上課投影片
Lecture04: Registers and Counters
Registers
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Register
- A group of flip-flops and gates
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Counter
- A register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states
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A n-bit register
- Reset signal and CLK is shared.
Ripple Counter
- 非同步計數器
- 沒有相同的clock
- A n-bit binary counter → n FFs → count from 0 to
BCD Ripple Counter
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Synchronous Counters
- Ripple Counters(省電)
- 因為沒有共浴的clock,所以變換到下一個狀態時,會從前一個flip-flop變換到下一個flip-flop,產生不必要的跳動。
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DVFS => Dynamic voltage frequency scaling
自動調整電壓及頻率,以免CPU燒毀
- Synchronous Counters
- 因為有共同的clock,會直接變換到下一個狀態
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Sync. Counters using JK FFs
- 在每個CLK變動時,狀態就要反相,所以J=K=1
- 在每狀態改變時,需要J=K=1,我們觀察到有1可以幫助改變。
- 狀態改變時,要皆為1時,會改變。
- 以此類推
- 高位元改變狀態 -> 低位元狀態皆為1
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4bit UP/DOWN Binary Counter
- UP的優先權比較高
- UP的模式跟上一個電路的設計方式一樣
- DOWN的模式與上一個電路的差別在於「取所有低為元的0」 => 可以直接拉低位元的
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Binary Counter with Parallel Load
- 並行的原因是,有相同的CLK
- Load腳是可以把Data_in的資料放入flip-flop裡面
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Extensions of Parallel Load Counter
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- (左圖)當count到時,load會為,counter會等待下一次CLK,從 -> 。
- (右圖)當count到時,clear會為,counter輸出會瞬間變成。
Counter with Unused States
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n flip-flops have binary states, but we just use some state, so call the state we didn't use => unused state.
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We let unused states to become Don't care, can simplified state circuit.
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Self-correcting counter
- 我們要避免counter掉進Don't care的state迴圈狀態,那就必須要讓counter就self-correcting的功能,使他會自我修正,確保工作正確執行。
- Analyze the circuit to determine the next state from an unused state after it is designed.
Self-Correcting Counter
- An example
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- 兩個unused states: 011 & 111
- 假設Present State是 011 or 111,Next State會是Don't care。
- 用卡諾圖化簡Flip-Flop inputs,並且畫出電路
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- 再針對設計好的電路去分析當Present State,可以得到他們的Next State不會進入unused states的迴圈裡面,所以他有self-correcting的能力
Soft Error:宇宙射線影響到半導體(電子產品)發生短暫的故障。
可能就是讓暫存的資料 從0變成1 或 從1變成0。
為了解決不可避免的Soft Error,就有了這些方案:
- ECC:修正錯誤代碼,「修正」當記憶體(RAM)發生Soft Error時的錯誤。
Ring Counter
- 輸入是從最後的輸出,拉回來
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- ring counter的行為跟decoder很像,但是兩個的差別就在於,ring counter比較在乎時間。
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- application of ring counter
- generate timing signal => control the sequence of operations in a digital system.
Jonhson Counter
- Switch-tail ring counter
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在實務上,倘若發生Soft Error,原本的 Ring counter 或是 Switch-tail counter 都沒辦法使 output 行為回到原本的狀態。
Johnson Counter 可以利用下面的方法,既能夠維持原本的行為,在受到 Soft Error 時,也可以回到原本的行為(但是也不是各種情況都救的回來)
One correcting procedure: = (A + C) B