejected the null hypothesis and found that some types are different from the others. Then we did the Bonferroni Test, and as the p-value is lower than the alpha level in all test groups, we can say that all types are different from each other. Therefore we would discuss them separately in the following discussions.

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**PAGE 9 -- Dusk Anomaly in PSD Graph**
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==灰框框, damselfish 300-700==

After discussions on the diurnal patterns, we then turn our eye to the anomalies on smaller scales. The first anomaly is around the time of dusk. We discovered that the sound in type C and D decrease, while there are some increase below 1kHz. We speculated that the decrease indicates the fewer activeness of snapping shrimp C and D, and the increase shows the higher activeness of human or damselfish. Damselfish is a kind of tropical fish that shows strong territoriality. Because of its special sound in low-frequency bands around 300-700 Hz, we selected them as a standard of damselfish to run an analysis.

>Thereafter, we examine some anomalies on smaller scales. A spot of gray around the time of dusk demonstrated a decrease in 1.6 to 4 kHz but an increase below 1kHz. We hypothesized that the decrease in 1.6 to 4kHz indicates fewer activities of snapping shrimp in Band C and D, and the rise represents higher activeness of diving activities or damselfishes.

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**PAGE 10 -- Correlation of Snapping Shrimp Sounds and Damselfishes**
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==correlation: no (in scale of a day)==

To clarify the correlation between damselfish and snapping shrimps, we used their sequence of sound intensity to do a Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. We finally found out that the damselfish didn't have a correlation to snapping shrimp on a scale of one day. However, is damselfishes totally unrelated to snapping shrimps？

>Next, we also examine the correlation between snapping shrimp and damselfish, which is a kind of tropical fish that shows strong territoriality. Because of its special sound in low-frequency bands around 300-700 Hz, we selected them as a standard of damselfish to run an analysis. After analyzing, we found that the correlation between damselfishes and all snapping shrimp bands is low at the scale of a day. However, is damselfishes totally unrelated to snapping shrimps？

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**PAGE 11 -- Biological Interaction**
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==mutualism, we have goby, diagram==

Because we have known that snapping shrimps and gobies are in mutualism, from other references we can also learn that the frequency of gobies' sound is about 150Hz. To check it more carefully, we found out that the gobies are loud at dusk, here is the sound. [聲音] Also, the sound of damselfish is loud at the same time. So we proposed a hypothesis to explain the anomaly after searching some papers.
Because damselfish shows strong activeness and territoriality at dusk and because the habitat of the three animals overlap, once a damselfish swim by and attack gobies, gobies will soon "tremble" to notify snapping shrimp to hide themselves to avoid danger. This hypothesis can explain why the sound of damselfish and gobies are loud while snapping shrimp type c and d are quiet.

>Moving back to the anomaly at dusk, we found that the human diving sounds have some higher spots at dusk. From listening to the audio in these time, we speculated that they are the sound of gobies, which is also a tropical fish. Here is the sound. In addition, the sound of damselfish is loud at the same time. After searching through some papers, we propose a hypothesis to explain this anomaly.
The gobies and snapping shrimps are in mutualism, whereas damselfish shows strong activeness and territoriality at dusk. Once a damselfish swim by and attack gobies, gobies will soon "tremble" to notify snapping shrimp to hide themselves to avoid danger because the habitat of the three animals are overlapped. This hypothesis can explain why the sound of damselfish and gobies are loud while snapping shrimp is quiet.
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**PAGE 12 -- Human Diving Sound in PSD graph**
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==our diving, classic diving, similar==

Second, we speculated the random rise of amplitude in the low-frequency areas are human diving sound, through comparison with the classic human sounds in water such as B, snorkelers, and G, scuba divers. We found out that these two patterns show similar frequency bands with PSD graph during day time.

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**PAGE 13 -- Correlation of Snapping Shrimp Sounds and Diving Sounds**
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==correlation: active time error==

We thought that the water sports and diving sounds may have an effect on the snapping shrimps' activeness.
After analyzing, we found that the human diving sounds and type A and B show a medium negative correlation, which means when the human diving sounds are loud, the activeness of snapping shrimp becomes lower. However, we consider that this phenomenon might originate from the different active times between humans and snapping shrimps. Band A and B tend to be more active at night but humans are usually active during the daytime, and this difference may lead to the result, that is, a negative correlation.

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**PAGE 14 -- Ship Anomaly (PSD)**
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==ships at 4 and 8 am, more lines==

Finally, at 04:00 and 08:00, a sudden drop in amplitude above 1kHz frequencies occurred, and gradually rose to normal levels in the later 15 minutes. Also, we found two massive ships passing through at 04:00 and 08:00. Furthermore, we can observe more vertical lines here, so...

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**PAGE 15 -- Correlation of Snapping Shrimp Sounds and Ships**
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==2 groups, decrease, hide==

...we separated our PSD graph into 2 groups, with and without ships, and observe the median in each type. The result is, When ships passed, the PSD value of 4 bands decreased, especially types a and b. We suspected that the phenomenon was caused by the hiding of snapping shrimps after being "scared" by the ship, which makes them lower the frequency of capturing prey. If the ship passed, it will decrease the snapping shrimps' activity.

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**PAGE 16 -- What may be happening there？**
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==點名、一條一條講==

To sum up, we draw a relationship diagram of all factors that affects the activeness of snapping shrimps. We think the factors that may affect snapping shrimps' sounds are their biological clock, presence of ships, and the interactions among snapping shrimps, gobies and damselfishes. On the other hand, water activities such as scuba diving and snorkeling seems to have no relationship with (to) snapping shrimps.

>接著，我們將會影響槍蝦的因素與影響程度歸納成以下關係圖。We think the factors that may affect snapping shrimps' sounds are their biological clock, ships pass through, and the interactions 在槍蝦、goby and damselfish.而人類活動則與槍蝦活動力沒有太強的因果關係。

We consider that it is the biological clock that controls the diurnal behavioral patterns of snapping shrimps. In smaller scales, the dusk anomaly we observed shows the biological interaction among damselfishes, gobies, and snapping shrimps. Type C and D seems to be more sensitive to the altering intensity of damselfishes, so we expect that these snapping shrimps are in higher degree of mutualism with gobies. As for type A and B, we think that either they are either not in mutualism with gobies, or the mutualism dfree is less.

>我們認為槍蝦之所以會在不同的時間會有不同的活動強度，是其生理時鐘所造成的 In smaller scales, the dusk anomaly we observed shows the biological interaction among damselfishes, gobies, and snapping shrimps. 從此次異常影響到的modes來看， C and D被雀鯛影響較多，而A和B被影響較小。因此我們認為 C and D 對雀鯛的聲音敏感可能是因為蝦虎會被雀鯛嚇倒並警告槍蝦，導致其活動力降低。至於A and B的不敏感，我們認為有兩種原因，可能是此兩頻段槍蝦在當時不在蝦虎附近，導致其無法提醒他，也有可能是他們並不和蝦虎共生。

>至於人類的snorkeling and diving 雖然和槍蝦A和B有中度的負相關，但我們認為這是因為槍蝦A與B在夜間有較強活動而人類在日間有較強活動所造成。也就是說，雖然兩者有負相關，但我們認為兩者之間並無因果關係。

Also, we found that the ships passing through decrease the activeness of snapping shrimps. We consider that when ships pass through, snapping shrimps may lower their activeness and tend to hide. As type A and B are most severely affected, we guess that they may be outside their homes so they are more sensitive to changes of pressure generated by ships. This is evidence that anthropogenic sources have impacts on marine species.

>再來, we found that the ships passing through decrease the activeness of snapping shrimps. We consider that when ships pass through, snapping shrimps may lower their activeness and tend to hide. This is evidence that anthropogenic sources have impacts on marine species.

>And last is whether the snapping shrimps have a relationship with gobies,
although we cannot assure whether the diving sounds have an impact. But it can be determined that ships decrease the snapping shrimps' activity.

>To sum up our **re/sults**, we think the factors that may affect a snapping shrimp's sounds are its **biological** clock, human activities, and biological interactions. On the other hand, the temperature has little influence.
Each band performs differently at dawn, daytime, dusk, and night. This phenomenon is believed to be directly caused by their Active times. In smaller scales, the dusk anomaly we observed shows the biological interaction among damselfishes, gobies, and snapping shrimps.
This phenomenon indicates ocean organisms could affect the snapping shrimps. Last, we found that human activity decreases the activeness of snapping shrimps, although we cannot assure whether the diving sounds have an impact. But it can be determined that ships decrease the snapping shrimps' activity. When ships pass **through**, snapping shrimps may lower their activeness and tend to hide. This is evidence that anthropogenic sources have impacts on marine species.

>We also **examine** the differences among 4 bands and have proposed three possible explanations.
First, is the difference in the behavior of snapping shrimps, According to references, the band to communicate, **/deter**, and prey is different. Second, different genders also generate different sounds. According to references, Female is properly active at night, and type A and B are highly nocturnal, maybe they are the female snapping shrimps.
And last is whether the snapping shrimps have a relationship with gobies, we found Band C and D have significant **/mutualism** with gobies, but A and B don't, and they are more sensitive to the change of environment, we consider the factor of whether snapping shrimp and gobies are in mutualism affecting
the **sensitivity** of snapping shrimps to perceive environmental changes. We can use the snapping shrimps which are sensitive to environmental change to monitor the environment.

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**PAGE 17 -- Conclusion**
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最後，我們將以上的分析做出結論：
1.槍蝦在晨間與黃昏有最強的活動力，其次是晚上，白天則活動力最低
2.槍蝦C and D對雀鯛敏感，而A and B還好，我們認為是C和D槍蝦有和蝦虎共生導致。
3.人類活動方面，船隻經過時會影響到所有頻段的槍蝦，而潛水活動雖然和槍蝦C and D有中度負相關，但我們認為是生物習性所導致。

Lastly, we concluded our findings above.
1. Snapping shrimps here are crepuscular like most snapping shrimps does. It also prefers night than daytime.
2. Type C and D are sensitive to the activeness of damselfishes, indicating a higher degree of mutualism with gobies, while type A and B are more sensitive to the environment.
3. Ships will lower the activeness of all types of snapping shrimps sharply, while diving activities barely have any impact.

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**PAGE 18 -- Whatcan we do**
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從以上的研究我們發現，船隻的經過對海洋生物的活動有著最大的影響，因此我們認為如果可以管制船進出港口的時間，讓其進出不致於大幅影響槍蝦活動，或是降低其引擎聲，皆會對海洋環境有正面的影響。另外也要在晨昏時刻注意人類活動，降低對環境的影響。

From the results above, we discovered that the marine organisms are mostly be influenced by the ships pass through. Hence, we consider governing the time and place of ships' navigation, in order to decrease the effect on snapping shrimps. Also, lowering the engine sound can make the environment better. In addition, concerning to the human activities during dawn and dusk is important, which can protect our marine environment and organisms. Lastly, we found some snapping shrimps are more sensitive to the environment, while some are more keen to the changes in the biosphere. By accessing the changes from them, we can more easily diagnose the health of the coral reef ecosystems, and do necessary alternations before it was too late.

>We have acknowledged that environmental factors and human activities affect the behaviors of snapping shrimps, so if we investigate more factors that may alter the activeness of snapping shrimps or conduct longer research, we can possibly backstep the marine environment and activeness of humans by measuring the sounds generated by snapping shrimps.

>Moreover, we have learned that the sounds at dawn and dusk generated by marine organisms are the most active during the day. We hope that we can control human activeness while marine organisms are active. By doing so, in cooperation with detecting whether human activities have more impacts on the environment through the sound of snapping shrimps, we can decrease the impacts on the coral reef ecosystem, leaving the marine organisms a wonderland, and contributing to the SDG 14 of the sustainability of the ocean.

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**PAGE 19 -- Acknowledgement**
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At last, we would like to acknowledge these people and institutes. Without them, this research cannot be completed.

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**PAGE 20 -- Thank You**
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Thanks for your listening. We are Team Snapping Shrimp from Taiwan and hope you have a nice day.

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**引註資料**
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P4(1).

P4(2).

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P8.
To make sure whether luminosity is the real cause of the activeness of snapping shrimps, we conducted the diurnal/nocturnal/matutinal/vespertine tests of all types of snapping shrimps.

'Animals are commonly categorized as diurnal, nocturnal, or crepuscular depending on the times of day when they are most active.'
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275583013_Nocturnal_diurnal_crepuscular_activity_assessments_of_Pisauridae_and_Lycosidae

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