# Research

## Decentralized GPU compute

### Companies
- [prodia](https://docsend.com/view/bxaew5dy5qtqy7mp)
- Distributed GPU cloud for AI
- [Nosana](https://nosana.io)
- This platform emphasizes a revolutionary shift in computing by utilizing idle GPUs across the globe, offering cost-effective access to GPU resources.The most cost-effective GPU grid, with zero lock-in. Developed and customized for AI inference workloads. Consumers, miners, and businesses can monetize their idle hardware by becoming a Nosana Node. Powered by Solana and the $NOS token.
- [GPUNet](https://gpu.net/)
- A newer player in decentralized GPU services, GPU.Net aims to match the high demand for GPU computational resources with available supply, creating a shared economy of computational power​​.

- [Gensyn]()
- Gensyn has raised a total of $50.6 million in funding through three rounds, with the latest funding coming from a Series A round led by 18 investors, indicating significant growth and investment interest in the company. Gensyn is a cutting-edge technology company that focuses on developing a deep learning model to facilitate the training of AI models by machine learning engineers. The company's network harnesses the power of distributed computing by connecting GPUs across devices worldwide, forming a global machine learning supercluster that is accessible to anyone at any time.
- [Akash](x) 2023-11-23 600M FDV
- Is a decentralized cloud computing marketplace, Akash Network uses underutilized data center capacities to offer cost-effective and secure computing solutions, creating a competitive marketplace for cloud resources​​.
- [Bittensor](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bittensor/) 2023-11-25 6B FDV
- This AI platform provides decentralized machine learning services, promoting a collaborative environment for the development and deployment of machine learning models
- [IOnet](x) 2023-11-23 100M FDV
- This platform is creating a decentralized computing network, io.net Cloud, aiming to offer machine learning engineers access to distributed cloud clusters at reduced costs compared to centralized services
- [Render](x) 2023-11-23 1,8B FDV
- This peer-to-peer solution utilizes the power of idle GPUs across the globe to facilitate render jobs, operating with RNDR Tokens within its ecosystem for transactions​
- [RENDER Improvement Proposals](https://github.com/rendernetwork/RNPs)
- [LuminoAI](x)
- [Ritual](https://www.coindesk.com/business/2023/11/08/artificial-intelligence-platform-ritual-looks-to-decentralize-access-to-ai-with-25m-backing/)
- 25M backing
- [Exabits](https://www.exabits.ai/)
- exaBITS is a decentralized infrastructure for AI and computationally intensive applications. It empowers users to contribute to the exaBITS infrastructure and train their unique AI models.
- [Singularity Net]()
- SingularityNET is an innovative, open-source platform that leverages the power of blockchain technology to decentralize artificial intelligence (AI). It provides a marketplace where developers can create, share, and monetize AI services
- Integrated partners:
- Rejuve.AI: data sharing and privacy

### Data
- [Akash Analytics](https://deploy.cloudmos.io/analytics)
- [Akash Profit Dashboard](https://akashdash.com/profit/provider.akash.foundrystaking.com)
- [Text embedding algorithm leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mteb/leaderboard)
- [LLM Benchmark](https://paperswithcode.com/sota/multi-task-language-understanding-on-mmlu)
- [Chatbot Arena](https://chat.lmsys.org/?arena)
### Products
- [Yi open source model](https://01.ai/)
- [Yi deployed on HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/spaces/01-ai/Yi-34B-Chat)
- [Code LLAMA (almost GPT4 level)](https://replicate.com/meta/codellama-34b-python?input=form&output=preview)
- [How to become a GPU provider for Akash](https://docs.akash.network/other-resources/archived-resources/provider-build-with-gpu)
### Videos
- [Large Language Models and The End of Programming - CS50 Tech Talk with Dr. Matt Welsh](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhCl-GeT4jw)
- [Intro to LLM by former OpenAI CTO](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjkBMFhNj_g&ab_channel=AndrejKarpathy)

### Articles
- [Nvidia Envy: understanding the GPU gold rush](https://blog.johnluttig.com/p/nvidia-envy-understanding-the-gpu)
- [Artificial Intelligence Platform Ritual Looks to 'Decentralize Access to AI' With $25M Backing](https://www.coindesk.com/business/2023/11/08/artificial-intelligence-platform-ritual-looks-to-decentralize-access-to-ai-with-25m-backing/)
- [Investment Thesis for Gensyn](https://www.edenblock.com/post/investment-thesis-for-gensyn)
- [Palettenweise RTX 4090 werden zu KI-Beschleunigern umgebaut](https://www.golem.de/news/ki-hype-palettenweise-rtx-4090-werden-zu-ki-beschleunigern-umgebaut-2311-179721.html)
- [Decentralized GPU Computing Comes to AI Model Building](https://techstrong.ai/data-science/decentralized-gpu-computing-comes-to-ai-model-building/#:~:text=,GPUs%29%20employed)
- [The Decentralized Future of Artificial General Intelligence: A SingularityNET ecosystem overview](https://flagship.fyi/outposts/ai-crypto/what-is-singularitynet-agix-ecosystem-overview/)
- [A Render Network Deepdive: Decentralizing GPU Rendering and Powering the Future of Digital Content Creation](https://flagship.fyi/outposts/ai-crypto/render-network-rndr-crypto-deepdive/)
- [Bittensor TAO: Charting the New Horizon of Decentralized Intelligence](https://flagship.fyi/outposts/ai-crypto/bittensor-tao-ai-crypto-token-exchange-wallet/)
- [Unleashing GPU Power: The Top 5 Decentralized Computing Projects Redefining Computational Access](https://flagship.fyi/outposts/market-insights/top-5-decentralized-gpu-computing-projects-redefining-computational-access/#:~:text=,evolution%20of%20machine%20learning%20algorithms)
- [Running LLAMA 2 uncensored](https://ollama.ai/blog/run-llama2-uncensored-locally)
- [Nvidia Confidential Compute - part 2](https://www.nvidia.com/en-gb/data-center/solutions/confidential-computing/)
- [Nvidia Confidential Compute - part 1](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/what-is-confidential-computing/)
- [Top 10 AI Chip Makers of 2023: In-depth Guide](https://research.aimultiple.com/ai-chip-makers/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-36025)
- [‘107,000 GPUs on the waitlist’ — Io.net beta launch attracts data centers, GPU clusters](https://cointelegraph.com/news/107-000-gpus-on-the-waitlist-io-net-beta-launch-attracts-data-centers-gpu-clusters)
- [Developing AI models or giant GPU clusters? Uncle Sam would like a word](https://www.theregister.com/2023/11/05/biden_ai_reporting_thresholds/)
- [NVIDIA quarterly report Q3 2023](https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-announces-financial-results-for-third-quarter-fiscal-2024)
- [Foresight Ventures: AI + Web3 =？(May 2023)](https://foresightventures.medium.com/foresight-ventures-ai-web3-8a17953994f0)
- [Foresight Ventures: Rational Insights into Decentralized Computing Networks (12 June 2023)](https://foresightventures.medium.com/foresight-ventures-rational-insights-into-decentralized-computing-networks-9aaa94ba9197)
- [Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks Ep. 82 (November 14, 2023)](https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/decentralized-physical-infrastructure-networks-ep-82/)
- [Infrastructure Sector Brief: GPU Networks Rally (Oct 30, 2023)](https://messari.io/report/infrastructure-sector-brief-gpu-networks?referrer=research-reports)
- [AI report from Coatue](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gQhYT7j6b2wJmrFZHNeQgTiWPyTsjOfX/view)
- [Gartner Forecasts Worldwide AI Chips Revenue to Reach $53 Billion in 2023](https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2023-08-22-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-ai-chips-revenue-to-reach-53-billion-dollars-in-2023#:~:text=By%202027%2C%20AI%20Chips%20Revenue,developments%20in%20generative%20AI)
### Statistics
- Supply
- In 2022, the global graphics processing unit (GPU) market was valued at 40 billion U.S. dollars, with forecasts suggesting that by 2032 this is likely to rise to 400 billion U.S. dollars, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25 percent from 2023 to 2032. -- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1166028/gpu-market-size-worldwide/
- In their 2023 fiscal year, Nvidia's revenue from its Graphics business segment amounted to about 11.9 billion U.S. dollars, whilst revenue from its Compute & Networking segment amounted to 15.1 billion U.S. dollars.
- In 2022, the artificial intelligence (AI) chip market reached 44.2 billion U.S. dollars. This figure is forecast to increase to 53.5 billion dollars by the end of 2023 as the hype around AI applications continues to grow, with longer forecasts suggesting the market will approach 120 billion U.S. dollars in 2027. -- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1283358/artificial-intelligence-chip-market-size/
- Gartner Forecasts Worldwide AI Chips Revenue to Reach $53 Billion in 2023 (By 2027, AI Chips Revenue Is Forecast to More Than Double) [source](https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2023-08-22-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-ai-chips-revenue-to-reach-53-billion-dollars-in-2023#:~:text=By%202027%2C%20AI%20Chips%20Revenue,developments%20in%20generative%20AI) -- https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2023-08-22-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-ai-chips-revenue-to-reach-53-billion-dollars-in-2023#:~:text=By%202027%2C%20AI%20Chips%20Revenue,developments%20in%20generative%20AI
-

## Confidential Compute

### Resources
- [Fully Homomorphic Conference/Resources](https://fhe.org/resources)

### Articles
- [In defense of privacy money](https://asz.ink/2023/01/28/in-defense-of-money-privacy/)
- [Introduction to FHE: What is FHE, how does FHE work, how is it connected to ZK and MPC, what are the FHE use cases in and outside of the blockchain, etc.](https://taiko.mirror.xyz/2O9rJeB-1PalQeYQlZkn4vgRNr_PgzaO8TWUOM5wf3M)
- [The Future of Computing is.. Confidential - Oct 2023](https://www.forbes.com/sites/edstacey/2023/10/02/the-future-of-computing-is-confidential/#:~:text=,Computing%20Consortium%20defines%20CC%20as)
- [ZK/FHE thread](https://twitter.com/MohamedFFouda/status/1727398481105768668)
- [Onchain FHE: verifiable FHE, FHE schemes, DA for FHE, Hardware](https://medium.com/hashkey-capital-insights/challenges-solutions-of-onchain-fhe-unlocking-the-holy-grail-d7c00abed166)
- FHE use cases
- [Encrypted image filtering](https://huggingface.co/spaces/zama-fhe/encrypted_image_filtering) by **Zama** on **Feb 23, 2023**
- [Private password checker](https://playground.blyss.dev/passwords) by **Blyss** on **Feb 21, 2023** [Requires sign-up]
- [Sentiment analysis over encrypted data](https://huggingface.co/spaces/zama-fhe/encrypted_sentiment_analysis) by **Zama** on **Nov 17, 2022**
- [Private bitcoin balance](https://btc.usespiral.com/) by **Blyss** on **Sept 15, 2022**
- [Lattigo-polls: schedule meeting using Lattigo](https://github.com/ldsec/lattigo-polls-demo) by **Lattigo** on **Sept 2, 2022**
- [Human action recognition](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-32168-5) by **Miran Kim, Xiaoqian Jiang, Kristin Lauter, Elkhan Ismayilzada, and Shayan Shams** on **Aug 15, 2022**
- [Ensuring security of artificial pancreas device system using homomorphic encryption](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S174680942200516X) by **Haotian Weng, Chirath Hettiarachchi, Christopher Nolan, Hanna Suominen, and Artem Lenskiy** on **Jan 15, 2022**
- [Encrypted search using Fully Homomorphic Encryption](https://medium.com/optalysys/encrypted-search-using-fully-homomorphic-encryption-4431e987ba40) by **Optalysis** on **Nov 23, 2021**
- [Private set intersection via somewhat homomorphic encryption](https://fhe.org/meetups/007-private-set-intersection-via-somewhat-homomorphic-encryption) **Ilia Iliashenko** on **Oct 28, 2021**
- [Concrete Boolean and Conway’s Game of Life](https://medium.com/p/f2bcfd614131/) **Optalysys** on **Oct 29, 2021**
- [Homomorphic Machine Learning using Numpy & Concrete](https://fhe.org/meetups/006-running-numpy-programs-homomorphically) **Rand Hindi, Ayoub Benaissa and Samuel Tap** on **Sept 30, 2021**

## ZK

### Articles

- [zkMon](https://opensea.io/collection/zkmon/overview)
- [zkSummit 10 panel videos](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9H7Vls9-7w4&list=PLj80z0cJm8QFnY6VLVa84nr-21DNvjWH7&index=1)
- [Offchain Compute](https://crypto.mirror.xyz/8TXa9EqNkwjnQNenXscPwyHC6V99dmyhcO7uPYbeaIo)
- [Aleo Deep Dive](https://equilibrium.co/writing/privacy-blockchains-and-aleo-deep-dive) **by Equilibrium**
-

### Use case
- [Aleo: First Look](https://figment.io/insights/aleo-first-look/) **by Figment**
-
## DA
### Resources

- [Rollup costs: DA, by 1k(x)](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/104SDzgfPaaSxwyZREaqAwCXSVnqzGJzaZ8NMjYa7s5Y/edit#gid=0)