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    ![](https://i.imgur.com/3mtdFLZ.jpg) # Construindo cladogramas com # [MESQUITE](https://www.mesquiteproject.org/) & [TNT](http://www.lillo.org.ar/phylogeny/tnt/) --- Inicialmente **crie uma pasta** onde serão salvos os arquivos da aula de hoje e baixe os dois programas que iremos utilizar. ## Passo 1. Criando uma matriz de caracteres no Mesquite Para criar e manipular uma matriz de dados, abra o programa **Mesquite** (Windows: Iniciar > Programas > Mesquite; Ubuntu: pelo terminal, entre na pasta e digite "./mesquite.sh"). ![](https://i.imgur.com/WPvDQH8.png) Na janela principal do programa, abra um arquivo novo **File > New**. Inicialmente o Mesquite solicita o salvamento da matriz, para só depois permitir a edição da matriz. ![](https://i.imgur.com/2oadOTP.jpg) Após salvar o arquivo, abrirá outra caixa de texto onde você deverá especificar **quantos táxons** você irá incluir na matriz, o nome do grupo de táxon, se você quer uma matriz de caracteres **(marque a opção *Make Character Matrix*)** e uma matriz de táxons **(marque a opção *Make Taxa Block*)**. Selecione todas as opções e clique **Ok**. ![](https://i.imgur.com/w0DljQp.jpg) Uma nova janela perguntará quantos caracteres terá sua matriz (é possível incluir mais depois) e qual tipo de caráter você irá incluir: ![](https://i.imgur.com/B9zSUd6.jpg) Pronto! Você agora tem uma matriz limpinha para começar a preencher! Comece a incluir os caracteres e estados de caracter, lembrando que **a primeira linha deve ser o grupo externo!** Veja que os táxons estão nas linhas e caracteres nas colunas, e você pode editar o nome de ambos. Explore a janela do Mesquite. Além disso, você pode adicionar informações extras sobre os estados de caráter: na barra inferior, clique em *Show annotation pannel*. Além disso, podemos mudar o modo da parcimônia - não ordenado, ordenado, irreversível (veja seta). **Faça o primeiro teste considerando todos os caracteres como não ordenados, mas podemos mudar depois.** ![](https://i.imgur.com/IaazGIg.jpg) Preencha a tabela incluindo o nome dos táxons, os caracteres definidos e os estados de caracter identificados. Inclua no painel de anotação todos os estados possíveis para cada caracter. ![](https://i.imgur.com/9wba7Jm.jpg) Quando sua matriz estiver pronta, exporte o arquivo como **'.tnt'** para a pasta que vocês criou no início da aula. ![](https://i.imgur.com/XA2EhP4.jpg) --- Agora, abra o TNT! (Ubuntu: pelo terminal entre na pasta e digite: ./tnt; Windows: clique no executável do TNT). ![](https://i.imgur.com/zwz9jH6.jpg) Para Ubuntu, o aplicativo do TNT deve estar na mesma pasta do arquivo da árvore exportado do Mesquite (file.tnt). **Sugestão: independente do sistema operacional, crie a pasta para a análise dessa aula!** No terminal, ou na barra de comando do TNT, digite os seguintes comandos: 1. carregue o arquivo no sistema: procedure file.tnt ; 2. crie um arquivo de saída dos resultados: log file.out ; 3. confira quantas árvores mais parcimoniosas há: mult ; (o resultado aparecerá no terminal) 4. encontre as árvores mais parcimoniosas: bbreak=tbr ; 5. encontre a árvore consenso: nelsen * ; 6. mapeie as sinapormofias na árvore: apo ; 7. faça a análise de suporte de Bootstrap: resample=boot ; 8. calcule o CI e RI da árvore: stats ; ([Scrip](http://phylo.wdfiles.com/local--files/tntwiki/Stats.run)) 9. calcule o CI e RI dos caracteres da árvore: statsall ; (ps.: esse comando é bem mais robusto que o primeiro - [scrip](https://www.dropbox.com/s/7jap4isudllix04/STATSALL.RUN?dl=0)) **PS.:** O calculo de CI e RI depende de scripts adicionais que devem ser incorporados ao TNT! 10. Exporte a árvore gerada no formato Newick: export*tree ; ![](https://i.imgur.com/TGSBrnR.jpg) Os resultados da análise estão no arquivo gerado por você - **log file.out**, e a árvore no formato Newick está no arquivo **tree** O programa TNT, mesmo sendo simples e antigo, apresenta muitas opções e várias fotes fornecem ajuda com comandos e mais opções, por exemplo o [TntWiki](http://phylo.wikidot.com/tntwiki), que traz diversos links de outras fontes de ajuda, além de fontes adicionais de scripts. Outra fonte interessante para soluionar dúvidas e obter scripts é o [Grupo do TNT no Google](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/tnt-tree-analysis-using-new-technology) . Por fim, para vizualizar a sua árvore, abra o arquivo **tree** no Mesquite e edite sua árvore. Para isso, na aba onde está sua matriz, selecione **File-Include File** e a árvore irá abrir junto do arquivo da matriz. Avalie sua árvore, as sinapormofias encontradas, repense a codificação de seus caracteres...aqui vocês pode mudar a codificação, retornar na matriz inicial e re-iniciar o processo! Para isso, agora vamos levar em consideração os dados do registro fóssil. Quais caracteres podem ser ordenados? Irreversíveis? Volte na planilha do Mesquite e re-categorize seus caracteres e refaça a análise. *Ps.: **Para evitar perda de dados, gere uma nova pasta com todos os seus arquivos, assim poderemos comparar a primeira análise e a segunda, após reavaliar os caracteres** Por fim, qual a conclusão da turma sobre a classificação dos caminálculos? **A árvore gerada concorda com a sua classificação taxonomica inicial? Concorda com a árvore dos colegas?** ![](https://i.imgur.com/E6cnnV1.jpg) ###### tags: `Sistemática Filogenética` `PPG Evolução e Diversidade`

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