# 會計學(一)
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<!-- ###### tags: `NTNU BA`, `大一上課程`, `必修`, `大三上修習` -->
###### Moodle 檔案密碼: course
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> [TOC]
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> [color=red][time=2020, 09, 14, Monday]
## Chapter 0 - Accounting Cycle / 會計循環
1. Transaction / 交易
2. 憑證,ex: 發票、收據...
3. Journalizing / 記錄(Chapter 2)
4. Posting / 過帳(Chapter 2)
5. Unadjusted Trail Balance / 未調整試算表(Chapter 2)
6. Adjust / 調整(Chapter 3)
7. Journalizing / 記錄(Chapter 4 + 12)
8. Posting / 過帳(Chapter 4 + 12)
9. Adjusted Trail Balance / 已調整試算表(Chapter 4 + 12)
10. 編成財務報表(Chapter 4 + 12)
- Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表
- Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表
- Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表
- ~~Statement of Cash Flows / 現金流量表(Chapter 13)~~
11. Closing / 結帳(Chapter 4 + 12)
## Chapter 1 - Accounting in Action
### 1. Three activities(p.1-3)
1. 會計辨認(Identify)
2. 會計記錄(Record)
3. 會計溝通(Communicate)
### 2. Who uses accounting data?(p.1-4~p.1-5)
1. Internal users → Top managers:
- Pricing / 訂價:參考 accounting data 裡的 cost
- Uncertainly:Cost-Volume-Profit(CVP)Analysis
- Budgeting:Master budget & Cash budget
- Performance evaluation
- Others:Outsourcing
2. External users → Top managers 以外的所有人:
1. Investors / Shareholders:根據 accounting data 做投資的決策
2. Creditors / 債權人:根據 accounting data 分析還債能力,並決定是否願意借錢
3. 政府:法令 & 逃漏稅
4. 分析師:用 accounting data 做研究報告
5. 員工
6. Supplies / 供應商
7. ...
### 3. 一般公認會計準則 & 會計準則委員會(p.1-7)
1. International Financial Reporting Standard(IFRS)/ 國際財務報導準則
2. 國際會計準則委員會
3. 根據 IFRS 可編出以下報表:
- Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表(p.1-21)
- 表達企業在**一個時間點**的財務狀況
- Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表(p.1-21)
- 表達企業在**一段時間**內的經營成果
- Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表(p.1-21)
- 表達企業在**一段時間**內保留盈餘的改變
p.s. 保留盈餘:企業歷年來賺的,未發放給股東、留在公司裡的錢
- Statement of Cash Flows / 現金流量表
- 表達企業在**一段時間**內現金的改變:
- Operating activities
- Investing activities
- Financing activities(借款 or 還債 or 增資)
- Statement of Shareholders Equity / 股東權益變動表(台灣自有)
### 4. Measure Principles / 衡量原則(p.1-8)
1. Historical Cost Principle / 歷史成本原則:購買成本
2. Fair Value Principles / 公平價值原則
### 5. Assumption / 會計假設
針對企業所處的環境作前提
1. Money Unit Assumption / 幣值單位衡量假設(p.1-8)
企業所有交易結果,都可以用貨幣單位衡量
2. Economic Entity Assumption / 經濟個體假設(p.1-8)
### 6. 企業組織型態(p.1-9)
1. Proprietorship / 獨資
獨資資本主 → 負無限連帶清償責任。
2. Partnership / 合夥
合夥人 → 負無限連帶清償責任。
3. Corporation / 公司
受公司法約束、管制。
中小型多為有限公司;大型公司多為股份有限公司,其中又多為公開發行公司。
1. 無限公司:
股東負無限連帶清償責任。
Ex: 投資 50 萬 → 倒閉 → 負債 2000 萬 → 賠償 2000 萬。
2. 有限公司:
股東就**出資額**負有限連帶清償責任。
Ex: 投資 50 萬 → 倒閉 → 負債 2000 萬 → 賠償 50 萬。
3. 兩合公司:
部分股東負無限連帶清償責任,部分負有限責任。
4. 股份有限公司:
根據公司法設立 → 資本額 → 等分分成股數給投資人購買。
- 公開發行公司
---
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### 7. 會計恆等式 / The Accounting Equation(p.1-10)
```
Assets / 資產 = Liabilities / 負債 + Equity / 權益
(資 金 用 途) ( 資 金 來 源 )
```
- 恆等式內容:
- Assets / 資產
同時符合這兩個條件:1. 企業擁有、2. 產生未來現金流入 or 減少未來的現金流出
舉例:
- Cash(公司最基本資產)
- Account Receivable / 應收帳款:
公司出售商品或提供勞務給顧客,顧客尚未付款,口頭上答應未來會付款。
- Equipment
- Building
- Land
- Liabilities / 合約負債
同時符合這兩個條件:1. 有義務償還、2. 經濟資源減少
舉例:
- Notes Payable / 應付票據:
購買商品或勞務、賒欠。提供**書面**憑證,允諾未來會償還。
- Accounts Payable / 應付帳款:
購買商品或勞務、賒欠。**口頭**允諾未來會償還。
- Equity / 權益(p.1-11)
兩大組成:
- Share Capital-Ordinary / 股本(股東的投資):
- 普通股
- Retained Earnings / 保留盈餘:
公司歷年來賺的錢,累積在公司未發給股東。
```
Retained Earnings
= 上期/期初Retained Earnings + 本期Revenues - 本期Expenses - 本期Dividends
```
- p.s. 上期 / 期初 retained earnings(上一期留下的 = 本期一開始有的)
p.s. dividends(股利)
- 各種表:
- Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表
含有「本期 Revenues & 本期 Expenses」的表
- Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表
含有「Retained Earnings / 保留盈餘」的表
- Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表
含有「Assets / 資產 & Liabilities / 負債 & Equity / 權益」的表
- Statement of Cash flows / 現金流量表
含有以下三個細項的表:
- Cash flows from operating activities
- Cash flows from investing activities
- Cash flows from financing activities
### 8. Analyzing Business Transactions(p.1-13~p.1-19)
- 課本習題:p.1-42~1-43:P1.4(LO 4, 5)
- 關鍵字句 & 重點:
1. **Performed services... on account** → Accounts Receivable
2. **Purchase ???... on account** → Accounts Payable / ??? Exp.
3. **Declared and paid... cash didivends** → Div.
4. **Pay $$$ for ???** → ??? Exp.
5. **Pay $$$ for employee salaries** → Salaries & wages Exp.(NOT Salaries Exp.)
- 將題目內的事件轉換成表格:
> | | Assets | = | Liabilities | + | Equity |
> | ---- | ------ | - | ----------- | - | ------ |
> | 6/01 | Cash +$10k | | | | Shared Capital-Ordinary +$10k |
> | 6/02 | Cash -$2k<br>Equipment +$14k | | Notes Payable +$12k | | |
> | 6/03 | Cash -$500 | | | | Rent Exp. -$500 |
> | 6/05 | Accounts Receivable +$4800 | | | | Service Rev. +$4800 |
> | 6/09 | Cash -$300 | | | | Div. -$300 |
> | 6/12 | Supplies +$150 | | Accounts Payable +$150 | | |
> | 6/15 | Cash +$1250<br>Accounts Receivable -$1250 | | | | |
> | 6/17 | | | Accounts Payable +$100 | | Gasoline Exp. -$100 |
> | 6/20 | Cash +$1500 | | | | Service Rev. +$1500 |
> | 6/23 | Cash -$500 | | Notes Payable -$500 | | |
> | 6/26 | Cash -$250 | | | | Utilities Exp. -$250 |
> | 6/29 | Cash -$100 | | Accounts Payable -$100 | | |
> | 6/29 | Cash -$1000 | | | | **Salaries & wages** Exp. -$1000 |
- 答案:
> Assets:
> | Cash | Account Receivable | Supplies | Equipment |
> | ------- | ------------------ | -------- | --------- |
> | +$8,100 | +$14,000 | +$3,550 | +$150 |
> Liabilities:
> | Notes Payable | Accounts Payable |
> | ------------- | ---------------- |
> | +$11,500 | +$150 |
> Equity:
> | Shared Capital-Ordinary | Service Rev. | Rent Exp. | Gasoline Exp. | Utilities Exp. | Salaries & wages Exp. | Div. |
> | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
> | +$10,000 | +$6,300 | -$500 | -$100 | -$250 | -$1,000 | -$300 |
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 09, 28, Monday]
## Chapter 2 - The Recording Process
### 1. The Account / 帳戶科目(會計科目)(p.2-2)
### 2. Debit(Dr.)and Credit(Cr.)/ 左和右(p.2-3)
```
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
→ Assets = Liabilities + Share Capital-Ordinary + Beginning Retained Earnings + Rev. - Exp. - Div.
→ Assets + Exp. + Div. = Liabilities + Share Capital-Ordinary + Beginning Retained Earnings + Rev.
( Debit / 左 ) ( Credit / 右 )
```
### 3. Steps in the Recording Process(p.2-7)
1. Analyze / 分析交易
快速分析一筆交易內包含哪些 Dr. 和 Cr.。
- Simple entry:1 個 Dr. + 1 個 Cr.。
- Compound entry:≧ 1 個 Dr. + ≧ 1 個 Cr.。
2. Journalizing / 把交易記錄到日記簿
有分為:Gerenal journal / 普通日記簿 和 特種日記簿。
記錄步驟:
1. 記錄日期 ┐
2. 記錄 Dr. 的科目及金額 │
3. 記錄 Cr. 的科目及金額 ├ Journalizing
4. 寫解釋、註記 ┘
5. 記錄 Ref. ─ Posting 時補上
3. Posting to a ledger / 分類帳
Journalizing(了解及記錄交易)→ Posting(知道每個 account 的餘額)
### 4. Ledger / 分類帳(p.2-11)
- How to post(p.2-12)
實際較為繁瑣,但考試時以 T 字帳取代簡化之。
實際步驟:
1. 把 Journal entry 中 Dr. 的科目、日期、金額、日記簿頁碼搬到 Ledger 裡。
2. 把 Ledger 的號碼抄回日記簿(Ref.)。
3. 把 Journal entry 中 Cr. 的科目、日期、金額、日記簿頁碼搬到 Ledger 裡。
4. 把 Ledger 的號碼抄回日記簿(Ref.)。
- 課本習題:p.2-40:P2.2(LO 1, 2, 3, 4)
- 關鍵字句 & 重點:
1. Receive cash... advance → Unearned Service Rev. / 合約負債
- a 小題的答案:
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Ref. | Debit | Credit |
> | ---: | ------------------------------ | ---- | ----- | ------ |
> | 2020<br>Apr.1<br>. | <br>Cash<br> Share Capital-ordinary | <br>101<br>311 | <br>20,000<br>. | <br><br>20,000 |
> | 1<br>. | Not transaction<br>→ No entry | | | |
> | 2<br>. | Rent Exp.<br> Cash | 729<br>101 | 1,000<br>. | <br>1,000 |
> | 3<br>. | Supplies<br> Accounts Payable | 126<br>201 | 4,000<br>. | <br>4,000 |
> | 10<br>. | Accounts receivable<br> Service Rev. | 112<br>400 | 5,100<br>. | <br>5,100 |
> | 11<br>. | Cash<br> Uneared Service Rev. | 101<br>209 | 1,000<br>. | <br>1,000 |
> | 20<br>. | Cash<br> Service Rev. | 101<br>400 | 2,100<br>. | <br>2,100 |
> | 30<br>. | Salaries and Wages Exp.<br> Cash | 726<br>101 | 2,800<br>. | <br>2,800 |
> | 30<br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Cash | 201<br>101 | 2,400<br>. | <br>2,400 |
- b 小題的答案:
> | Cash | 101 |
> | ------------ | ----------- |
> | 4/01 $20,000<br>4/11 $1,000<br>4/20 $2,100 | 4/02 $1,100<br>4/30 $2,800<br>4/30 $2,400 |
> | 4/30 $16,800 | |
> | Accounts Receivable | 112 |
> | ------------------- | --- |
> | 4/10 $5,100 | |
> | 4/30 $5,100 | |
> | Supplies | 126 |
> | ----------- | --- |
> | 4/03 $4,000 | |
> | 4/30 $4,000 | |
> | Accounts Payable | 201 |
> | ---------------- | ----------- |
> | 4/30 $2,400 | 4/03 $4,000 |
> | | 4/30 $1,600 |
> | Unearned Service Rev. | 209 |
> | --------------------- | ----------- |
> | | 4/11 $1,000 |
> | | 4/30 $1,000 |
> | Share Capital-ordinary | 311 |
> | ---------------------- | ------------ |
> | | 4/01 $20,000 |
> | | 4/30 $20,000 |
> | Service Rev. | 400 |
> | ------------ | -------------------------- |
> | | 4/10 $5,100<br>4/20 $2,100 |
> | | 4/30 $7,200 |
> | Salaries and Wages Exp. | 726 |
> | ----------------------- | --- |
> | 4/30 $2,800 | |
> | 4/30 $2,800 | |
> | Rent Exp. | 729 |
> | ----------- | --- |
> | 4/02 $1,000 | |
> | 4/30 $1,000 | |
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 10, 05, Monday]
- 預付項目
```
(用完)
Supplies → Assets ------→ Exp.
```
以保險為例:會計科目為 Prepaid Insurance / 預付保險費,性質為 Assets
舉例:A 公司向 B 保險公司購買保險
對於 A 公司:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | Prepaid Insurance<br> Cash | 1,000<br>. | <br>1,000 |
對於 B 保險公司:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | Cash<br> Unearned Service Rev. | 1,000<br>. | <br>1,000 |
### 5. 試算表(p.2-21)
- 功能:
過帳後,為了驗證會計分錄或過帳程序是否正確,會進一步將 ledger 每個帳戶 balance 列在 Trail Balance。
- 表的內容:
> | | [公司名稱]<br>Trail Balance<br>X 年 X 月 X 日 | |
> | - | :-----------------------------------------: | - |
> | Cash<br>.<br>.<br>.<br>(按照 ledger 號碼順序排列) | Debit | Credit |
> | | Total Debit | Total Credit |
若 Total Debit ≠ Total Credit 必錯
- 課本練習題:P2.2(LO 1, 2, 3, 4)(p.2-40)
> | | Emily Stansbury Dentist<br>Trail Balance<br>April 30, 2020 | |
> | - | :-----------------------------------------: | :-: |
> | | Debit | Credit |
> | Cash<br>Accounts Receivable<br>Supplies<br>Accouts Payable<br>Unearned Sevice Rev.<br>Share Capital-ordinary<br>Service Rev.<br>Salaries and Wages Exp.<br>Rent Exp. | $16,800<br>5,100<br>4,000<br><br><br><br><br>2,800<br>1,100 | <br><br><br>$1,600<br>1,000<br>20,000<br>7,200<br><br>. |
> | | $29,800 | $29,800 |
### <span style="color: red">6. 第二章必考題:</span>
<span style="color: red">Journal entry → Posting → Trail Balance </span>
### 7. 第二章易考題(曾經考過):
P2.4(LO 4)(p.2-41):更正錯誤的記帳
- 第 1 小題
恍神沒聽到 QQ(但 1, 2, 6 是同一題型)
- 第 2 小題
題目誤寫:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | <span style="color: red">Supplies</span><br> Accounts Payable | 710<br>. | <br>710 |
正確應為:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | <span style="color: red">Equipment</span><br> Accounts Payable | 710<br>. | <br>710 |
- 第 3 小題
題目誤寫:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | Accounts Receivable<br> Service Rev. | 980<br>. | <br><span style="color: red">98</span> |
正確應為:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | Accounts Receivable<br> Service Rev. | 980<br>. | <br><span style="color: red">980</span> |
- 第 4 小題
Salaries and Wages Exp. 忘記過帳 → Salaries and Wages Exp. +700
- 第 5 小題
題目誤寫:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | <span style="color: red">[ No Debit ]</span><br> Cash<br> Accounts Payable | <br>306<br><span style="color: red">360</span> | |
正確應為:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | <span style="color: red">Accounts Payable</span><br> Cash | 306<br>. | <br><span style="color: red">306</span> |
- 第 6 小題
題目誤寫:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | <span style="color: red">Salaries and Wages Exp.</span><br> Cash | 600<br>. | <br>600 |
正確應為:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ |
> | <span style="color: red">Div.</span><br> Accounts Payable | 600<br>. | <br>600 |
解答:Div. +600 & Salaries and Wages Exp. -600
- 最終的正確試算表
> | | De Bortoli Co.<br>Trail Balance<br>June 30, 2020 | |
> | - | :-----------------------------------------: | :-: |
> | | Debit | Credit |
> | Cash (3,340+270)<br>Accounts Receivable (2,812-270)<br>Supplies (1,200-710)<br>Equipment (2,600+700)<br>Accouts Payable (3,666-360-306)<br>Unearned Sevice Rev.<br>Share Capital-ordinary<br>Div. (800+600)<br>Service Rev. (2,480+882)<br>Salaries & Wages Exp. (3,200+700-600)<br>Utilities Exp. | $3,610<br>2,542<br>490<br>3,310<br><br><br><br>1,400<br><br>3,300<br>810 | <br><br><br><br>$3,000<br>1,100<br>8,000<br><br>3,362<br><br>. |
> | | $15,462 | $15,462 |
## Chapter 3 - Adjusting the Accounts
Do adjusting at the end of "Periods":
- Q1:1/1~3/31
- Q2:4/1~6/30 + 1/1~6/30(H1)
- Q3:7/1~9/30 + 1/1~9/30
- Q4:10/1~12/31 + 1/1~12/31(Annual report)
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 10, 12, Monday]
### 1. Time period Assumption / 會計期間假設(p.3-3)
- fiscal year / 會計年度:
- Calendar year / 歷年制
- 非歷年制
### 2. Accrual-basis vs. Cash-basis Accounting(p.3-3)
1. Cash basis / 現金基礎制
所有營業收入與費用認列看是否收到現金。
亦即:收到現金 → 收入;付出現金 → 費用。
2. Accrual basis / 應計基礎制(權責發生制)← IFRS 採用
交易發生時,辨識、記錄及報導是否為收入或費用。
是否收到現金並非記錄的必要條件。
### 3. Recognizing revenues and expenses(p.3-3)─ for accrual-basis
1. Revenue Recognizing principle(p.3-3)
提供勞務或出售商品 → 記錄收入。
2. Expense Recognizing principle(p.3-4)
Matching principle / 配合原則:為了產生收入所發生的相關支出。
### 4. The need for adjusting entries(p.3-5)
1. Why?(p.3-5)
使收入和費用的認列原則符合 Accrual-basis 的原則。
2. When?(p.3-5
Prepare financial statements at the end of period.
### 5. Types of adjusting entries(p.3-5)
1. Deferrals(延期)
1. Prepaid expenses(p.3-6)
實務上看到 prepaid insurance, prepaid rent...。
- 舉例:一次付清了三年的保險,在第一年結束時應該記錄。
2020/01/01 paid three-year insurance policy $36,000.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 01/01 | Prepaid insurance<br> Cash | 36,000<br>. | <br>36,000 |
2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 12/31 | Insurance Exp.<br> Prepaid insurance | 12,000<br>. | <br>12,000 |
2. Supplies
- 舉例:購入的物品被消耗的情況。
2020/12/01 purchase supplies on account $6,300.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 12/01 | Supplies<br> Account Payable | 6,300<br>. | <br>6,300 |
2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 12/31 | Supplies Exp.<br> Supplies | 4,200<br>. | <br>4,200 |
3. Depreciation / 折舊 → for 使用期間超過一年供營業使用的有形資產
- 舉例:購買了可用十年的有形資產,每一年結束時應使用替代品記錄。
2020/01/01 purchase equipment on account $600,000, useful life: 10 years, no residual value.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 01/01 | Equipment<br> Account Payable | 600,000<br>. | <br>600,000 |
2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 12/31 | Depreciation Exp.<br> Accumulated Depreciation equipment | 60,000<br>. | <br>60,000 |
4. Unearned revenue
- 舉例:談定了兩年的工作合約,第一年結束時應記錄。
2020/01/01 received two-year consulting service fee $48,000 in advance.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 01/01 | Cash<br> Unearned Service Rev. | 48,000<br>. | <br>48,000 |
2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 12/31 | Unearned Service Rev.<br> Service Rev. | 24,000<br>. | <br>24,000 |
1. Accruals(應收 / 應付)
1. Accrual salaries and wages(p.3-16)
> (p.3-16 的例子)
>
> 10/26 付過薪水,11/09 要再付一次薪水。
> 但 10/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。
10/29、30、31 薪水雖未付但要記錄。(一日 $400)
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 10/31 | Salaries and wages Exp.<br> Salaries and wages Payable | 1,200<br>. | <br>1,200 |
到了 11/09 付薪資時(日常交易),
剩下 11/01、02、05、06、07、08、09 共 7 天要補上記錄:
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 11/09 | Salaries and wages Exp.<br>Salaries and wages Payable<br> Cash | 2,800<br>1,200<br>. | <br><br>4,000 |
2. Accrued interest(p.3-15)
> (p.3-15 的例子)
>
> 10/01 簽了一個 three-month note payable $5,000
> Interest rate 為 12%(題目未特別註明,視為年利率)
> 到期後才償還本金加利息
> 但 10/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。
對於利息的部份,到了 10/31 時,
累積的應付利息為:本金$5000 × 年利率12% × (1/12)期 = $50
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 10/31 | Interest Exp.<br> Interest Payable | 50<br>. | <br>50 |
對於利息的部份,到 12/31 償還日時:
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 12/31 | Interest Exp.<br>Interest Payable<br> Cash | 100<br>50<br>. | <br><br>150 |
3. Accured revenue(p.3-13)
- 舉例:
12/29 provide service on account $15,000
還未寄帳單也還未記錄(未做 journal entry)
但 12/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 12/31 | Account Receivable<br> Service Rev. | 15,000<br>. | <br>15,000 |
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 10, 19, Monday]
> p.s. Adjusting entries → Cash 絕對不會改變
> p.s. 調整分錄需要知道「用掉多少」,但以 P3.2(LO 2, 3, 4)(p.3-51)的第 2 小題為例,題目告訴我們的是「剩餘多少」→ 原始 - 剩餘 = 用掉的量。
3. 例題 P3.1(LO 2, 3, 4)(p.3-51)
- a 小題:
- 第 3 小題:
$3,600 ÷ (2years x 12months) = $150
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 05/31 | Insurance Exp.<br> Prepaid insurance | 150<br>. | <br>150 |
- 第 4 小題:
$2,000 - $400 = $1,600
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 05/31 | Unearned Service Rev.<br> Service Rev. | 1,600<br>. | <br>1,600 |
- 第 5 小題:
2人 × $920 × (3天/5天) = $1,104
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 05/31 | Salaries and Wages Exp.<br> Salaries and Wages Payable | 1,104<br>. | <br>1,104 |
- 第 6 小題:
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 05/31 | Depreciation Exp.<br> Accumulated depreciation Equipment | 190<br>. | <br>190 |
- 第 7 小題:
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | ----- | - | - | - |
> | 05/31 | Accounts Receivable<br> Service Rev. | 1,700<br>. | <br>1,700 |
## Chapter 4 - Completing the Accouting Cycle
### 1. Worksheet(p.4-3)
1. 直接利用調整後試算表編財務報表,可降低出錯率且容易編製
2. 格式:8 欄 / 10 欄(常用) / 12 欄
3. <span style='color: red;'>編製 Worksheet 步驟(必考)</span>
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 10, 26, Monday]
### 2. 編製財務報表
1. (Comprehensive) Income statement(p.4-9)
- 意義:表達企業在一段時間獲利或虧損
- Revenues > Expenses → Net income 本期淨利
- Revenues < Expenses → Net losses 本期淨損
- 格式(p.4-10)
| | [Company Name]<br>Income Statement<br>For the Month Ended October 31, 2020 | |
| -------- | :------: | -------: |
| Revenues<br> Service Revenues<br> Rent Revenues<br> ...<br> Total Revenue<br>Expense<br> Salaries and wages expense<br> Supplies expense<br> ...<br> Total expenses<br>Net income (or Net losses) | | <br>\$xxx <br>xxx <br>... <br>\$xxx<br><br><br>xxx <br>xxx <br>... <br>xxx<br>$xxx |
2. Retained earnings statement
- 意義:表達企業在一段時間 Retained earnings 的變化
- 格式
| | [Company Name]<br>Retained Earnings Statement<br>For the Month Ended October 31, 2020 | |
| -------- | :------: | -------: |
| Retained earnings, **[begin date]**<br>Add: Net income (or Less: Net losses)<br>Less: Dividends<br>Retained earnings, **[end date]** | |\$xxx<br>xxx<br><br>xxx<br>$xxx |
> P.s.
> 在 adjusted trial balance 上看到的 retained earnings 數字是 beginning retained earnings,其他科目數字是期末。
3. Statement of Financial Position
- 意義:表達企業在**一個時間點**的財務狀況(Assets, Liabilities, Equity)
- 格式(**Classified**)
| | [Company Name]<br>Statement of Financial Position<br>October 31, 2020<br>(NT\$ in thousands) | |
| -------- | :------: | -------: |
| <br><span style='color: red'>Intangible assets(無形資產)</span><br> Patents(專利權)<br><span style='color: red'>Property, plant, and equipment(PPE / PP&E / 不動產, 廠房, 設備)</span><br> Land<br> Buildings<br> Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ buildings<br> Equipment<br> Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ equipment<br><span style='color: red'>Long-term investments</span><br><span style='color: red'>Non-current assets</span><br><span style='color: red'>Current assets</span><br> Prepaid insurance<br> Supplies<br> Inventory(存貨)<br> Notes receviable<br> Accounts receivable<br> Short-term investments<br> Cash<br> Total assets<br><br><span style='color: red'>Equity</span><br> Share Capital-Ordinary<br> Retained earnings<br><span style='color: red'>Non-current liabilities</span><br> XXX Payable<br> ...<br><span style='color: red'>Current liabilities</span><br> XXX Payable<br> ...<br> Total liabilities<br> Total equity and liabilities | **Assets**<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>**Equity and Liabilities**<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> | ... |
> 補充:Current assets vs. Non-current assets
> 在一年和一個營業循環(Operating cycle)中選長的作為時間標準,在這期間內可以變現或耗用的 assets 視為 Current assets,不能的話則視為 Non-current assets。
> P.s. Current assets 是按照它換成現金的難易度排列的,不得更改。
> 補充:Current liabilities vs. Non-current liabilities
> 在一年和一個營業循環(Operating cycle)中選長的作為時間標準,在這期間內可以用現金償還的 liabilities 視為 Current liabilities,不能的話則視為 Non-current liabilities。
- 實例:P4.1(p.4-47)
| | WANG ROOFING<br>Statement of Financial Position<br>March 31, 2020 | |
| -------- | :------: | -------: |
| <br><span style='color: red'>Property, plant, and equipment(PPE / PP&E / 不動產, 廠房, 設備)</span><br> Equipment<br> Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ equipment<br><span style='color: red'>Current assets</span><br> Supplies<br> Accounts receivable<br> Cash<br> Total assets<br><br><span style='color: red'>Equity</span><br> Share Capital ─ Ordinary<br> Retained earnings<br><span style='color: red'>Current liabilities</span><br> Accounts payable<br> Unearned service revenue<br> Salaries and wages payable<br> Total equity and liabilities | Assets<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>Equity and Liabilities<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> | <br><br><br>$11,000 <br>1,500 $9,500<br><br><br>480 <br>3,200 <br>4,500 8,180<br>$17,680<br><br><br>$12,900 <br>**1,320** $14,220<br><br>2,500 <br>260 <br>700 3,460<br>$17,680 |
### 3. Closing 結帳 → 通常在 fiscal year 結束時(p.4-11)
1. 實帳戶(永久性帳戶 / permanent account)(p.4-12)
當股東投資設立公司,這些帳戶就隨企業存續至永久。
- Assets 類
- Liabilities 類
- Equity 類
- Share Capital-Ordinary
- Retained Earnings
1. 虛帳戶(暫時性帳戶 / temporary account)
為了解企業經營成果及權益變動而設此類科目。
- Retained Earnings
- Revenue
- Expenses
- Dividends
1. 結帳的意義:讓暫時性科目歸 0。(p.4-12)
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 11, 16, Monday]
4. 結帳的步驟:
1. Step 1:把 Revenue 類歸 0。
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - |
> | Service Revenue<br> Income Summary | 1,000,000<br>. | <br>1,000,000 |
2. Step 2:把實用類科目歸 0。
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - |
> | Income Summary<br> Rent expense<br> Utilities expense | 400,000<br><br>. | <br>300,000<br>100,000 |
3. Step 3:把 Income Summary 歸 0。
- Net Income:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - |
> | Income Summary<br> Retained earnings | 600,000<br>. | <br>600,000 |
- Net Losses:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - |
> | Retained earnings<br> Income Summary | 600,000<br>. | <br>600,000 |
4. Step 4:將 Dividends 歸 0。
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - |
> | Retained earnings<br> Dividends | 10,000<br>. | <br>10,000 |
5. Post-closing Trial Balance 與 Adjusted Trial Balance 的差異
- Post-closing Trial Balance 沒有 Revenues、Expense、Dividends。
- Post-closing Trial Balance 的 Retained earnings 是期末的值,Adjusted Trial Balance 的 Retained earnings 是期初的值。
6. 課本練習題 P4.1(Worksheet)
1. Step 1:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - |
> | Service Revenue<br> Income Summary | 6,590<br>. | <br>6,590 |
2. Step 2:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: |
> | Income Summary<br> Salaries and wages expense<br> Miscellaneous expense<br> Supplies expense<br> Depreciation expense | 4,170<br><br><br><br>. | <br>2,000<br>400<br>1,520<br>250 |
3. Step 3:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - |
> | Income Summary<br> Retained earnings | 2,420<br>. | <br>2,420 |
4. Step 4:
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - |
> | Retained Earnings<br> Dividends | 1,100<br>. | <br>1,100 |
## 期中考統整
> [color=red][time=2020, 10, 24, Monday]
### 會計流程
```
每日例行
┌───────────┴──────────┐
交易 → 記錄 → Posting → 損益平衡 → 調整 → Prepare financial statement
(考試用 T 字帳) ├ Income Statement
├ Retained Earnings Statement
├ Statement of Financial Position
└ Statement of Cash flows
```
### 格式列舉
1. Accounting Equation / 會計恆等式:
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/aHyBas9.png)
1. Journalize entries / 記錄項目:
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/FDKNkY8.png)
1. Ledger accounts / 分類帳:
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/MlOoEyA.png)
1. T-account / T 字帳:
T 字帳是分類帳的簡化版寫法,但兩者不同,切勿混淆。
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/OR7FLt6.png =400x)
### 不考的題目:
- p.4-44:E4.8(但 E4.9 會考)
- p.4-46:E4.14 - b
- p.4-48:P4.1 - d、P4.2 - cde、P4.3 - bcd、P4.4 - de、P4.5 - efg
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 11, 16, Monday]
## Chapter 5 - Accounting for merchandising operations
### 1. 服務業 vs. 買賣業
1. Income Statement
- 服務業:
- Service revenue - Expenses = Net income / losses
- 買賣業:
- Sales revenue(銷貨收入):每單位產品售價×出售數量
- Cost of goods sold(銷貨成本):每單位產品成本×出售數量
- Sales revenue - Cost of goods sold = Gross profits(銷貨毛利)
- Gross profits - Operating expense(營業費用)= Net income / losses
1. Statement of Financial Position
買賣業的 Assets 比服務業多一個 Inventory
1. Operating cycle
- 服務業:
```graphviz
digraph G {
Cash -> "Provide\nServices"[label=" 流出 "];
"Account\nReceivable" -> Cash[label=" 流入"];
"Provide\nServices" -> "Account\nReceivable";
{ rank=same; "Account\nReceivable", "Provide\nServices" }
}
```
- 買賣業:
```graphviz
digraph G {
Cash -> "Sell products\nAccounts Receivables"[label=" 流出"];
"Purchase products\nAccounts Payable" -> Cash[label=" 流入"];
"Sell products\nAccounts Receivables" -> "Purchase products\nAccounts Payable";
{ rank=same; "Sell products\nAccounts Receivables", "Purchase products\nAccounts Payable" }
}
```
銷貨商品會計處理 ←→ 購買商品會計處理
### 2. 存貨盤存制度
1. 永續盤存制(Perpetual inventory system)(p.5-4)
- 買:記錄「Inventory」增加 ─────┐
- 賣:記錄銷貨與「Inventory」減少 ─┴─ 帳上隨時知道 Inventory balance
1. 定期盤存制(Periodic inventory system)(Appendix B)
- 買:記錄進貨 ─┐
- 賣:記錄銷貨 ─┴─ 只靠定期盤點知道 Inventory balance
1. 買賣業購貨流程
```graphviz
digraph G {
下訂單 -> "供應商\n準備出貨";
"供應商\n準備出貨" -> "商品運送\n\n運費\n(Freight costs)\n(p.5-8)";
"商品運送\n\n運費\n(Freight costs)\n(p.5-8)" -> "商品歸屬問題"[arrowhead=none];{ rank=same; "商品運送\n\n運費\n(Freight costs)\n(p.5-8)", "商品歸屬問題" }
"商品歸屬問題" -> "FOB\nshipping point\n\n(買方付運費)"[arrowhead=none];
"商品歸屬問題" -> "FOB\ndestination\n\n(賣方付運費)"[arrowhead=none];
"商品運送\n\n運費\n(Freight costs)\n(p.5-8)" -> "到貨後\n進行檢測";
"到貨後\n進行檢測" -> "沒問題\nand\n規格符合";
"沒問題\nand\n規格符合" -> "付現\n(現購)";
"沒問題\nand\n規格符合" -> "賒欠\n(賒購)";
"賒欠\n(賒購)" -> "供應商為鼓勵買方提前付款,\n給予現金折扣(purchase discount)";
"到貨後\n進行檢測" -> "有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符";
"有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符" -> 退貨;
"有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符" -> 折讓;
退貨 -> "Purchases returns\nand\nallowances"[arrowhead=none];
折讓 -> "Purchases returns\nand\nallowances"[arrowhead=none];
}
```
- 現金折扣(purchase discount)舉例:
1. 2/10 & n/30:
10 天之內,取得 2% 現金折扣;超過 10 天則沒有。
1. 1/15 & n/45:
15 天之內,取得 1% 現金折扣;超過 15 天則沒有。
1. 買賣業購貨會計處理 ─ **永續**盤存制
練習單的 1. (11/28) ~ 6. (12/13)
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/RkKLrBc.jpg)
1. Cash purchase
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - | - |
> | 11/28<br>. | Inventory<br> Cash | 4,500<br>. | <br>4,500 |
1. 賒購
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - | - |
> | 11/30<br>. | Inventory<br> Accounts Payable | 20,000<br>. | <br>20,000 |
1. Purchase returns & allowances
> 12/04 退 11/30 賒購的商品
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - | - |
> | 12/04<br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Inventory | 1,000<br>. | <br>1,000 |
> 12/05 折讓來自 11/30 的購貨
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - | - |
> | 12/05<br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Inventory | 300<br>. | <br>300 |
1. 運費:FOB shipping point → 買方負擔
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | - | - |
> | 12/06<br>. | Inventory<br> Cash | 500<br>. | <br>500 |
1. 購貨折扣
> 15 日內付款有 2% 折扣
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/13<br><br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Cash<br> Inventory | 18,700<br>. | <br>18,326<br>374 |
> 若不在 15 日內付款,分錄則為
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/13<br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Cash | 18,700<br>. | <br>18,700 |
1. 買賣業銷貨流程
```graphviz
digraph G {
收到訂單 -> 準備出貨;
準備出貨 -> "運送商品";
"運送商品" -> 商品送達買方;
商品送達買方 -> "買方驗收正確";
"買方驗收正確" -> "買方付現\n(現銷)";
"買方驗收正確" -> "買方賒欠\n(賒銷)";
"買方賒欠\n(賒銷)" -> "提供買方現金折扣\n(sales discounts 銷貨折扣)";
商品送達買方 -> "有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符";
"有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符" -> "退貨\nSales returns\n銷貨退回";
"有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符" -> "折讓\nSales allowances\n銷貨退回";
"退貨\nSales returns\n銷貨退回" -> "會計分錄:\nSales returns\nand\nallowances"[arrowhead=none];
"折讓\nSales allowances\n銷貨退回" -> "會計分錄:\nSales returns\nand\nallowances"[arrowhead=none];
}
```
1. 買賣業銷貨會計處理 ─ **永續**盤存制
練習單的 7. (12/14) ~ 12. (01/10)
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/RkKLrBc.jpg)
1. 現銷
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/14<br>. | Cash<br> Sales revenue | 3,000<br>. | <br>3,000 |
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/14<br>. | Cost of goods sold<br> Inventory | 1,500<br>. | <br>1,500 |
1. 賒銷
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/15<br>. | Accounts receivable<br> Sales revenue | 16,000<br>. | <br>16,000 |
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/15<br>. | Cost of goods sold<br> Inventory | 8,000<br>. | <br>8,000 |
1. 銷貨運費
1. 若為 FOB shipping point → 買方支付 → No journal entry
1. 若為 FOB destination → 賣方支付
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/15<br>. | Freight-Out<br> Cash | xxx<br>. | <br>xxx |
1. 銷貨退回 & 折讓
1. 折讓
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/16<br>. | Sales returns and allowances<br> Accounts receivable | 300<br>. | <br>300 |
1. 退回
> 若退回商品規格不符或是瑕疵不大 → 不影響成本
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/18<br>. | Sales returns and allowances<br> Accounts receivable | 2,000<br>. | <br>2,000 |
> | | Inventory<br> Cost of goods sold | 1,000<br>. | <br>1,000 |
> 若退回商品瑕疵嚴重 → 成本降低 → **以新成本作分錄**
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/18<br>. | Sales returns and allowances<br> Accounts receivable | 2,000<br>. | <br>2,000 |
> | | Inventory<br> Cost of goods sold | **xxx**<br>. | <br>**xxx** |
1. 收現
1. 在折扣期間內收現
Collected $10,00 of receivable ≠ 收到 Cash $10,000
→ 收到的實際的 Cash 會 < $10,000。
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/24<br><br>. | Cash<br>Sales discounts<br> Accounts receivable | 9,800<br>200<br>. | <br><br>10,000 |
1. 超過折扣期間收現
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 01/10<br>. | Cash<br> Accounts receivable | 3,700<br>. | <br>3,700 |
1. The accounting cycle for a merchandising company ─ **永續**盤存制
1. Adjusting(p.5-14)
At the end of period,準備 financial statements
1. Prepaid insurance, Prepaid rent... 等 Prepaid expenses
1. Supplies expense
1. Depreciation expense
1. Unearned revenue
1. Accrued receivable(應收未記錄)
1. Accrued payable:
- Salaries and Wages payable
- Interest Payable
1. **永續盤存制特有的調整分錄**(期末必考題):
- 帳載存貨餘額>實地盤點 → 盤虧(盤損)
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | -: | -: |
> | Cost of goods sold<br> Inventory | xxx<br>. | <br>xxx |
- 帳載存貨餘額<實地盤點 → 盤盈
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | -: | -: |
> | Inventory<br> Cost of goods sold | xxx<br>. | <br>xxx |
1. Prepare financial statements
1. (Comprehensive) Income statement / 綜合損益表
1. Single-step income statement / 單站式損益表
[第四章所學的損益表](https://hackmd.io/7YCkAMAnSUyRuj538BuS7w?view#2-%E7%B7%A8%E8%A3%BD%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E5%A0%B1%E8%A1%A8)即為此項
1. Multi-step income statement / 多站式損益(p.5-20)
1. Gross profit = Net Income - Cost of goods sold
營業毛利 營業收入淨額 營業成本
(銷貨毛利) (銷貨收入淨額) (銷貨成本)
> 毛利率 = Gross profit ÷ Net Sales
1. Income from operations = Gross profit - Operating expenses
營業淨利 營業費用
(本業的獲利)
- Operating expenses
- Presentation by nature(p.5-19)
- Presentation by function:
- Selling expenses / 行銷費用(銷售費用)
Ex:銷售人員薪資、銷售人員佣金、銷售部門設備折舊、廣告費用、Feight-Out / 銷貨運費...
- Research and development expenses / 研究發展費用
Ex:研發人員薪資、研發人員獎金、研發部門設備折舊、研發部門耗材...
- General administrative expenses / 管理費用
其餘所有的 expenses 都屬於這個
> 補充:
> Selling expenses & General administrative expenses 又稱 SG&A expenses / 銷管費用
> Research and development expenses 又稱 R&D expenses
1. Income before income taxes / 稅前淨利
= Income from operations ± Other income and expenses
營業外營收及支出
- Other income and expenses
- Interest revenue
- Interest expense
- 出售廠房設備利得或損失
1. Net income / 稅後淨利 = Income before income taxes - Income taxes
營利事業所得稅
> Income Statement 例圖:
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/iFLl4nD.png)
> Comprehensive Income Statement 例圖:
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/2cz7HkD.png)
1. Retained earnings statement
1. Statement of Financial Position
1. Statement of cash flow
1. At the end of fiscal year closing ─ **永續**盤存制
1. Step 1:將收入類科目歸零
1. 若只有 Sales revenue $100,000 一項
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | -: | -: |
> | Sales revenue<br> Income Summary | 100,000<br>. | <br>100,000 |
1. 若公司有 Sales revenue $100,000 & Interest revenue $20,000
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | -: | -: |
> | Sales revenue<br>Interest revenue<br> Income Summary | 100,000<br>20,000<br>. | <br><br>120,000 |
1. Step 2:把費用 & 暫時性科目中,有 debit balance 的部分歸零
> | Account Titles and Explanation |
> | - |
> | Income Summary<br> Sales returns and allowances<br> Sales discount<br> Cost of goods sold<br> Feight-Out<br> ...其他費用 |
1. Step 3:把 Income Summary 歸零
1. revenue>費用 & 暫時性科目有 debit balance 合計
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | -: | -: |
> | Income Summary<br> Retained Earnings | xxx<br>. | <br>xxx |
1. revenue<費用 & 暫時性科目有 debit balance 合計
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | -: | -: |
> | Retained Earnings<br> Income Summary | xxx<br>. | <br>xxx |
1. Step 4:把 Dividends 歸零
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | -: | -: |
> | Retained Earnings<br> Dividends | xxx<br>. | <br>xxx |
1. 購貨會計處理 ─ **定期**盤存制(periodic inventory system)(Appendix A)→ 買的時候不記錄「Inventory」的增加。
這裡以學習單為例,再做一次「**定期**盤存制」的版本。
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/RkKLrBc.jpg)
1. 現購
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 11/28<br>. | Purchase<br> Cash | 4,500<br>. | <br>4,500 |
1. 賒購
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 11/30<br>. | Purchase<br> Accounts Payable | 20,000<br>. | <br>20,000 |
1. 進貨退回與折讓
1. 進貨退回
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/04<br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Purchase returns & allowances | 1,000<br>. | <br>1,000 |
1. 進貨折讓
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/05<br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Purchase returns & allowances | 300<br>. | <br>300 |
1. 進貨運貨:買方
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/06<br>. | Freight-In<br> Cash | 500<br>. | <br>500 |
1. 進貨折扣
1. 折扣期間內付款
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/13<br><br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Purchase discount<br> Cash | 18,700<br><br>. | <br>374<br>18,326 |
1. 若是超過折扣期間付款
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/13<br>. | Accounts Payable<br> Cash | 18,700<br>. | <br>18,700 |
1. 銷貨會計處理 ─ **定期**盤存制 → 賣的時候只記錄銷貨收入,不記錄「Inventory」的減少。
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/RkKLrBc.jpg)
1. 現銷
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/14<br>. | Cash<br> Sales revenue | 3,000<br>. | <br>3,000 |
1. 賒銷
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/15<br>. | Accounts Receivable<br> Sales revenue | 16,000<br>. | <br>16,000 |
1. 銷貨退回與折讓
1. 銷貨折讓
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/16<br>. | Sales returns & allowances<br> Accounts Receivable | 300<br>. | <br>300 |
1. 銷貨退回
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/18<br>. | Sales returns & allowances<br> Accounts Receivable | 2,000<br>. | <br>2,000 |
1. 銷貨運貨
此題為 FOB shipping point,Cherry Co. 為賣方 → 不負擔運費。
但若為 FOB destination:
> | Account Titles and Explanation |
> | - |
> | Freight-Out<br> Cash |
1. 銷貨折扣
1. 折扣期間內收到款項
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 12/24<br><br>. | Cash<br>Sales discounts<br> Accounts receivable | 9,800<br>200<br>. | <br><br>10,000 |
1. 若是超過折扣期間才收到款項
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 01/10<br>. | Cash<br> Accounts Receivable | 3,700<br>. | <br>3,700 |
1. The accounting cycle ─ 買賣業(**定期**盤存制)
1. At the end of period,準備 financial statement 之前 → Adjusting
調整與服務業完全相同。
1. Prepare financial statements
- Retained Earnings Statement
- Statement of Financial Position
- ~~Statement of Cash Flow~~
- ☆ Comprehensive Income Statement
```
Net purchase 進貨淨額
┌───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┐
Beginning Inventory + ( Purchases - Purchase returns & allowance - Purchase discounts + Freight-In ) = Cost of goods available for sold
期初存貨 └──────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘ 可供銷售商品成本
Cost of goods purchase 購貨成本
```
```
Cost of goods available for sales - Ending Inventory = Cost of goods sold
期末存貨
```
<!-- - 課本 P5.6(p.5-49)
> | | Hotai Department Store<br>Income Statement (Partial)<br>For the year Ended December 31, 2020 | |
> | -------- | :------: | -------: |
> | Sales<br> Sales Revenue<br> Less: Sales returns & allowances<br> Net sales<br>Cost of goods sold<br> Inventory **1/1**<br> Purchases<br> Less: Purchase returns & allowance<br> Purchase discounts<br> Net Purchases<br> Add: Freight-In<br> Cost of goods purchase<br> Cost of goods available for sales<br> Less: Inventory **12/31**<br> Cost of goods sold<br>Gross profit | | <br><br><br><br>\$1,215k<br>$13,200k <br>\$192k <br>360k 552k <br>12,648k <br>165k <br>12,813k<br>14,028k<br>1,950k | -->
3. 結帳 Closing
1. Step 1
1. 推算 Cost of goods sold
1. 把 Purchase、Purchase returns & allowances、Purchase discounts、Freight-In 歸零
1. 把 Inventory 由 Beginning 數字 → Ending 數字
- Ex:上課補充講義
1. $32,000 + ((4,500 + 20,000) - (1,000 + 300)\ - 374\ + 500)$
Beginning 11/28 11/29 12/04 12/05 12/13 12/06
inventory Purchases Purchase returns | Freight-In
and allowances |
└→ Purchase discounts
$= 55,326$ ← Cost of goods available for sales
$55,326 - 46,826 = 8,500$ ← Cost of goods sold
Ending
inventory
- Closing
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | -: | -: |
> | Purchases returns & allowances<br>Purchases discounts<br>Inventory(endings)<br>Cost of goods sold<br> Purchases<br> Freight-In<br> Inventory(beginning) | 1,300<br>374<br>46,826<br>8,500<br><br><br>. | <br><br><br><br>24,500<br>500<br>32,000 |
1. Step 2:把 Revenue 歸零
> | Account Titles and Explanation |
> | - |
> | Sales revenue<br>Interest revenue<br>...<br> Income Summary |
1. Step 3:把 Expenses 及暫時性科目有 debit balance 的部分歸零
> | Account Titles and Explanation |
> | - |
> | Sales returns & allowances<br>Sales discounts<br>Cost of goods sold<br>... 其他費用 |
1. Step 4:把 Income Summary 歸零
1. If Net Income
> | Account Titles and Explanation |
> | - |
> | Income Summary<br> Retained Earnings |
1. If Net Losses
> | Account Titles and Explanation |
> | - |
> | Retained Earnings<br> Income Summary |
1. Step 5:把 Dividends 歸零
> | Account Titles and Explanation |
> | - |
> | Retained Earnings<br> dividends |
## Chapter 6 - Inventories
### 1. 存貨的意義
商品的庫存或儲存為企業所用(p.6-2)
### 2. 買賣業與製造業存貨
1. 買賣業:已經可以出售之商品
1. 製造業:
1. Raw Materials
2. Work in process 在製品
3. Finished goods 製成品
### 3. Determining inventory quantities(p.6-4)
First, taking a physical inventory
Second, determining ownership of goods
1. Goods in transit 在途存貨(p.6-5)
- FOB:shipping point ○
- FOB:destination ╳
1. Consigned goods 寄銷品(p.6-5)
→ 屬於寄銷人
### 4. Inventory methods & financial effects(p.6-6)
- Ending inventory = Number of unit at ending inventory × Unit cost
- Cost of goods sold = Number of units sold × Unit cost
1. 實際辨認實物流動之情況(個別辨認法 Specific identification)(p.6-7)
條件:量少、具有獨特性可辨識、價值高
1. Cost flow assumption 使用成本流動假設(p.6-7)
此處四個方法皆用課本 p.6-39 的 P6.5 為例
- 平均法
1. **定期**盤存制 - 加權平均法(weight-average method)
$計算單位成本 = \dfrac{beginning\ inventory\ 成本+進貨成本}{beginning\ inventory\ 數量+進貨數量}$
- 分子:Cost of goods available for sale 可供銷售商品成本
- 分母:Number of goods available for sale 可供銷售商品數量
計算單位成本
$=\dfrac{60×24+(120×26+70×27+80×28)=8,690}{60+(120+70+80)=330}≒26.333$
1. Ending inventory$=(330-(100+65+120))×26.333≒1,185$
1. Cost of goods sold
兩種解法(建議使用第一種):
1. Cost of goods available - ending inventory$= 8,690 - 1,185 = 7,505$
1. Number of units sold × unit cost$= 265 × 26.333 ≒ 7,505$
1. Gross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold
$=(100×35+65×40+120×40)-7,505=3,395$
1. Gross profit rate
$=\dfrac{Gross\ profit}{Net\ sale}=\dfrac{3,395}{10,900}≒31.1%$
1. **永續**盤存制 - 移動平均法(moving average method)
每一次進貨重新計算單位成本
| Date | Purchases | Sale | Balance |
| ----- | --------- | ---- | ------- |
| 10/01 | | | 60×24=1,440 |
| 10/09 | 120x26=3,120 | | 1,440+3,120=4,560<br>=180×**25.33** |
| 10/11 | | 100x**25.33**=2,533 | 80x**25.33**=2,027<br>(同 4,560-2,533) |
| 10/17 | 70x27=1,890 | | 1,890+2,027=3,917<br>=150x**26.11** |
| 10/22 | | 65x**26.11**=1,697 | 85x**26.11**=2,220<br>(同 3,917-1,697) |
| 10/25 | 80x28=2,240 | | 2,220+2,240=4,460<br>=165x**27.03** |
| 10/29 | | 120x**27.03**=3,244 | 45x**27.03**=1,216<br>(同 4,460-3,244) |
1. Ending inventory $=1,216$
1. Cost of good sold
表格中 Sales 的各項加總即為答案
$=2,533+1,697+3,244=7,474$
1. Gross profit
= Net sales - Cost of goods sold
$=10,900-7,474=3,426$
1. Gross profit rate
$=\dfrac{Gross\ profit}{Net\ sale}=\dfrac{3,426}{10,900}≒31.4\%$
- 先入先出法
假設先買進來的貨品,就會先賣出去。
1. **定期**盤存制 ─ FIFO
> ![](https://i.imgur.com/TvfCCaG.jpg)
1. **永續**盤存制 ─ FIFO
| Date | Purchases | Sale | Balance |
| ----- | --------- | ---- | ------- |
| 10/01 | | | 60×24=1,440 |
| 10/09 | 120x26=3,120 | | 120x26=3,120<br>60×24=1,440 |
| 10/11 | | 60x24=1,440<br>40x26=1,040 | 80x26=2,080 |
| 10/17 | 70x27=1,890 | | 70x27=1,890<br>80x26=2,080 |
| 10/22 | | 65x26=1,690 | 70x27=1,890<br>15x26=390 |
| 10/25 | 80x28=2,240 | | 80x28=2,240<br>70x27=1,890<br>15x26=390 |
| 10/29 | | 35x28=980<br>70x27=1,890<br>15x26=390 | 45x28=1,260 |
1. Ending inventory $=1,260$
1. Cost of goods sold
$=1,440+1,040+1,690+390+1,890+980=7,430$
<span style='color:red'>→ 由此可得,永續的 FIFO 和定期的 FIFO 結果會一樣。</span>
總結 / 比較:
若物價不斷上漲 → 進貨成本上揚(上面的 P6.5 即為此情況)
| | Average method | FIFO |
| ------------------ | :------------: | :--: |
| Ending inventory | 低 | 高 |
| Cost of goods sold | 高 | 低 |
| Gross profit | 低 | 高 |
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 12, 21, Monday]
### 5. Inventory presentation and analysis(p.6-15)
- Statement of Financial Position 上 Ending inventory 金額
- Lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value 成本淨變現價值孰低法
1. Step 1 - 計算**成本** ← 期末存貨
個別辨認法 or 平均法 or FIFO
1. Step 2 - 決定 Net Realizable Value(NRV)
NRV 係指企業在正常營運情況下,出售存貨所能取得淨額
1. Step 3 - 比較成本及 NRV 選低
作為 Statement of Financial Position 的 Ending inventory
- 成本:個別(逐項)比較 ← **國際標準**
- NRV:分類比較
以課本 p.6-35 的 P6.8 為例:
> | | Cost | NVR | 個別比較 | 分類比較 |
> | - | ---: | --: | ------: | -----: |
> | Cameras<br> Minolta<br> Canon<br> 小計 | <br>$1,360,000<br>$900,000<br>$2,260,000 | <br>$1,248,000<br>$912,000<br>$2,160,000 | <br>$1,248,000<br>$900,000<br>. | <br><br><br>$2,160,000 |
> | Light meters<br> Vivitar<br> Kodak<br> 小計 | <br>$1,500,000<br>$1,610,000<br>$3,110,000 | <br>$1,380,000<br>$1,890,000<br>$3,270,000 | <br>$1,380,000<br>$1,610,000<br>. | <br><br><br>$3,110,000 |
> | Total | $5,370,000 | $5,430,000 | $5,138,000 | $5,270,000 |
Adjusting:
> $5,370,000 - $5,138,000 = $232,000
> | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | -------- | -------- | -------- |
> | Cost of goods sold<br> Allowance to reduce inventory to market<br> (備抵存貨跌價損失) | $232,000<br><br>. | <br>$232,000<br>. |
### 6. Estimate inventory - Gross profit method
1. Step 1 - 計算正常銷貨毛利率
使用過去資料(非本期)
$正常銷貨毛利率 = \dfrac{Net\ sales - Cost\ of\ goods\ sold}{Net\ sales}$
1. Step 2 - 估計**本期**銷貨毛利
$本期\ gross\ profit = 本期\ Net\ sales × 正常銷貨毛利率$
1. Step 3 - 估計**本期** Cost of goods sold
$本期\ Cost\ of\ goods\ sold = 本期\ Net\ sales - 本期\ gross\ profit$
1. Step 4 - 估計**本期** Ending inventory
$本期\ Ending\ inventory$
$= Beginning\ inventory + Net\ Purchases + FreightIn - 本期\ Cost\ of\ goods\ sold$
- 可將 Step 2 & Step 3 合併
$本期\ Cost\ of\ goods\ sold = 本期\ Net\ sales × (1 - 正常銷貨毛利率)$
以課本 p.6-41 的 P6.10 為例:
- a. 計算 2 月份銷貨毛利率:
- $Cost\ of\ goods\ sold$
$= Beginning\ inventory + Net\ purchases + FreightIn - Ending\ inventory$
$= 4,500 + 197,800 + 2,900 - 25,200 = 180,000$
- $正常銷貨毛利率$
$= \dfrac{Net\ sales - Cost\ of\ goods\ sold}{Net\ sales} = \dfrac{300,000 - 180,000}{300,000} = \dfrac{120,000}{300,000} = 40\%$
- b.
- 計算 3 月份 Ending inventory → 直接合併 Step 2 & Step 3
本期 gross profit
= 3 月 Net Sales ×(1 - 2 月份銷貨毛利率)
= 260,000 ×(1 - 40%) = 156,000
- 計算 3 月份火災損失
3 月 Begining inventory + 3 月 Net purchases + 3 月 Freight-In - 3 月估計 Cost of goods sold
= 25,200 + 191,000 + 4,000 - 156,000 = 64,200
3 月份火災損失 = 64,200 × 70% = 44,940
### 7. 存貨錯誤 / Effects of inventory errors(p.6-13)
$Begining\ inventory + Cost\ of\ goods\ purchased - Ending\ inventory$
$= Cost\ of\ goods\ sold$
$(BI + P - EI = CGS)$
- 假設 Ending inventory 被低估
(在此假設只有本期被低估,次期的 Ending inventory 是正確的)
| 對 Income Statement 影響 | 對 Statement of Financial Position 影響 |
| - | - |
| 本期:<br>BI + P - EI<span style="color: red">↓</span> = CGS<span style="color: red">↑</span><br>Sales revenues - CGS<span style="color: red">↑</span> = Gross profit<span style="color: red">↓</span><br><br>Gross profit<span style="color: red">↓</span> - operating expenses + non-operation income - non-operating expenses = Net income<span style="color: red">↓</span> | 本期:<br>Current asset 中的 Inventory(EI)<span style="color: red">↓</span><br><br>Retained earnings<span style="color: red">↓</span> |
| 下期:<br>BI<span style="color: red">↓</span> + P - EI = CGS<span style="color: red">↓</span><br>Sales revenues - CGS<span style="color: red">↓</span> = Gross profit<span style="color: red">↑</span><br><br>Gross profit<span style="color: red">↑</span> - operating expenses + non-operation income - non-operating expenses = Net income<span style="color: red">↑</span> | 下期:<br>Current asset 中的 Inventory(EI)<span style="color: red">正確</span><br><br>Retained earnings <span style="color: red">不影響</span> |
以課本 p.6-36 的 E6.4 為例
- a.
> | | 2019 | 2020 |
> | - | ---: | ---: |
> | Sales | $2,100,000 | $2,500,000 |
> | Cost of goods sold<br> Beginning inventory<br> Cost of goods purchases | <br>320,000<br>1,730,000 | <br><span style="color: red">500,000</span><br>2,040,000 |
> | . Cost of goods available for sale<br> Ending inventory(<span style="color: red">440,000+60,000</span>) | 2,050,000<br><span style="color: red">500,000</span> | 2,540,000<br>520,000 |
> | . Cost of goods sold | 1,550,000 | 2,020,000 |
> | Gross profit | $550,000 | $480,000 |
- b.
- Incorrect:
$2019\ Gross\ profit + 2020\ Gross\ profit = 490,000 + 540,000 = 1,030,000$
- Correct:
$2019\ Gross\ profit + 2020\ Gross\ profit = 550,000 + 480,000 = 1,030,000$
## Chapter 7 - Fraud, Internal control and Cash
### 1. Fraud / 舞弊(p.7-3)
### 2. Internal control / 內部控制(p.7-3)
完善 Internal control 可以降低 Fraud 發生機率
### 3. Principles of internal control activities(p.7-4)
(本節自己看)
---
> [color=red][time=2020, 12, 28, Monday]
### 4. Cash receipts control(p.7-11)
- 用收銀機收現
- 隨收、隨記、隨存
### 5. 現金支出內部控制
- 管錢不管帳,管帳不管錢
- 除了小額支付採用零用金(petty cash),一律用支票給付
- 定期編銀行調節表(Bank reconciliation)
### 6. Control Features of a Bank Account(p.7-18)
1. 銀行對帳單(Bank statement)(p.7-20)
2. 銀行與公司帳不同的原因
- 銀行:銀行對帳單當期期末餘額
- 公司帳:公司現金帳期末餘額
1. 公司已記,銀行未記
1. 在途存款(deposit in transit)
每月最後一個營業日
1. 在外流通支票(outstanding checks)
公司已開立支票但持票人尚未存入銀行
1. 銀行已記,公司未記
編好銀行調節表後,公司要做調整分錄
1. 銀行代收(bank collection)
1. Interest revenue
1. Service charge(銀行服務費)
例:印空白支票費用、數鈔費
1. EFT(Electronic Fund Transfer)
例:銀行代付水電費(直接從公司存款扣除)
1. NSF(Not-Sufficient Fund)
### 7. 銀行調節表
1. 銀行對帳單餘額 → 正確餘額 ← 公司現金帳餘額
- 銀行對帳單餘額 → 正確餘額
1. 銀行未記、公司已記
1. 銀行錯誤
- 正確餘額 ← 公司現金帳餘額
1. 公司未記、銀行已記
1. 公司錯誤
- 以課本 p.7-41 P7.4 為例
- 項目調整
1. Service charge / 服務費用:-C
1. The bank collected / 銀行代收:+C
1. Receipts not included [or] Deposits in transit / 在途存款:+B
1. Incorrectly entered / 公司記錄錯誤:±C
1. Checks outstanding / 在外流通支票:-B
1. NSF charge / 支票跳票:-C
- a.
> | | Keeds Company<br>Bank reconciliation<br>July 31, 2020 | |
> | - | :-: | -: |
> | Cash balance per bank statement<br>Add: Deposit in transit | | $7,690.8<br>1,193.3 |
> | <br>Less: Outstanding checks | | 8,884.1<br>1,860.1 |
> | Adjusted cash balance per **bank** | | <span style="color: red">**$7,024**</span> |
> | | | |
> | Cash balance per books<br>Add: Electronic funds transfer received | | $6,140<br>1,520 |
> | <br>Less: Bank service charge<br> Error in recording check No.2480<br> NSF | | 7,660<br>$25 <br>36 <br>575 636 |
> | Adjusted cash balance per **books** | | <span style="color: red">**$7,024**</span> |
- b.
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 7/31<br>. | Cash<br> Account receivable | $1,520<br>. | <br>$1,520 |
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 7/31<br>. | Bank charge expense<br> Cash | $25<br>. | <br>$25 |
> | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit |
> | - | - | -: | -: |
> | 7/31<br>. | Account payable<br> Cash | $36<br>. | <br>$36 |
1. 銀行對帳單餘額 → 公司現金帳餘額
1. 公司現金帳餘額 → 銀行對帳單餘額
## 期末考統整
> [color=red][time=2020, 01, 11, Monday]
### 買賣業的記帳:永續 Perpetual vs. 定期 Periodic
| 項目 | Perpetual | Periodic |
| - | - | - |
| 購貨貨物 | Inventory | Purchase |
| 購貨運費 | Inventory | Freight-in |
| <span style="color: red">售貨運費</span> | <span style="color: red">Freight-out</span> | <span style="color: red">Freight-out</span> |
| 售貨成本 | Cost of goods sold<br> Inventory | ╳ |
| 售貨退貨 | Inventory<br> Cost of goods sold | ╳ |
| 購貨退貨 | Inventory | Pusrchase returns & allowances |
| 購貨折扣 | Inventory | Pusrchase discounts |