Grace Yu-Fang Chang
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    ###### tags: `讀書會筆記` # 人月神話:Chapter 17-19 ## 第17章 再論沒有銀彈 針對讀者在第16章-沒有銀彈提出的意見,作者在本章節做出回應與分享。同樣重點少少QQ,以PM的角度來說可以應用的範圍也不多。 ## 第18章 <人月神話>的主張:是真是假? 主要做前面1-15章的摘要整理,我就不列了XD,直接由第19章說明歷時20年這些觀念的變化。 ## 第19章 <人月神話>二十年 主要講述哪些觀念歷時20年之後仍然適用、或需被淘汰: * **概念整體性** 1. 建立前後連貫的介面 2. 由架構設計師負責整體概念的一致性 3. 將架構獨立於實作(implementation)與實現(realization)之外 4. 子系統間的界線需可明確定義,可將架構設計師的工作再細分 **=> 討論:智金輸出的模型通常可以優化原始作業流程中的其中一個環節,專案以人力節省的效益為多,針對比較成熟的專案未來是否考慮可以改善整體作業流程,而非優化一小塊而已?(當然這不在智金的守備範圍XD,而需要業管來做)** * **避免過度設計** 1. 為廣大的使用者群做設計,但需要在不同類型的使用者中做出權衡 2. 功能容易過度膨脹 解法=>定義使用者群、讓架構師去猜測使用者群各項屬性的頻率 * **瀑布模型是錯誤的,須採用漸進式開發模型** 1. 瀑布模型假設專案只會從頭到尾將流程過一遍,代表錯誤全部都只會發生在實現階段,所以錯誤的修正工作都可以只安排在模組測試和系統測試的過程;另一個謬誤是假設人們可以一次性建構出整個系統,能在所有實驗設計、大部分程式編寫、許多模組測試完成後,結合所有城市片段來進行整合性的系統測試 2. 實際上,任何東西在進入時現階段並寫出程式碼前,需反覆經過多個從架構到實作的循環週期 3. 漸進式開發模型,先建立輪詢迴圈(polling loop),每個功能都用最簡化的方式讓他運作,再回頭過來從第一個模組開始細緻化,必要時也須面臨從頭修改最初的驅動迴圈,甚至是模組介面;優點是可以很早開始進行使用者測試、可採取有多少錢就做多少事的策略 * **資訊隱藏,而非公開給所有人** 1. 之前作者認為全部程式設計師都要了解全部的構想,每人手上都有一份專案工作手冊的副本 2. 反觀現在,作者更認同Parnas的主張,認為模組需要被良好的介面封裝(encapsulate)起來,模組內部是程式設計師私有的,不應公開,而現今常用OOP物件導向程式設計來落實資訊隱藏 * 模組定義為一個軟體實體,只能透過特定操作方法來存取 * 模組改成成抽象資料型別,衍生出許多物件(object),也提供統一模組介面的思考與界定 * 透過繼承(inheritance),使類別得以透過他在類別階層中的父類別來具備預設的特定屬性 * **人力與工時並非線性關係,人月是神話** 1. 當規劃時間比最佳時間多或少都會導致成本增加,當規劃時間比最佳時間少3/4,幾乎沒有專案能成功 2. 對一個時程已經落後的專案,增加人手會耗費更多成本,但專案"未必"會拖更久 3. 若要新增人力進來專案,短期內必定有負面影響,且須花時間事先思考人力該如何投入、訓練、配合工具支援,並將所有人的工作重新分割 **=> 討論:除了因業管因素而延宕的專案,是否有因智金本身因素,如模型開發時間比想像中多而延宕的專案,當時怎麼解決?是否有新增人手?** * **其他:用人、授權、套裝軟體** 1. 用人的智慧、如何留住人才、彈性組織 2. 往下授權,提供團隊自由與權利

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