# Corona Crisis Collection:

#### Weitere Pads & Sammlungen:
- [Regression In Zeiten Von Corona - AkG Sammlung](https://pad.riseup.net/p/Autorit%C3%A4reRegressionInZeitenVonCorona-keep)
- [CoVID19 - FInancial Rsponse Tracker – Yale](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1s6EgMa4KGDfFzcsZJKqwiH7yqkhnCQtW7gI7eHpZuqg/edit#gid=0) : *follows interventions by central banks, fiscal authorities, & international organizations*
- [coronavirus-latest – Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/coronavirus-latest)
- [Grundrechte in Zeiten von Corona – GFF](https://freiheitsrechte.org/corona-und-grundrechte/)
## Auswirkungen der vorherigen Sparpolitik auf Pflege, Gesundheitswesen und Risikogruppen"
- [10.10.2017: Vergleich über mehrere Länder hinweg: Hier Europa & UK](https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/27/suppl_4/18/4430523)
- [2016: Krisenproteste in Spanien - Zwischen Selbstorganisation und Überfall auf die Institutionen](https://nihuke.files.wordpress.com/2020/03/kapitel-gesundheit.pdf)
- [20.03.2020: London hospitals struggle to cope with coronavirus surge – Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/mar/20/london-hospitals-struggle-to-cope-with-coronavirus-surge?CMP=fb_gu&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Facebook&fbclid=IwAR1VjPaUYEf2c_3xD4nlRRHTnOp_gbpYTAUwZZoRxjYtknnMtzuf1Mc8OF4#Echobox=1584726310)

---
## Economic Situation before the Covid-19 crisis:
**A looming recession was on the way:**
- [IMF Financial Stability report 2019](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/GFSR/Issues/2019/03/27/Global-Financial-Stability-Report-April-2019)
-[08.04.2020: Revealed: Netherlands, blocking EU’s Covid19 recovery plan, has cost EU countries $10bn in lost corporate tax a year – TJN](taxjustice.net/2020/04/08/revealed-netherlands-blocking-eus-covid19-recovery-plan-has-cost-eu-countries-10bn-in-lost-corporate-tax-a-year/?fbclid=IwAR0jVpkj_8LHHSuCv-6D8lH0E-tTP1-cXXFqEAIy4NDD3uAFPodxhI9Ig6g) : *Tax losses were biggest in the four EU countries with the highest reported cases of Covid-192: France, with over 74,000 cases, lost over $2.7 billion in corporate tax to the Netherlands, Italy, with over 132,000 cases, lost over $1.5 billion, Germany, with over 99,000 cases, also lost over $1.5 billion and Spain, with 135,000 cases, lost nearly $1 billion to the Dutch tax haven*

"In the summer of 2019 the famous “yield curve” of the cost of Treasury debt had inverted, which usually signals that financial markets are expecting an imminent recession and are therefore willing to pay more for access to safe government debt in the short term"

## The Origin of COVID19-Crisis:
- [20.03.2020: “Chinese Virus,” World Market - n+1](https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/chinese-virus-world-market/)

## Staatliche Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Ausbreitung:
- [ca. 18.03.2020: Wie wir COVID-19 unter Kontrolle bekommen – FragdenStaat](https://fragdenstaat.de/blog/2020/04/01/strategiepapier-des-innenministeriums-corona-szenarien/) **Strategiepapier der Innenministeriums**:
*...hier kann man dem erweiterten Staat bei der Organisaitoin des Ausnahmezustandes förmlich zuschauen, wenn davon gesprochen wird: "Worst case verdeutlichen!"(p.13) und zwar in möglichst drastischer Weise. Diskursiv soll dabei auf historisch herausragende Krisensituationen bezuggenommen werden: "2019 = 1919 + 1929" (ibid.) Als strategische Kommunikationsmaßnahme soll dabei explizit mittels sozialer Medien die Zivilgesellschaft eingebunden werden: dabei "[...] ist der Staat in besonderer Weise auf die zivilgesellschaftliche Solidarität angewiesen. Dieses „Zusammen“ muss mit-gedachtund mitkommuniziert werden. Dazu braucht es ein gemeinsames Narrativ (#wirbleibenzu-hause, oder «gemeinsam distanziert» -«physische Distanz –gesellschaftliche Solidarität») und im besten Fall viele Gesichter (Prominente, Politikerinnen und Politiker, Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wis-senschaftler), die sich mit der Kampagne identifizieren." (p.17)*
- [19.03.2020: Herd Immunity" is Epidemiological Neoliberalism – Blog:thequarantimes](https://thequarantimes.wordpress.com/2020/03/19/herd-immunity-is-epidemiological-neoliberalism/?fbclid=IwAR27OBlTvLftVEf0vXcvY_gzTDBI4IEy6G_mqnjm3Ry_Tax4rOyddw-Kiz8)
- [20.03.2020: Übersicht: Corona Maßnahmen der EU Staaten – ZEIT](https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2020-03/coronavirus-ueberblick-eu-grenzkontrolle-ausgangssperre-bussgelder)
- [30.03.2020: Wirtschaftsmaßnahmen (im Anhang) – Bruegle](https://www.bruegel.org/publications/datasets/covid-national-dataset/)
- [20.03.2020: aktuelle kritik an den USA – Huffington Post](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/doctors-covid-19-united-states-response_n_5e74ba42c5b63c3b648e9014?utm_campaign=hp_fb_pages&ncid=fcbklnkushpmg00000063&utm_medium=facebook&utm_source=main_fb&fbclid=IwAR2bCIrjdmoJy5SFFNOw0dK5HXV94XU44t3ebAwLwn2d55wlNpGPIwDZdLo&guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjZWJvb2suY29tLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAM65k50A7XTQ7VBGLU3UTtzZHEwfK0CTVZcLInYVYxmQx6-rq5rgtmy6MbZDORnVHK4QmqGgZ7Ru5tKvLa_YsMV3-zZ3Q5TXnDwyMRk5H7-xJ7VoPl_oHTwc69_wrVcCYy34WIGePkxD2K5iZTVH9nLIykxpInFct3MmeVKWAk9j)
- [20.03.2020: Der Ausnahmezustand – Verfassungsblog](https://verfassungsblog.de/der-ausnahmezustand/)
- [25.03.2020: Vollmacht für den starken Mann – Süddeutsche](https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/spahn-infektionsschutz-1.4855511)
- [26.03.2020: US-Senat billigt größtes Hilfspaket der Geschichte – ZEIT](https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2020-03/usa-coronavirus-senat-rettungspaket-hilfen-finanzen)
- [03.04.2020: Erntehelfer dürfen nun doch nach Deutschland kommen - SPIEGEL](https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/corona-krise-erntehelfer-duerfen-nun-doch-nach-deutschland-kommen-a-4a7360a8-8151-40a1-93bc-6c960fb18cbb)
- [09.04.2020: Bank of England to directly finance extra government spending – Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/664c575b-0f54-44e5-ab78-2fd30ef213cb) : *Keynesian MonetaryFiscal- Nexus back in the game?*
- [19.04.2020: denmark extends business aid to increase spending by 15 billion – Bloomberg](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-18/denmark-extends-business-aid-to-increase-spending-by-15-billion) : *Dänemark nimmt Unternehmen in Steueroasen, solche die Dividenden zahlen und, die share buy-backs betreiben vn Hilfsmaßnahmen aus*
-
**Hintergrund zum Ausnahmezustand**
- [01.12.2016: Ausnahmezustand: Barbarei oder Sozialismus? – PROKLA](https://www.prokla.de/index.php/PROKLA/issue/view/12)

## Die Grenzen der vielbeschworenen Solidarität: Ein Rückfall in nationale Egoismen?
- [14.03.2020: Italien muss auf die Hilfe Chinas setzen - foreignpolicy ](https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-eu-abandoning-italy-china-aid/)
- [18.03.2020: 25.000 Geflüchtete sitzen trotz Corona-Ausbruch auf der Lesbos fest. Eien Aufnahme findet nicht statt – ZEIT](https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2020-03/corona-lesbos-fluechtlinge-moria-medizinische-versorgung)
- [20.03.2020: Keine IMF Kredite an Venezuela – oneworld](http://oneworld.press/?module=articles&action=view&id=1366&fbclid=IwAR1xhdCkWiMzIKlTaTQ4bgP3St3UWO7jxpjKn9WHFAuimyqbgsLjtPBJHWk)
- [20.03.2020: Entrechtung der Geflüchteten in Griechenland: "Was wir hier erleben, ist ein Ausnahmezustand de luxe" - TAZ](https://taz.de/In-der-Corona-Krise/!5669240/)
- [Threat of catastrophe stalks developing world – Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/3c5d83d2-7595-11ea-95fe-fcd274e920ca) : *Verweißt auf die Unterschiede eines Lockdowns in reichen& armen Gegenen*
- [05.05.2020: VB vom Blatt: Das BVerfG und die Büchse der ultra-vires-Pandora – Verfassungsblog](https://verfassungsblog.de/vb-vom-blatt-das-bverfg-und-die-buechse-der-ultra-vires-pandora/) : *Bundesverfassungsgericht urteilt über PSSP*

## Auswirkungen auf die real- & finanzwirtschaft (Am besten systematisch aufteilen: Arbeitslosenzahlen, Staatsverschuldung, Umsatzeinbrüche etc.):
**global:**
- [24.02.2020: Get Ready for Closed Borders and Crashing Markets – ForeignPolicy](https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/24/coronavirus-covid-19-global-pandemic-closed-borders-market-crash/)
- [Shockwave Adam Tooze on the pandemic’s consequences for the world economy – London Review of Books](https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v42/n08/adam-tooze/shockwave)

**USA:**
- [17.03.2020: Overview: USA unemplyment stats – jacobarobbins](https://jacobarobbins.com/blog/coronavirus-storyline-10-unemployment/)
- [20.03.2020: This Is Not a Recession. It’s an Ice Age - The Atlantic](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/quantifying-coming-recession/608443/?fbclid=IwAR3AOFqqz_8HM1ClVx6_rXqwnmSoQtBl4mKc2LY_pS8BR023N53ywsc6APw)
- [24.03.2020: Tightend grip on the Economy – Der SPIEGEL](https://www.spiegel.de/international/business/worse-than-lehman-coronavirus-tightens-its-grip-on-the-economy-a-083082c7-a4bd-4308-9013-db524ae1ca08)
- [15.04.2020: National Coronavirus Recovery Commission](https://www.coronaviruscommission.com/commissioners) : *with key conservative/neoliberal people on board*
- [16.04.2020: The sovereign FED – Dissent Magazine](https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-sovereign-fed) :*"It appears that infinity was the price tag needed to stabilize the global financial system"*
- [30.04.2020: The Vulture Capitalists Are Counting on Us to Do Nothing – The Nation](https://www.thenation.com/article/society/coronavirus-vulture-capitalism/)
- [01.05.2020: The Class Politics of the Dollar System – phenomenalworld](https://phenomenalworld.org/analysis/the-class-politics-of-the-dollar-system)
- [n.d: We Are Living in a Failed State – The Atlantic](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/06/underlying-conditions/610261/) : *The polarized state of US society before Corona*

#### USA: Riots:
-[31.03.2020: Images of police using violence against peaceful protesters are going viral –VoX](https://www.vox.com/2020/5/31/21275994/police-violence-peaceful-protesters-images?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_content=voxdotcom&utm_campaign=vox.social&fbclid=IwAR3AyOuhMWiRB0Hy3Sa0nb8J8B2GtX_O2Yf0eNRaZ9tWZzyRi_ZRyHrtVo8) : *Demonstrations after Shooting of Floyd*

**Emerging countries:**
- *Capital-flight from emerging markets, 80 countries apply for credit at IMF:* [01.04.2020: Developing countries scramble for funds to stave off virus impact- Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/756d85fa-6fad-412f-9aaf-c3f476415ae1)
- *lockdown is total diff. situation for emerging countries: see india:* [30.03.2020: For India’s Laborers, Coronavirus Lockdown Is an Order to Starve - New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/world/asia/coronavirus-india-lockdown.html#click=https://t.co/uqNnNBF6CB)

**China:**
- [10.03.2020: Mikrobiologischer Klassenkampf in China – Wildcat](https://www.wildcat-www.de/aktuell/a112_socialcontagion.html)
- [16.04.2020: A spectre is haunting the West – the spectre of authoritarian capitalism – Opendemocracy](https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/a-spectre-is-haunting-the-west-the-spectre-of-authoritarian-capitalism/)
-
**Hier müsste ein Sammlung für Deutschland/EU/Italien /China etc. angelegt werden**

*Italy:*
- [29.04.2020: - Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/4f0cbd96-042a-43b6-919d-e8abf3cb1372) : *Fitch cuts Italian credit rating to BBB- / almost junck*
- [29.04.2020: Northern Italy’s small businesses scrap for survival – ](https://www.ft.com/content/0d2ece72-20b9-4204-9cca-d82d26ea08c1) : *SME struggle in northern Italy*

**Hintergrund zu Krisen:**
- [01.12.2016: Kapitalistische Krisen mit und ohne systemischer Herausforderung.](https://www.prokla.de/index.php/PROKLA/article/view/130)
### Developments in specific sectors:
#### on money/capital-markets & Central Banks:
- [28.01.2019: CLOs: the specialist loan vehicles luring yield-hungry investors - FInancial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/db97c650-1ec6-11e9-b126-46fc3ad87c65) : *As backround read on CLO's*
- [04.03.2020: The seeds of the next debt crisis - Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/27cf0690-5c9d-11ea-b0ab-339c2307bcd4)
- [20.03.2020: FED & ECB USD purchases](https://twitter.com/DanielaGabor/status/1241020048380243971) *daily swap lines between FED&ECB:*
- [26.03.2020: What central banks giveth they taketh away with margin calls – Financial Times](https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/03/26/1585221858000/What-central-banks-giveth-they-taketh-away-with-margin-calls/)
- [27.03.2020: A fire sale in the US Treasury Market: What the coronavirus crisis teaches us about the fundamental instability of our current financial structure - JustMoney](https://justmoney.org/c-sissoko-a-fire-sale-in-the-us-treasury-market-what-the-coronavirus-crisis-teaches-us-about-the-fundamental-instability-of-our-current-financial-structure/)
- [31.03.2020: Fed sets up scheme to meet booming foreign demand for dollars - Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/6c976586-a6ea-42ec-a369-9353186c05bb): *further expansion of FED to counteract world-wide US$-illiquidity:*
- [31.03.2020: Big banks left hanging after ‘disaster’ in risky loan market - Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/49ee0c64-cd97-4342-9f03-fec019963fef)
- [01.04.2020: The Federal Reserve unshackled - Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/01d5f557-4f83-4e58-9ec9-1b7fb1e6d5af) *Further expansion: The Fed stabilizes the world-economies once more (vgl. Tooze)*:
- [01.04.2020: Dollar funding costs during the Covid-19 crisis through the lens of the FX swap market – Bank of International Settlements](https://www.bis.org/publ/bisbull01.pdf)
- [05.04.2020: crashed to corona 3: the fed beyond swap lines– Adam Tooze](https://adamtooze.com/2020/04/05/crashed-to-corona-3-the-fed-beyond-swap-lines/)
- [14.04.2020: How coronavirus almost brought down the global financial system – Guardian by Tooze](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/14/how-coronavirus-almost-brought-down-the-global-financial-system)
- [13.05.2020: The Death of the Central Bank Myth – FinancialPolicy](https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/13/european-central-bank-myth-monetary-policy-german-court-ruling/) : *On central bank independence since the 1970s, during corona and a progressive future scenario*
- [July/August 2020: The Looming Bank Collapse – The Atlantic](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/07/coronavirus-banks-collapse/612247/) *The riks of CLOs defaulting*

#### Oil&Gas:
- [12.10.2019: World's top three asset managers oversee $300bn fossil fuel investments – Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/12/top-three-asset-managers-fossil-fuel-investments) *ETFs and Oil portfolios*
- [Cost of Oil Production by Country](https://knoema.de/vyronoe/cost-of-oil-production-by-country)
- [24.03.2020: A bailout for the oil and gas industry? Here’s why experts say it’s not a long-term solution – thenarwhal](https://thenarwhal.ca/a-bailout-for-the-oil-and-gas-industry-heres-why-experts-say-its-not-a-long-term-solution/?fbclid=IwAR1nYcOsVCpWGJXgPeJP8ZVGfo43XmQCAZ8tfF9nvDs6gu4mhNfheyVeJOQ)
- [25.03.2020: Oil price may fall to $10 a barrel as world runs out of storage space – Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/25/oil-price-may-fall-to-10-a-barrel-as-world-runs-out-of-storage-space)
- [26.03.2020: More on that oil storage problem – Financial Times](https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/03/26/1585229378000/More-on-that-oil-storage-problem/)
- [27.03.2020: More than 4,000 North Sea oil rig jobs cut amid Covid-19 crisis - guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/27/more-than-4000-north-sea-oil-rigs-workers-lose-job-amid-covid-19-crisis)
- [27.03.2020: Canadian heavy oil collapses another 28% to under $5 as oilsands face shut-ins – Financial Post](https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/canadian-heavy-oil-collapses-another-28-to-under-5-as-oilsands-face-shut-ins?fbclid=IwAR08y4nnv2q2IW3txqMXndPKIFaVc5mg6IxYa0MEG3Rh_VMeTfS9v0pqajc)
- [31.03.2020: Oil price falls below $20 US a barrel, its lowest since 2002 - CBC](https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/oil-price-plummet-monday-1.5514653?fbclid=IwAR1VlhIKAekCU9bKBaoHwtk_EbsT9mt4Txt0ccFKShcJxLjCI91pT_Sf9UM)
- [02.03.2020: Europe should seize oil price windfall to fund its pandemic response - Peterson Institute](https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/europe-should-seize-oil-price-windfall-fund-its-pandemic)
- [02.04.2020: The world could soon run out of space to store oil. That may plunge prices below zero – CNN Business](https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/01/business/oil-prices-crash-storage-space/index.html?utm_term=link&utm_content=2020-04-01T12%3A00%3A11&utm_medium=social&utm_source=fbCNNi&fbclid=IwAR0YaKB7IPTKNeA18gcYOIZY6Wj3DDH8pH2N7OBI24wl1_QMRVHPP3OV5ls) : *A Wyoming barrel was traded for negative 19 cents
- [04.06.2020: Coronavirus crisis could cause $25tn fossil fuel industry collapse – Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jun/04/coronavirus-crisis-collapse-fossil-fuels-demand?fbclid=IwAR2U6o0Kq7UIRzh0aMBZLXiacn63RCK9RBZo7UE8G1LChJhYnu2ZLZ7gDYY#maincontent) *On potential losses for fossil-fuel industry*
#### Logistics:
- [25.03.20202: Packen am laufenden Band - trotz Corona – Der Spiegel](https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/corona-krise-und-amazon-packen-am-laufenden-band-trotz-virus-a-ad64a62c-79b1-4a53-bf3f-417aebe0296d)
- *"Umstritten ist derweil die Prämie, die Amazon eingeführt hat: Zwei Euro pro gearbeiteter Stunde will der Konzern bis Ende April zusätzlich zum regulären Lohn zahlen, "um den Beitrag der Versandmitarbeiterinnen und -mitarbeiter in Deutschland und Österreich zu würdigen"* Zu würdigen pder die Produktionsabläufe aufrecht zu halten?
- [06.04.2020: Erntehelfer: Die Unverzichtbaren unter den bislang „unsichtbaren“ Systemrelevanten – aktuelle-sozialpolitik ](https://aktuelle-sozialpolitik.de/2020/04/06/erntehelfer-und-eine-bemerkenswerte-doppelmoral/)

### Pharmaceuticals:
- [18.03.2020: Drug Companies Will Make a Killing From Coronavirus - New York Times (Mariana Mazzucato)](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/opinion/coronavirus-vaccine-cost.html)

**United Kingdom**
- [30.03.2020: Bond investors sanguine over UK’s credit-rating downgrade by Fitch - Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/556954ae-1aad-4538-b6e2-b0abe391daf8?fbclid=IwAR07DlLrTPVFSP1fGBMbeoj-G-V3wzYsW5FF-QhEJtmuNOsC3ePyVHFfYWc)
## Verlauf der Wirtschaftsmaßnahmen der Länder + EU
- [21.06.2020: Monetary policy measures taken by the Eurosystem in response to COVID-19 – Banque de France](https://blocnotesdeleco.banque-france.fr/en/blog-entry/monetary-policy-measures-taken-eurosystem-response-covid-19) *Overview Corona Measures taken at EU level*
- [krisenmassnahmen im ueberblick – Finanzwende](https://www.finanzwende.de/themen/corona-krise/krisenmassnahmen-im-ueberblick/)
- [19.03.2020: EZB €7500Mrd. für Anleihenkäufe](https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/ezb-corona-101.html)
- [20. März 2020: Aussetzung Stabilitätspakt](https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/coronavirus-wirtschaft-aktuell-1.4848718)
- [26.03.2020: COVID-19 Fiscal response: What are the options for the EU Council? - Bruegel](https://www.bruegel.org/2020/03/esm-credit-lines-corona-bonds-euro-area-treasury-one-off-joint-expenditures-what-are-the-options-for-the-eu-council/) : *Überblick Bruegel: Welche Optionen hat der European Council*
- [04.04.2020: Darauf haben sich Union und SPD geeinigt – Süddeutsche Zeitung](https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/konjunkturprogramm-corona-inhalt-1.4926584) *Deutschland verabschiedet 80Mrd. Konjunkturpaket Anfang Juni 2020*
- [Eckpunktepapier Konjunkturpaket – Bundesregierung](https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/DE/Standardartikel/Themen/Schlaglichter/Konjunkturpaket/2020-06-03-eckpunktepapier.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=8)
- [04.06.2020: Was taugt das Corona-Konjunkturpaket –MAKRONOM](https://makronom.de/was-taugt-das-corona-konjunkturpaket-36177) : *Einschätzung des Konjunkturpaketes durch den Makronom*
- [04.06.2020: ECB ponders pandemic firepower limits -Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/1f48df47-f515-48fb-ba39-669c54461196)
- [04.06.2020: EZB weitet Notkaufprogramm in Corona-Krise um 600 Milliarden Euro aus - ZEIT](https://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2020-06/ezb-weitet-notkaufprogramm-in-corona-krise-um-600-milliarden-euro-aus)

## Table of important Government Programs:
| Accr. | Title | Function | Country/Institution|Date|
| -------- | -------- | -------- |------|----|
| **CARES** | [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act](https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr748/BILLS-116hr748enr.pdf) | -- $2 Trillion <br> --["legislation covers an array of programs, including direct payments to Americans, an aggressive expansion of unemployment insurance, billions of dollars in aid to large and small businesses, and a new wave of significant funding for the health care industry"](https://www.npr.org/2020/03/25/818881845/senate-reaches-historic-deal-on-2t-coronavirus-economic-rescue-package?t=1585733374916) |USA/ Public Fund |March 25, 2020|
| **FIMA** | [facility for foreign and international monetary authorities](https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20200331a.htm) |-- Repo facility <br> -- "temporarily exchange their US Treasury securities held with the Federal Reserve for US dollars, which can then be made available to institutions in their jurisdictions" |USA/FED|31 March 2020|
| **TALF 2.0** | Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility | *"[The TALF is designed to increase liquidity and credit availability by facilitating the issuance of certain asset-backed securities (“ABS”). The original TALF was established in 2008 as one of the Federal Reserve’s measures to stabilize the US economy during the 2008 financial crisis](https://www.regulationtomorrow.com/us/federal-reserve-announces-talf-2-0-to-assist-asset-backed-issuers/)"* :*Question: basically a bad bank progr. to sec. bad loans?* |USA/FED|23.03.2020|
| **dollar swap lines** | dollar swap lines | "["The swap lines have been the subject of an extensive academic discussion. They were a key theme of Crashed, my history of the crisis [...] On Sunday 15th March – what we will probably come to think of as the second weekend of the financial panic – the Fed and its key partners signaled that the swap facilities institutionalized in 2013 are open for business"](https://adamtooze.com/2020/03/22/crashed-to-corona-1-the-dollar-shortage/) |USA/FED|15.03.2020|
| **PEPP** | [Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2020/html/ecb.pr200318_1~3949d6f266.en.html) | -- €750 bl. <br> -- "To launch a new temporary asset purchase programme of private and public sector securities to counter the serious risks to the monetary policy transmission mechanism and the outlook for the euro area posed by the outbreak and escalating diffusion of the coronavirus, COVID-19" |EU/ECB|18 March 2020|
| **ESM** | [European Stability Mechanism](https://www.esm.europa.eu/) | -------- |EU/ECB|27. September 2012|
| **CRII** | [Coronavirus Response Investment Initiative](https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/news/2020/03/16-03-2020-cohesion-policy-and-eu-solidarity-fund-contribute-to-the-coronavirus-response-investment-initiative) | -------- |EU/ECB|16.03.2020|
| **CRII 2.0** | [Coronavirus Response Investment Initiative](https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/news/2020/04/04-02-2020-coronavirus-response-investment-initiative-plus-new-actions-to-mobilise-essential-investments-and-resources) | -------- |EU/ECB|16.03.2020|

## Politische Kämpfe um den 'mode of regulation'(?):
- *Auch wenn die aktuellen staatlichen Interventionen an eine Sternstunde der keynesianischen, anti-zyklischen Wirtschaftspolitik erinnern, die temporäre Ausnahme der Schuldenregeln in Zeiten von Naturkatastrophen wurde von vornherein in den europäischen und nationalen Schuldenregelungen verankert.*
- [23.03.2020: The Fed as a class warrior ](https://medium.com/@JulioHuato/the-fed-as-a-class-warrior-26d66871a11c)
- [threader](https://threader.app/thread/1244673283804422144)
- [16.04.2020: Die Hilfen kassieren - die Gewinne auch – SPIEGEL](https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/corona-krise-und-unternehmen-die-hilfen-kassieren-die-gewinne-auch-a-5054d7d2-d06e-4a88-bd9f-2a7eeced5722)
### Lobbyism amidst the crisis:
- [26.03.2020: - Lobby-News rund um Corona – Teil 1 – LobbyControl](https://www.lobbycontrol.de/2020/03/lobby-news-rund-um-corona/)
- [26.03.2020: EU car lobby’s renewed attack on cars CO2 targets - on the back of COVID-19 – Transport&Environment](https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/eu-car-lobby%E2%80%99s-renewed-attack-cars-co2-targets-back-covid-19) : *Bericht über Autohersteller/Zulieferer, nutzen Krise zur aufweichung von Umweltregeln*
- [25.03.2020: Open letter by car manufactures & suppliers](https://www.acea.be/uploads/news_documents/COVID19_auto_sector_letter_Von_der_Leyen.pdf)
- [26.03.2020: Which industries won the coronavirus stimulus lobbying battle? – opensecrets](https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-stimulus-lobbying-battle/) : USA: *++Hospitals, Airlines, --manufactures,chaiber of commerce*
- [11.03.2020: Corona-Krise: Mittelstandsverband will vollständige Soli-Abschaffung – OOZ](https://www.oldenburger-onlinezeitung.de/nachrichten/corona-krise-mittelstandsverband-will-vollstaendige-soli-abschaffung-35694.html) : *Der Bundesverband mittelständische Wirtschaft: Soli-Abschaffung für Reiche & ISNM und BDI ebenfalls*
- [24.03.2020: Bauern drohen mit Versorgungsengpässen – SPIEGEL](https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/corona-krise-bauern-drohen-mit-produktionsstopp-a-deac2f2c-aa92-43db-8eb6-468ca0b3bbd0): *Bauernverband fordert Verschiebung der EU Düngemittelverordnung*
- [02.04.2020: - Lobby-News rund um Corona – Teil 2 – LobbyControl](https://www.lobbycontrol.de/2020/04/lobby-news-rund-um-corona-teil-2/)

### workers struggle amdist the crisis:
-[03.04.2020: We Will Not Sit Back and Let Transit Workers Be Treated Like Cannon Fodder – TheNation](https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/public-transportation-worker-covid/) : * USA: TWU "unions representing transit workers in major cities demand protective gear"*

#### mutual debt obligations: Coronabonds:
- [10.03.2020: Eurobonds 2.0](https://www.iwkoeln.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Studien/policy_papers/PDF/2020/IW-Policy-Paper_2020-COVID.pdf)
- [20.03.2020: Beginnen die politischen Kämpfe um eine euroäpsche Haftungsunion erneut? Die linken reformer scheinen in die Offensive zu gehen](https://www.ft.com/content/a7496c30-6ab7-11ea-800d-da70cff6e4d3)
- [21.03.2020: Was wird die Rolle der EIB in der Finanzierung der Coronabonds sein?](https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/corona-krise-folgen-sind-herausforderung-fuer-eine-dekade-sagt-werner-hoyer-a-bed43fec-e725-4256-923e-662e61c78e59?sara_ecid=soci_upd_KsBF0AFjflf0DZCxpPYDCQgO1dEMph)
- [24.03.2020: Bewältigung der Corona-Krise - CEPInput](https://www.cep.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/cep.eu/Studien/cepInput_Coronakrise/cepInput_Bewaeltigung_der_Corona-Krise_01.pdf)
- [24.03.2020: Altmaier: Eurobonds ist eine Gespensterdebatte](https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/interview-wirtschaftsminister-altmaier-die-diskussion-ueber-euro-bonds-ist-eine-gespensterdebatte/25672030.html)
- [24.03.2020. Wirtschaftsminister Altmaier: „Die Diskussion über Euro-Bonds ist eine Gespensterdebatte“ Handelsblatt](https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/interview-wirtschaftsminister-altmaier-die-diskussion-ueber-euro-bonds-ist-eine-gespensterdebatte/25672030.html?ticket=ST-295914-adtvGMosjAhq6EgKrhC9-ap6)
- [24.03.2020: Der Notfall „Pandemie“ rechtfertigt nicht den Rechtsbruch - FAZ](https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/corona-pandemie-der-notfall-rechtfertigt-nicht-den-rechtsbruch-16693000.html)
- [28.03.2020: “Do we have a deal, Pedro?”: an inside look at the clash at EU coronavirus summit – El Pais](https://english.elpais.com/economy_and_business/2020-03-28/do-we-have-a-deal-pedro-an-inside-look-at-the-clash-between-eu-leaders-at-coronavirus-summit.html) : *Great insight look at the eurogroup meeting in March*
- [25.03.2020: EVELOPING AND EMERGING COUNTRIES NEED CAPITAL CONTROLS TO PREVENT FINANCIAL CATASTROPHE – Critical Finance](https://criticalfinance.org/2020/03/24/developing-and-emerging-countries-need-capital-controls/) : *Call for Capital Controlls for emerging countries*
- [26.03.2020: ESM-Kredite statt Corona-Bonds – Verfassungsblog](https://verfassungsblog.de/esm-kredite-statt-corona-bonds/)
- [26.03.2020: COVID-19 Fiscal response: What are the options for the EU Council? - Breugel](https://www.bruegel.org/2020/03/esm-credit-lines-corona-bonds-euro-area-treasury-one-off-joint-expenditures-what-are-the-options-for-the-eu-council/)
- [31.03.2020: Euro bailout chief sees hurdles to quick ‘coronabonds’ - Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/865ced7d-1e33-463e-a04c-6be7fd21cda7)
- [28.03.2020: Corona bonds – great idea but complicated in reality - Vox](https://voxeu.org/article/corona-bonds-great-idea-complicated-reality)
- [30.03.2020: Beatrix von Storch: Nein zu Corona-Bonds: Deutschland darf nicht die Schulden der EU übernehmen - AfD](https://www.afd.de/beatrix-von-storch-nein-zu-corona-bonds-deutschland-darf-nicht-die-schulden-der-eu-uebernehmen/)
- [01.04.2020: Centrum für Europäische Politik bezweifelt Notwendigkeit von Corona-Bonds - NOZ](https://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2020-04/49272310-centrum-fuer-europaeische-politik-bezweifelt-notwendigkeit-von-corona-bonds-007.htm/)
**-----: Revival of Idea in Mid of May by Frenh-German initiative ------**
- [18.05.2020: Germany and France unite in call for €500bn Europe recovery fund – Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/c23ebc5e-cbf3-4ad8-85aa-032b574d0562) : *Germany and France propose 500bn R-Fund mostly grants, and ability for EU to take up deficit*
- [19.05.2020: Ein neues Kapitel für Europa – FAZ](https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/vorstoss-von-merkel-und-macron-ein-neues-kapitel-fuer-europa-16776724.html?fbclid=IwAR2EjyIWOoN-Nq8KogOmmsUvEE-Iwnrks1g_87DxI0Jtd4BvD9PmvI-pvwo) *FAZ position dazu: *" Das entscheidend Neue ist, dass sich die EU als Ganze dafür verschulden soll.*
- [19.05.2020: "Jemand muss vorangehen" – ZEIT](https://www.zeit.de/2020/22/olaf-scholz-europaeische-union-reform-vereinigte-staaten) *Interview Scholz on Hamilton-Moment*
- [19.05.2020: Lambsdorff im Moma – MorgenMagazin](https://twitter.com/Lambsdorff/status/1262746094259200000) *Lambsdorff plädiert für EIB nicht Schulden über den Haushalt*
- [20.05.2020: EU's 'Frugal Four' To Make Own Virus Aid Plan: Dutch PM – BARRONS](https://www.barrons.com/news/21-stocks-that-might-have-borrowed-more-than-is-good-for-them-51589885100) : *Frugal-four lehen ab*
- [20.05.2020: Italiens PM Conte bittet EU-Präsidentin von der Leyen um weitere Finanzmittel - Corriere – FXStreet](https://www.fxstreet.de.com/news/italiens-pm-conte-bittet-eu-prasidentin-von-der-leyen-um-weitere-finanzmittel-corriere-202005200708)*:Tactics? Italy apparently demands more than 500bn contributions*

#### The MFF 2021-2028: fiscal room for Covid-Credit??
- [30.03.2020: EU budget to be at ‘heart’ of coronavirus response, von der Leyen says - POLITICO](https://www.politico.eu/pro/eu-budget-to-be-at-heart-of-coronavirus-response-von-der-leyen-says/amp/)
- [Parliament mobilised to channel EU funds to those affected by Coronavirus pandemic - ](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200313IPR74903/ep-mobilised-to-channel-eu-funds-to-those-affected-by-coronavirus-pandemic)
- [14.04.2020: Klare Kante – Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft](https://www.ipg-journal.de/rubriken/europaeische-integration/artikel/klare-kante-4251/) : *Zur Frage ob anti-demokratischen Machthabern Subventionen vorherhaten werden soll*
- [14.04.2020: Zu langsam, zu wenig: Die EU lässt den Süden im Stich – Jacobin](https://jacobin.de/artikel/eurogroup-coronabonds-ezb-eib-sure/#) :*Jacobin on EIB*
#### 2nd round: Recovery bonds:
##### VDL proposal - Spanish response - EInlenken Merkel? 23.04 eurogroup meeting
- [10.04.2020: Marshallplan von 1,5 Billionen Euro – FAZ](https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/corona-eu-marshallplan-von-1-5-billionen-euro-16720717.html) : *One of first reports by FAZ on leveraging*
- [15.04.2020: Von der Leyen calls for ‘huge’ initiative within EU budget – POLITICO](https://www.politico.eu/article/von-der-leyen-calls-for-huge-investment-initiative-within-eu-budget-coronavirus/) : *Von der Leyen proposas leveraging budget*
- [16.04.2020: Macron warns of EU unravelling unless it embraces financial solidarity –Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/d19dc7a6-c33b-4931-9a7e-4a74674da29a) : *Macron reinforces need for some sort of grnat based EU fund*
- [VDL in EP on recoveryplan](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIUQxhYiKN0) : *Speachby VDL in EP on recovery plan & ''mothership*
- [17.04.2020: Covid crisis: European Parliament votes for ‘recovery bonds’ to rebuild together – Protugal Resident](https://www.portugalresident.com/covid-crisis-european-parliament-votes-for-recovery-bonds-to-rebuild-together/) : *EP for recovery bonds. but without*
- [17.04.2020: Greens against EP motion – twitter Greens EU](https://twitter.com/GreensEFA/status/1251160200544804864) : *Greens abstained: due to no debt obligations involved*
- [20.04.2020: Spain proposes a €1.5 trillion coronavirus recovery fund financed through perpetual EU debt – El Pais](https://english.elpais.com/politics/2020-04-20/spain-proposes-a-15-trillion-coronavirus-recovery-fund-financed-through-perpetual-eu-debt.html) : *The spanish proposal for mutulizing debt via the EU budget*
- [22.04.20: Merkel backs EU bonds to fight coronavirus crisis – POLITICO](https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-angela-merkel-eu-bonds/) : *Hopes emerged for a Germany biting the bullet*
- [22.04.2020: Michel to skip joint leaders’ statement for videoconference – POLITICO](https://www.politico.eu/article/michel-to-skip-joint-leaders-statement-for-videoconference/)
- [21.04.2020: The role of Cohesion policy in the fight against COVID-19 with Elisa Ferreira – BRUEGEL](https://www.bruegel.org/events/the-role-of-cohesion-policy-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-with-elisa-ferreira/) : *Discussion with Commissioner on role of regions*
- [22.04.2020: The next EU budget must repair and transform the European economy – EurActiv](https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/opinion/the-next-eu-budget-must-repair-and-transform-the-european-economy/) : *insider view by budget committee head*
- 24.04.2020: Explainer: What we know of EU Commission's post-coronavirus economic recovery plan – Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-eu-recovery-explai/explainer-what-we-know-of-eu-commissions-post-coronavirus-economic-recovery-plan-idUSKCN22627F) : * Summary: Based on proposal by Commission*
- [26.04.2020: How to think about the EU’s rescue fund – Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/854b21dc-8637-11ea-b872-8db45d5f6714) :*FT opinion ON A FOLLOWIN*
- [11.05.2020: Brussels eyes a bigger EU shareholder role in the coronavirus recovery – POLITICO](https://www.politico.eu/article/brussels-eyes-a-bigger-eu-shareholder-role-in-the-coronavirus-recovery/) : *Idea of an EU equity fund*
- [12.05.2020: A credible European Recovery and Transformation Fund - Europarl](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/B-9-2020-0158_EN.html) *EP on recovery fund, MFF-negotiations and "financial wizardry "*

#### EU-weites Arbeitslosenrückversicherungssystem (SAFE): COVID-19
- [01.04.2020: Coronavirus bringt neuen Schwung für EU-weite Arbeitslosenversicherung -Euractiv](https://www.euractiv.de/section/soziales-europa/news/coronavirus-bringt-neuen-schwung-fuer-eu-weite-arbeitslosenversicherung/)
*Welche wirtschaftlichen Staatsinterventionen werden aktuell diskutiert, wie sind diese zu bewerten (in Bezug auf Kapital, Arbeit, Staat/Politk)?:*
**Expansive Maßnahmen:**
- **Fiskalpolitisch (gov.):** Garantien für Unternehmenskredite, Privatkredite?(z.B. Mieten) staatliche Beteiligungen an (Groß)unternehmen, Kurzarbeit, Helikoptergeld I (steuerfinanziert), intern. organisierter Schuldenschnitt
- **Geldpolitisch (c. bank):** Senkung des Leitzins, Anleihenankäufe,Liquiditätsspritzen für Banken,(real) Helikoptergeld, Repo swaps for us dollars (fed) / US-treasury swap for dollar

#### A European bad bank for NPLs (none performing loans)?
- [19.04.2020: ECB pushes for eurozone bad bank to clean up soured loans – Financial Times](https://www.ft.com/content/15d17d1d-8e1b-4f84-97b4-b62e6ae8f962?desktop=true&segmentId=d8d3e364-5197-20eb-17cf-2437841d178a)

#### The remergence of the Target2:
- [09.04.2020: Die Targetsalden schießen hoch – SZ (Gastbeitrag: Hans Werner Sinn)](https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/corona-krise-und-geldpolitik-die-targetsalden-schiessen-hoch-1.4872270?reduced=true)

## Kommende Sparmaßnahmen:
- [30.04.2020: Berlins Finanzsenator rechnet mit fünf Milliarden Euro neuen Schulden – Tagesspiegel] (https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/sparpotenzial-bei-personal-und-bauprojekten-berlins-finanzsenator-rechnet-mit-fuenf-milliarden-euro-neuen-schulden/25790800.html) *Matthias Kollatz (SPD): "Wir werden deutlich weniger finanziellen Spielraum haben als zuletzt." // Mit vorauseilendem Gehorsam geht rot-rot-grün zurück in die Austerität*
- [12.05.2020: Exclusive: Treasury blueprint to raise taxes and freeze wages to pay for £300bn coronavirus bill - Telegraph](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/05/12/exclusive-treasury-blueprint-raise-taxes-freeze-wages-pay-300bn/?WT.mc_id=tmgliveapp_iosshare_AvTJPvDttLzZ) **UK**: *Plans by the Tory Gov to increase income tax, freeze public sector wages and decrease spending*
- [20.05.2020: European Semester Spring Package: Recommendations for a coordinated response to the coronavirus pandemic – EUROPEAN COMMISSION](https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_901)
- [20.05.2020: Commission defends gradual return to fiscal discipline to avoid ‘mistakes’ of austerity – Euroactiv](https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/commission-defends-gradual-return-to-fiscal-discipline-to-avoid-mistakes-of-austerity/) *Commissions publishes Coountry specific recommendations*
- [29.05.2020: New Jersey may have to fire 200,000 public workers –Boston Globe](https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2020/05/29/may-have-fire-public-workers/DAkXhaFv88GGTFojQptB5I/story.html?camp=bg%3Abrief%3Arss%3AMSN&rss_id=MSN_rss_brief&fbclid=IwAR0yKB_xXMsfyTU8BIw_K0UO1BisNgO7_rEDE7qxMSljj5cxPqpCY313eCg)

---

## Zukunftsszenarien:
- [18.03.2020: Epochenbruch](https://www.ipg-journal.de/regionen/global/artikel/detail/epochenbruch-4170/)
- [18.03.2020: The Covid-19 crisis is a chance to do capitalism differently- Guardian (Mariana Mazzucato)](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/18/the-covid-19-crisis-is-a-chance-to-do-capitalism-differently)
- [22.03.2020: Treuhand-anstalt gegen den crash](https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/coronavirus-eine-corona-treuhand-anstalt-gegen-den-crash-kolumne-a-8d22edac-6598-40c9-9637-46253777d91b)
- [23.03.2020: **When the State Steps in to Save Profit**, Ingar Solty](https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/03/coronavirus-recession-global-economy-stimulus-state)
- [03.2020: Anti-Capitalist Politics in the Time of COVID-19, David Harvey](https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/03/david-harvey-coronavirus-political-economy-disruptions)
- [26.03.2020: Der Neoliberalismus tötet - Neues Deutschland](https://www.neues-deutschland.de/amp/artikel/1134750.coronakrise-der-neoliberalismus-toetet.amp.html)
- [03.2020: IN DER KRISE DIE WEICHEN STELLEN. DIE CORONA-PANDEMIE UND DIE PERSPEKTIVEN DER TRANSFORMATION -Zeitschrift-Luxemburg](https://www.zeitschrift-luxemburg.de/in-der-krise-die-weichen-stellen-die-corona-pandemie-und-die-perspektiven-der-transformation/)
- [25.04.2020: Die Lösung für die Corona-Rezession: Ein globaler Green New Deal –JACOBIN](https://jacobin.de/artikel/corona-rezession-green-new-deal-afrika-kolonialismus/)
- [21.05.2020: THREE WAYS COVID-19 WILL CAUSE ECONOMIC DIVERGENCE IN EUROPE –Center for European Reform ](https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/policy-brief/2020/three-ways-covid-19-will-cause-economic-divergence-europe) : *Corona causes higher divergence in Europe*

## Misc:
- [24.03.2020: how the pandemic is squeezing italian crime groups – OCCRP](https://www.occrp.org/en/37-ccblog/ccblog/11905-cocaine-corona-how-the-pandemic-is-squeezing-italian-crime-groups)
- [risklayer](http://www.risklayer-explorer.com/event/100/detail)
- [mit-foederalismus-durch-die-corona-krise - INSM](https://www.insm-oekonomenblog.de/24974-mit-foederalismus-durch-die-corona-krise/)
- [16.04.2020: LEAKED: Full list of delayed European Green Deal initiatives – EurActiv](https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/leaked-full-list-of-delayed-european-green-deal-initiatives/)
- [COVID-19: the EU Committee of regions to launch an exchange platform to support regional and local communities across Europe](https://cor.europa.eu/en/news/Pages/COVID-19-EU-Committee-of-regions-to-launch-an-exchange-platform.aspx) :*Regions on the MFF*
- [20.04.2020: Linkenpolitiker fordert Schutzschirm für Kommunen – DER SPIEGEL](https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/corona-krise-linken-politiker-fordert-schutzschirm-fuer-kommunen-a-d1e24049-44f5-400a-9e8b-ac0d02ab07fd?sara_ecid=soci_upd_KsBF0AFjflf0DZCxpPYDCQgO1dEMph) : *Schuzschirm für Komunen*
- [TFEU 122](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E122:EN:HTML)
- [03.05.2020: Der Liberalismus muss den Beißreflex gegen den Staat überwinden - Tagesspiegel](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/freiheitliches-denken-in-der-corona-krise-der-liberalismus-muss-den-beissreflex-gegen-den-staat-ueberwinden/25787592.html) *: Karen Horn über eine notwendige Transformation des "Liberalismus"*
- [Der Dax, ein Club der Steuersparer – Der Freitag](https://www.freitag.de/autoren/der-freitag/der-dax-ein-club-der-steuersparer)
- (Should we be scared of the coronavirus debt mountain? – The Guardian) . *Adam Tooze on the need to focus social struggle on Central Banks*[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/27/economy-recover-coronavirus-debt-austerity]
-
[https://braveneweurope.com/steve-keen-the-coronavirus-and-the-end-of-economics]

| **Criteria** | **Eurozone Crisis** | **Corona Crisis** |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| **Government </br>Spending** | | |
| *Length* | 12 month (see Blyth) | |