<small>The Pitfalls of Integrating Lua
with Python</small>
===
<!-- .slide: data-background-color="pink" -->
<!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" -->
> [name=郭學聰 Hsueh-Tsung Kuo]
> [time=Sat, 2 Oct 2021] [color=red]
###### CC BY-SA 4.0
---
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## Who am I?
<small>Someone (who?) said:
a game programmer should be able to draw cute anime character(?)</small>
----
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* A programmer from game company in Taiwan
* Backend (and temporary frontend) engineer
* Usually develop something related to my work in Python, Ruby, ECMAScript, Golang, C#
* ECMAScript hater since **Netscape** is dead
* Built CDN-aware game asset update system
* Professional small vehicle driver
* Draw cute anime character in spare time
---
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## Outline
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="convex" -->
4. Introducing Lua
* Features
* Applications
5. lupa
* What is lupa?
* Overwhelming Performance
* Unbelievable Integration
* Lua table <-> Python dict
6. Pitfalls
* Variable Exposure of Python Runtime
* Proxy Object of Lua table and Python dict
* Utility functions
----
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7. Workaround
* Isolated Lua Runtime
* Lua table <-> Python dict
* Utility Functions
8. Live demo
9. Conclusion
10. Resource
11. Q&A
---
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## Introducing Lua
----
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### Introducing Lua
```lua=
-- defines a factorial function
function fact (n)
if n == 0 then
return 1
else
return n * fact(n-1)
end
end
print("enter a number:")
a = io.read("*number") -- read a number
print(fact(a))
```
----
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### Features
* Low usage of CPU and memory
* Designed for embedded environment
* Table is everything in Lua data structure
* Lua array is a kind of table
----
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### Applications
* Daily changed business logic and rule description
* Suitable for non-programmer
---
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## lupa
----
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### What is lupa?
* Integrates the runtimes of Lua or LuaJIT2 into CPython.
* A partial rewrite of LunaticPython in Cython
* with some additional features such as proper coroutine support.
* Current version 1.10 published at 2 Sep 2021
----
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#### Features
Major features from official introduction
```
* separate Lua runtime states through a LuaRuntime class
* Python coroutine wrapper for Lua coroutines
* iteration support for Python objects in Lua and Lua objects in Python
* proper encoding and decoding of strings (configurable per runtime, UTF-8 by default)
* frees the GIL and supports threading in separate runtimes when calling into Lua
* tested with Python 2.7/3.5 and later
* written for LuaJIT2 (tested with LuaJIT 2.0.2), but also works with the normal Lua interpreter (5.1 and later)
* easy to hack on and extend as it is written in Cython, not C
```
----
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#### Highlights
* Overwhelming performance (compare to CPython)
* The unbelievable integration between Lua table :arrow_backward: :arrow_forward: Python dict
----
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### Overwhelming Performance
test code
```python=
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# from https://alchemypy.com/2020/05/13/speed-your-python-with-lua/
import sys
import time
from lupa import LuaRuntime
def sum_all_to_range_pure_python(end_range_number):
start_time = time.time()
the_sum = 0
for number in range(1, end_range_number+1):
the_sum += number
stop_time = time.time()
return (end_range_number, stop_time - start_time, the_sum)
def sum_all_to_range_with_lua_python(end_range_number):
start_time = time.time()
lua_code = """
function(n)
sum = 0
for i=1,n,1 do
sum = sum + i
end
return sum
end
"""
lua_func = LuaRuntime(encoding=None).eval(lua_code)
the_sum = lua_func(end_range_number)
stop_time = time.time()
return(end_range_number, stop_time - start_time, the_sum)
def main(argv=sys.argv[:]):
end_range_number = 200000000
python_result = sum_all_to_range_pure_python(end_range_number)
lupa_result = sum_all_to_range_with_lua_python(end_range_number)
print('python - range: %d, time: %g sec, sum: %d' % python_result)
print('lupa - range: %d, time: %g sec, sum: %d' % lupa_result)
if __name__ == '__main__':
sys.exit(main())
```
----
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### Overwhelming Performance
pypy3 > lupa > python3
```
python3 - range: 200000000, time: 7.86578 sec, sum: 20000000100000000
lupa - range: 200000000, time: 2.94546 sec, sum: 20000000100000000
pypy3 - range: 200000000, time: 0.270106 sec, sum: 20000000100000000
```
----
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### Unbelievable Integration
* Call Python built-in functions in Lua runtime
* Call Lua functions in Python runtime
* Access Python dict as Lua table in Lua runtime
* Access Lua table as Python dict in Python runtime
----
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### Unbelievable Integration
Python & Lua function
```python=
>>> import lupa
>>> from lupa import LuaRuntime
>>> lua = LuaRuntime(unpack_returned_tuples=True)
>>> lua.eval('1+1')
2
>>> lua_func = lua.eval('function(f, n) return f(n) end')
>>> def py_add1(n): return n+1
>>> lua_func(py_add1, 2)
3
>>> lua.eval('python.eval(" 2 ** 2 ")') == 4
True
>>> lua.eval('python.builtins.str(4)') == '4'
True
```
----
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### Unbelievable Integration
Python dict part 1
```python=
>>> lua_func = lua.eval('function(obj) return obj["get"] end')
>>> d = {'get' : 'value'}
>>> value = lua_func(d)
>>> value == d['get'] == 'value'
True
```
----
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### Unbelievable Integration
Python dict part 2
* when accessing lua table, **"obj[x] == obj.x"**
* **"as_itemgetter()"**: access collection items using **"\_\_getitem\_\_()"**
* **"as_attrgetter()"**: access object attributes
----
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### Unbelievable Integration
Python dict part 2
```python=
>>> value = lua_func( lupa.as_itemgetter(d) )
>>> value == d['get'] == 'value'
True
>>> dict_get = lua_func( lupa.as_attrgetter(d) )
>>> dict_get == d.get
True
>>> dict_get('get') == d.get('get') == 'value'
True
>>> lua_func = lua.eval(
... 'function(obj) return python.as_attrgetter(obj)["get"] end')
>>> dict_get = lua_func(d)
>>> dict_get('get') == d.get('get') == 'value'
True
```
----
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### Unbelievable Integration
Lua table part 1
```python=
>>> table = lua.eval('{10,20,30,40}')
>>> table[1]
10
>>> table[4]
40
>>> list(table)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> list(table.values())
[10, 20, 30, 40]
>>> len(table)
4
```
----
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### Unbelievable Integration
Lua table part 2
```python=
>>> mapping = lua.eval('{ [1] = -1 }')
>>> list(mapping)
[1]
>>> mapping = lua.eval('{ [20] = -20; [3] = -3 }')
>>> mapping[20]
-20
>>> mapping[3]
-3
>>> sorted(mapping.values())
[-20, -3]
>>> sorted(mapping.items())
[(3, -3), (20, -20)]
>>> mapping[-3] = 3 # -3 used as key, not index!
>>> mapping[-3]
3
>>> sorted(mapping)
[-3, 3, 20]
>>> sorted(mapping.items())
[(-3, 3), (3, -3), (20, -20)]
```
---
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## Pitfalls
----
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### Variable Exposure of Python Runtime
* Bad guy can inject some code to Lua script to control Python runtime
* **"python.func"** under lua runtime <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" -->
----
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### Variable Exposure of Python Runtime
```python=
>>> lua.execute('''
... for k, v in pairs(python) do
... print(k)
... end
... ''')
eval
iter
iterex
enumerate
none
as_attrgetter
as_itemgetter
as_function
builtins
```
----
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### Variable Exposure of Python Runtime
```python=
>>> lua.execute('''
... for i in python.iter(python.builtins.dir(python.builtins)) do
... print(i)
... end
... ''')
ArithmeticError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BaseException
.
.
.
map
max
memoryview
min
next
object
oct
open
ord
pow
print
property
quit
range
repr
reversed
round
set
setattr
slice
sorted
staticmethod
str
sum
super
tuple
type
vars
zip
```
----
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### Proxy Object of Lua table and Python dict
* Issues
* Variable exposure of Python runtime again
* Different behavior between native data and proxy object
* Solutions
* Keep Lua runtime operate native data only
----
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### Proxy Object of Lua table and Python dict
Different behavior
```python=
>>> tbl = lua.eval('{a = 1, b = 2, c = 3}')
>>> len(tbl)
0
>>> len(list(tbl.items()))
3
>>> tbl
<Lua table at 0x1db1570>
>>> tbl.items()
LuaIter(<Lua table at 0x1db3570>)
```
----
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#### Utility functions
* Lua table has no corresponding utility methods that Python dict has, including **"len()"**, **"get()"**, **"setdefault()"**, etc
---
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## Workaround
----
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### Workaround
* How to implement and prepare isolated Lua runtime under Python runtime
* Remove global data & functions in Lua runtime
* Conversion of Python dict :arrow_backward: :arrow_forward: Lua table
* Conversion of Python dict :arrow_right: Lua table: luadata
* Conversion of Lua table :arrow_right: Python dict: DIY
* Utility functions for Lua table: DIY
----
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### Isolated Lua Runtime
```python=
LUA_ISOLATED_RUNTIME_SCRIPT = '''
require = nil
package = nil
os = nil
io = nil
python = nil
'''
lua.execute(LUA_ISOLATED_RUNTIME_SCRIPT)
```
:warning: Execute it for every new **"LuaRuntime"**
----
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### Lua table :arrow_backward: :arrow_forward: Python dict
```python=
import luadata
def convert_table_to_dict(table):
dict_data = {}
for (k, v) in table.items():
if lupa.lua_type(v) == 'table':
vd = convert_table_to_dict(v)
else:
vd = v
dict_data[k] = vd
return dict_data
dict_data = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': 4, 'e': 5, 'f': 6}}
table = lua.eval(luadata.serialize(dict_data)) # convert dict to table
result_table = lua_func(table)
result_dict_data = convert_table_to_dict(result_table)
```
----
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### Utility Functions
```python=
LUA_UTIL_FUNC_SCRIPT = '''
function get_table_size(tbl)
local count = 0
for _ in pairs(tbl) do
count = count + 1
end
return count
end
function clear_table(tbl)
for k, v in pairs(tbl) do
tbl[k] = nil
end
end
function get_table(tbl, k, default)
local v = tbl[k]
if v == nil then
v = default
end
return v
end
function set_default_to_table(tbl, k, default)
if tbl[k] == nil then
tbl[k] = default
end
return tbl[k]
end
'''
lua.execute(LUA_UTIL_FUNC_SCRIPT)
```
---
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## Live demo
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="convex" -->
#### Try It
```python=
import lupa, luadata
from lupa import LuaRuntime
lua = LuaRuntime(unpack_returned_tuples=True)
def convert_table_to_dict(table):
dict_data = {}
for (k, v) in table.items():
if lupa.lua_type(v) == 'table':
vd = convert_table_to_dict(v)
else:
vd = v
dict_data[k] = vd
return dict_data
def convert_dict_to_table(dict_data):
return lua.eval(luadata.serialize(dict_data))
LUA_ISOLATED_RUNTIME_SCRIPT = '''
require = nil
package = nil
os = nil
io = nil
python = nil
'''
lua.execute(LUA_ISOLATED_RUNTIME_SCRIPT)
LUA_UTIL_FUNC_SCRIPT = '''
function get_table_size(tbl)
local count = 0
for _ in pairs(tbl) do
count = count + 1
end
return count
end
function clear_table(tbl)
for k, v in pairs(tbl) do
tbl[k] = nil
end
end
function get_table(tbl, k, default)
local v = tbl[k]
if v == nil then
v = default
end
return v
end
function set_default_to_table(tbl, k, default)
if tbl[k] == nil then
tbl[k] = default
end
return tbl[k]
end
'''
lua.execute(LUA_UTIL_FUNC_SCRIPT)
# test
dict_data = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': 4, 'e': 5, 'f': 6}}
tbl = lua.eval('{a = 1, b = 2, c = {d = 4, e = 5, f = 6}}')
lua_func = lua.eval('''
function(tbl)
print(tbl)
for k, v in pairs(tbl) do
print(string.format("%s %s", k, v))
end
return tbl
end
''')
```
----
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#### Result
See demo
---
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## Conclusion
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="convex" -->
### Experience
* Programming languages are just tools
* Choose easy-to-use ones according to your application
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="convex" -->
### Bless
:hash: {成為 Python 與 Lua 的橋梁|<big>Become bridge between Python and Lua</big>}
> [name=郭學聰 Hsueh-Tsung Kuo] [time=2021_10_02] [color=red] :notebook:
---
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## Resource
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="convex" -->
### Reference
* Lua
* <small>https://www.lua.org/</small>
* lupa
* <small>https://pypi.org/project/lupa/</small>
* luadata
* <small>https://pypi.org/project/luadata/</small>
----
<!-- .slide: data-transition="convex" -->
### Utility
* Slides
* Editor: HackMD
* Presentation: Mozilla FireFox
* Broadcasting toolsets
* OBS Studio
* Panasonic DC-G100
* LUMIX G VARIO 12-32mm / F3.5-F5.6
---
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## Q&A
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