---
title: gordon-allport
tags: psikologi-kepribadian
description: materi kuliah Psikologi Kepribadian minggu 6
---

## Personality Psychology
### The Trait Approach
### Gordon Allport's Trait Theory

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**Rizqy Amelia Zein**
Department of Personality and Social Psychology
course website: https://s.id/amerta
google classroom: cyhrwcw

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## Gordon Allport (1897-1967)


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People are “busy leading their lives into the future, whereas psychology, for the most part, is busy tracing them into the past” – G. Allport

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## His contributions :100:

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* Helped bring personality into the mainstream, and he formulated a theory of personality development in which ***==traits==*** play a prominent role
* Allport ==challenged Freud’s psychoanalysis== on several points
- He ==did not accept== the notion that ==unconscious forces dominate the personality== of normal mature adults

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## His contributions :100:

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* The unconscious is ==important only== in the behavior of ==neurotic or disturbed== people
* We are ==not prisoners of childhood conflicts== and past experiences, as Freud believed
* Instead, we are ==guided more by the present== and by our view of the future

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## His contributions :100:

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* Allport ==opposed== collecting ==data from abnormal personalities==
- Whereas Freud saw a continuum between the normal and abnormal, Allport saw a clear distinction
- To Allport, ==the abnormal personality== functioned at ==an infantile level==

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## His contributions :100:

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* He emphasis on ==the uniqueness of personality== as defined by ==each person’s traits==
* He ==opposed== the traditional scientific emphasis on forming ==general constructs== or ==laws== to be applied universally
* He argued that ==personality is not general== or universal but is particular and ==specific to the individual==

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## Allport's view :eyes:

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* “..Personality is the ==dynamic organization== within the individual of those ==psychophysical systems== that ==determine==...characteristic behavior and thought”
* By ==dynamic organization==, Allport means that although personality is constantly changing and growing, the growth is organized, not random

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## Allport's view :eyes:

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* ==Psychophysical== means that personality is composed of ==both mind and body== functioning together as a unit
- It is neither all mental nor all biological
* By ==determine==, Allport means that all facets of personality ==activate or direct specific behaviors== and thoughts
- The phrase characteristic behavior and thought means that everything we think and do is typical of us

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## Allport's view :eyes:

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* Personality reflects both our ==heredity== and our ==environment==
- Heredity provides the personality with ==raw materials==, such as physique, intelligence, and temperament, that may then be ==shaped, expanded, or limited== by the ==conditions of our environment==
- Allport invokes ==both personal and situational variables== to indicate the importance of both genetics and learning

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## Personality traits :label:

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* A ==predispositions to respond==, in the same or a similar manner, to different kinds of stimuli
- Traits are ==consistent== and enduring ways of reacting to our environment
* Personality traits are ==real and exist== within each of us
- They are not theoretical constructs or labels made up to account for behavior

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## Personality traits :label:

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* Traits ==determine or cause behavior==
* Traits can be ==demonstrated empirically==
- By ==observing behavior over time==, we can infer the existence of traits in the consistency of a person’s responses to the same or similar stimuli
* Traits ==vary with the situation==
- e.g. person may display the trait of neatness in one situation and the trait of disorderliness in another situation.

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## Personality traits :label:

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* Traits are ==interrelated==; they may overlap, even though they represent different characteristics
- e.g. aggressiveness and hostility are distinct but related traits and are frequently ==observed to occur together== in a person’s behavior

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## Traits and culture :tanabata_tree:

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* Allport proposed ==two types of traits==: ***==individual==*** and ***==common==***
- ***==Individual traits==*** are unique to a person and define his or her character
- ==***Common traits***== are shared by a number of people, such as the members of a culture
- This demonstrates that common traits are subject to social, environmental, and cultural influences

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## Personal disposition :dolls:

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* Allport relabeled common traits as traits and individual traits as personal dispositions
* Our personal dispositions do not all have the same intensity or significance.
* They may be ***==cardinal traits==***, ***==central traits==***, or ***==secondary traits==***

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## Cardinal traits :loudspeaker:

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* A ==***cardinal trait***== is so ==pervasive== and influential that it touches almost ==every aspect of a person’s life==
- Allport described it as a ruling passion, a powerful force that dominates behavior
- Allport offered the examples of sadism and chauvinism
- Not everyone has a ruling passion, and those who do may not display it in every situation

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## Central traits :dart:

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* Everyone has a few ==***central traits***==, some 5 to 10 themes that best describe our behavior
- Allport’s examples are aggressiveness, self-pity, and cynicism
- These are the kinds of characteristics we would mention when discussing a friend’s personality or writing a letter of recommendation

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## Secondary traits :izakaya_lantern:

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* The least influential individual traits are ***==the secondary traits==***, which appear much ==less consistently== than cardinal and central traits
- Secondary traits may be so ==weak== that only a close friend would notice evidence of them
- They may include, for example, a minor preference for a particular type of music or for a certain food

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## Motivations :lightning:

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* ==Cognitive processes==, that is, our conscious plans and intentions, are a vital aspect of our personality
* ==***Functional autonomy of motives***== is the idea the motives of emotionally healthy adults are not connected to the prior experiences in which they initially appeared
- Forces that motivated us early in life become ==autonomous==, or independent, of their original circumstances

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## Motivations :lightning:

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* ***==Perseverative functional autonomy==*** is ==repetitive physical actions== such as habitual ways of performing some routine, everyday task
- The behaviors continue or persevere on their own without any external reward
- The actions ==once served a purpose== but they ==no longer do== and are at too basic and low a level to be considered an integral part of personality

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## Motivations :lightning:

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* ==***Propriate functional autonomy***== is more important than perseverative functional autonomy and is ==essential== to understanding adult motivation
- The word propriate derives from proprium, Allport’s term for the ego or self

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## Personality development :family:


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## The Healthy Adult Personality :heart_eyes:

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* The healthy personality ==changes and grows== from being a biologically dominated organism in infancy to a mature psychological organism in adulthood
* Our motivations become ==separated from childhood== and are ==oriented toward the future==

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## :six: Criteria of Healthy Personality

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* Mature adults ==extend their sense of self== to people and activities beyond the self
* Mature adults ==relate warmly to other people==, exhibiting intimacy, compassion, and tolerance
* Mature adult’s ==high degree of self-acceptance== helps them to achieve emotional security

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## :six: Criteria of Healthy Personality

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* Mature adults hold ==a realistic perception== of life, ==develop personal skills==, and ==make a commitment== to some type of work
* Mature adults have ==a sense of humor and self-objectification== (an understanding of or insight into the self)
* Mature adults subscribe to ==a unifying philosophy of life==, which is responsible for directing the personality toward future goals

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## Expressive behaviour :zap:

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* Allport conducted considerable research on what he called ==***expressive behavior***==, described as behavior that expresses our personality traits
- Expressive behavior is ==spontaneous== and reflects ==basic aspects== of the personality
- In contrast to coping behavior, expressive behavior is ==difficult to change==, has ==no specific purpose==, and is usually displayed without our awareness

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## Coping behaviour :sunny:

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* He also identified ==***coping behavior***==, which is oriented toward ==a specific purpose== and is ==consciously planned== and carried out
- Coping behavior is determined by needs inspired by the situation and is ordinarily directed toward bringing about some change in our environment

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## Personality Assessments :straight_ruler:

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* Personality is ==so complex== that to evaluate it we must employ many techniques. He listed 11 major methods, from tests and scales to projective techniques
* ***BUT*** Allport relied heavily on ==***the personal-document technique***==

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## Personal Document Techniques :book:

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That involves examining **diaries**, **autobiographies**, **letters**, **literary compositions**, and other samples of **a person’s written or spoken records** to determine the number and kinds of personality traits

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### Thank you! :tada:

You can find me on:

- [My personal website](https://rameliaz.github.io/)
- [Twitter](https://twitter.com/ameliazein)
- [..or email](mailto:[e-mail])