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    # 2020/11/9 計算機程式設計 ###### tags: `Python` ## 零錢問題: Ex $$n=8, S=\{1,4,6\}$$ 輸出:$$f(n,S)=用最少個S中面值的郵票總數湊出n元當方法需要幾枚$$ ### Solution 1: Recursion $$ f(n,S)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1\;,if\;n\in S\\\infty\;,if\;n<min(S)\\1+min_{x\in S}\;f(n-x,S)\;,otherwise\end{array}\right. $$ ### Solutino 2: Dynamic Programming - 用 a[i] 記住算好的 f(i, S) - 直接 for i in range(n) 去算每個值,每個值都可以從算好的 a[i] 推得 ```python= n=8 s={} a=[n+1*(n+1) for x in range(min(S),n+1): if x in S: a[x]=1;continue I={x-s for s in S if x>s} a[x] = 1 + min({a[i] for i in I}) ``` ## 八皇后問題 如何能夠在8×8的西洋棋棋盤上放置八個皇后,使得任何一個皇后都無法直接吃掉其他的皇后?為了達到此目的,任兩個皇后都不能處於同一條橫行、縱行或斜線上。八皇后問題可以推廣為更一般的n皇后擺放問題:這時棋盤的大小變為n×n,而皇后個數也變成n。若且唯若n = 1或n ≥ 4時問題有解。 ### Solution 冪集合用遞迴去爆搜 一個row一個row遞迴 s = [0] * n: 用一維記錄 Q 放的位置就好ㄌ 由於知道同一行同一列的地方都不能放 因此在第7行時可以從7-C開始 ```python= def explore(r): def mark(d,j=0): for i in range(r+1,n): b[i][c]+=d if c+j < n:b[i][c+j]+=d if c-j >= 0:b[i][c-j]+=d i+=1 for c in range(n): if b[r][c]>0:continue s[r]=c if r == n-1:printsolution();continue mark(1) explore(r+1) mark(-1) explore(0) ``` ```python= c=0 p=[] while(True): x=input(f'') if x=='':break; if y not in p: p.append(y) n = len(p) s = 0 def move(d,g): global s if p[d]==g: return for l in range(d-1,-1,-1): move(l,({1,2,3}-{p[d],g}).pop()) print(f'Step {(s:=s+1)}: move disk {d+1} from {p[d]} to {g}') p[d] = g for d in range(n-1, -1, -1): move(d, 3) print('搬好了') ``` ## decorator 語法如下: ```python= @hijack #hijack 先寫好 def add(x,y):return x+y @hijack def mul(x,y):return x*y ``` 好處:不像原本hijack要自己呼叫, 只需要前面加一個@hijack Note:適合debug python語法原本就支援 如下 ```python= def deco(f,......):#這一塊會因為@deco而跑一次 return g @deco def func(,......): ... ``` ```python= def deco(f):#這一塊會因為@deco而跑一次 print('hello') @deco def func(): ..... func()#出錯 (func=deco(func) --> func=None deco()沒回傳) ``` 常用方法 ```python= def deco(f,.....): def func(*a,**b):#把純資料讀入a 把??=????? 讀入b變成字典 ... return func @deco function(1,2,3,4,x,end=' ') ```

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