---
title: personality-psych-AMERTA-5
tags: psikologi-kepribadian
description: materi kuliah Psikologi Kepribadian minggu 5
---

## Personality Psychology
### The Inner Psychic Approach
### Horney's Feminist Psychoanalysis

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**Rizqy Amelia Zein**
Department of Personality and Social Psychology
course website: https://s.id/amerta
google classroom: cyhrwcw

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## Karen Horney (1885-1952)


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## A short summary :flashlight:

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* Her ==differences with Freud== began when she took issue with ==his psychological portrayal of women==
* An early feminist, she argued that ==psychoanalysis focused more on men’s== development than on women’s
* To counter Freud’s contention that women are driven by penis envy, she proposed that ==men are envious of women== for their ==ability to give birth==

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### The Need for Safety and Security :one:

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* Horney agreed with Freud on one major point—==the importance of the early years of childhood== in shaping the adult personality
* However, Horney believed that ==social forces in childhood==, not biological forces, influence personality development
* The social relationship between ==children and their parents== is the key factor of personality development

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### The Need for Safety and Security :two:

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* The childhood was ==dominated by the safety need==, by which Horney meant the ==need for security and freedom from fear==
* A child’s security depends entirely on ==how the parents treat the child==
* The major way parents weaken or prevent security is by displaying ==a lack of warmth and affection==

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### The Need for Safety and Security :three:

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* Parents can act in ==various ways to undermine their child’s security== and thereby ==induce hostility==
- Obvious preference for one sibling over another, unfair punishment, erratic behavior, promises not kept, ridicule, humiliation, and isolation of the child from peers

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### The Need for Safety and Security :four:

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* The ==more helpless== children feel, the ==less they dare== to oppose or rebel against the parents
- The child will repress the hostility, saying, “I have to repress my hostility because ==I need you==.”
* Children can be made to ==feel fearful== of their parents through punishment, physical abuse, or more subtle forms of intimidation
- The child is saying, “I must repress my hostility because ==I am afraid of you.==”

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### The Need for Safety and Security :five:

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* ***Love*** can also be another reason for ==repressing hostility== toward parents
- Parents tell their children ==how much they love== them and ==how much they are sacrificing== for them, but the parents’ warmth and affection are ==not honest==
- The child must repress his or her hostility for ==fear of losing== even these ==unsatisfactory expressions of love==

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### The Need for Safety and Security :six:

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* ***Guilt*** is yet another reason why children repress hostility
- They may be made to ==feel unworthy==, ==wicked==, or ==sinful== for expressing or even harboring ==resentments== toward their parents
- This repressed hostility undermines the childhood need for safety and is manifested in the condition Horney called ***==basic anxiety==***

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## Basic Anxiety :one:

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* "...insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world”
* Basic anxiety is ==the foundation== on which ==all later neuroses develop==, and it is inseparably tied to ==feelings of hostility==, ==helplessness==, and ==fear==
* Children may feel “small, insignificant, helpless, deserted, endangered..”

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## Basic Anxiety :two:

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* In childhood we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in ==four different ways==:
* ***==Securing affection and love==***: trying to do ==whatever the other person wants==, trying to **bribe** or **threatening** others into providing the desired affection
* ==***Being submissive***==: self-protection involves ==complying with the wishes== of either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment

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## Basic Anxiety :three:

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* ==***Attaining power***==: a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a ==sense of superiority==
* ***==Withdrawing==***: attempting to ==become independent== of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs
- The process involves a blunting, or minimizing, of emotional needs

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## Self-protective mechanism :gloves:

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* A single goal: ==to defend against basic anxiety==
* They are a ==defense against pain==, not a pursuit of well-being or happiness
* Those mechanisms ==may reduce anxiety==, but the cost to the individual is usually ==an impoverished personality==
* The neurotic will pursue the search for safety and security by using ==more than one of those mechanisms==

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## Neurotics needs :anguished:

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* Horney listed 10 neurotic needs as those are ==irrational solutions== to one’s problems
* The ==***10 neurotic needs***== are: affection and approval, a dominant partner, power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, achievement or ambition, self-sufficiency, perfection, & narrow limits to life.
* Satisfying these needs ==will not make us feel safe and secure== but will only help us to ==escape the discomfort== caused by our anxiety

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## Neurotic trends :chart_with_upwards_trend:

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* Needs could be ==presented in three groups==, each indicating ==a person’s attitudes toward the self== and others
* In the neurotic person, ==one of these three== trends is ==dominant==, whereas the other two are present to a lesser degree
* She called these ==three categories of directional movement== the neurotic trends

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## Neurotic trends :chart_with_upwards_trend:


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## The compliant personality :one:

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* Reflect a desire to ==move toward other people==
* An intense and continuous need for ==affection and approval==, an urge to be loved, wanted, and protected
* A need for ==one dominant person==, such as a friend or spouse, who will take charge of their lives and offer protection and guidance
* Compliant personalities ==manipulate other people==, particularly their partners, to achieve their goals

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## The compliant personality :two:

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* They ==subordinate their personal desires== to those of other people and willing to assume blame and defer to others, never being assertive, critical, or demanding
* They do ==whatever the situation requires==, as they interpret it, to gain affection, approval, and love
* “Look at me. I am so weak and helpless that you must protect and love me.”

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## The compliant personality :three:

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* The compliant persons have ==repressed profound feelings of defiance==
* They have ==a desire to control==, exploit, and manipulate others, ==the opposite of what their behaviors== and attitudes express
* Because their hostile impulses must be repressed, compliant personalities become ==subservient==, always trying to please and asking nothing for themselves

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## The aggresive personality :one:

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* Aggressive personalities ==move against other people== and are ==driven to surpass others==
* In their world, ==everyone is hostile==, and only the fittest and most cunning survive
* They judge everyone in terms of ==the benefit they will receive== from the relationship

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## The aggresive personality :two:

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* They may appear ==confident of their abilities== and uninhibited in asserting and defending themselves
* However, like compliant personalities, aggressive personalities are ==driven by insecurity==, ==anxiety==, and ==hostility==

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## The detached personality :one:

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* They driven to ==move away from other people== and to maintain an emotional distance
- They must not love, hate, or cooperate with others or become involved in any way
- To achieve this ==total detachment==, they strive to become ==self-sufficient==
* Detached personalities have an almost ==desperate desire for privacy==

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## The detached personality :two:

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* Detached personalities ==suppress or deny all feelings== toward other people, particularly feelings of love and hate
* ==Intimacy== would lead to conflict, and that ==must be avoided==
* Because of this constriction of their emotions, detached personalities place ==great stress on reason==, ==logic==, and ==intelligence==

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## Neurotic trends :chart_with_upwards_trend:

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* ***==The compliant person==*** believes "I should be sweet, self-sacrificing, saintly."
* ***==The aggressive person==*** says "I should be powerful, recognised, a winner."
* ***==The detached person==*** believes "I should be independent, aloof, perfect.”

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## The idealized self-image :face_palm:

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* All of us, normal or neurotic, ==construct a picture of our selves== that may or may not be based on reality
* In ==normal people==, the self-image is built on ***==a realistic appraisal==*** of our abilities, potentials, weaknesses, goals, and relations with other people
* If we are to realize our full potential, a state of self-realization, our ==self-image must clearly reflect== our ==true self==

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## The idealized self-image :face_palm:

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* ***==Neurotics==***, who experience ==conflict== between incompatible modes of behavior, have personalities characterized by ==disunity and disharmony==
* But their attempt to form self-image ==is not based on a realistic appraisal== of their strengths and weaknesses
* Instead, it is based on ==an illusion==, ==an unattainable ideal== of absolute perfection

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#### The Realistic vs Neurotic Self-Image :one:

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* A realistic self-image is ==flexible and dynamic==, adapting as the individual develops and changes
- It reflects ==strengths==, ==growth==, and ==self-awareness==
- The realistic image is ==a goal==, something to strive for, and as such it both reflects and leads the person

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#### The Realistic vs Neurotic Self-Image :two:

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* By contrast, the neurotic/idealized self-image is ==static, inflexible, and unyielding==
- The neurotic’s self-image is ==an unsatisfactory substitute== for a reality-based sense of self-worth
- Neurotic has ==little self-confidence== because of insecurity and anxiety, and the idealized self-image does not allow for correction of those deficiencies

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## Tyranny of the shoulds :muscle:

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* An attempt to ==realize an unattainable idealized self-image== by ==denying the true self== and behaving in terms of what we think we should be doing
* They tell themselves they should be ==the best or most perfect== student, spouse, parent, lover, employee, friend, or child
* They ==deny their real selves== and try to become what they think they should be, or what they need to be to match their idealized self-image

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## Externalization :deciduous_tree:

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* Externalization involves the ==tendency to experience conflicts== as though they were occurring ==outside== of one
* As attempt to ==defend against== the ==inner conflicts== caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self-images
- e.g. projecting hatred onto ==other people or institutions== and come to believe that the hatred is emanating from these external sources and not from themselves

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### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign:

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* Horney was especially critical of Freud’s notion of penis envy, which she believed was derived from ==inadequate evidence==
- That is, from Freud’s (very limited) clinical interviews with neurotic women
* Freud described and interpreted this alleged phenomenon from ==a strictly male point of view== in a place and time when women were considered ==second-class citizens==

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### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign:

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* Freud suggested that women were victims of their anatomy, forever envious and resentful of men for possessing a penis :arrow_right: ***==penis envy==***
* Freud also concluded that ==women had poorly developed superegos== (a result of inadequately resolved Oedipal conflicts), and inferior body images
- Because women believed they were really castrated men:exclamation:

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### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign:

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* Horney countered these ideas by arguing that ==men envied women== because of their ==capacity for motherhood== :arrow_right: ==***womb envy***==
* Her position on this issue was based on ==the pleasure== she said she had experienced in ==childbirth==
* If women feel themselves to be unworthy, it is because they have been treated that way in ==male-dominated cultures==

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### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign:

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* Women may choose to ==deny their femininity== and to ==wish==, unconsciously, that ==they were men== :arrow_right: flight from womanhood
- A condition that can lead to sexual inhibitions
* Horney expressed concern about ==the psychological conflicts== in defining ==women’s roles== and pointed out the differences between ==the traditional ideal== of womanhood with ==the more modern view==

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### Feminine psychoanalysis :female_sign:

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* Horney argued that ==women must seek their own identity== by ==developing their abilities== and ==pursuing careers==
- These ==contrasting traditional== and ==more modern roles== create conflicts that some women ==to this day have difficulty resolving==

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### Thank you! :tada:

You can find me on:

- [My personal website](https://rameliaz.github.io/)
- [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ameliazein)
- [..or email](mailto:[e-mail])