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會計學(一)


Moodle 檔案密碼: course


2020, 09, 14, Monday

Chapter 0 - Accounting Cycle / 會計循環

  1. Transaction / 交易
  2. 憑證,ex: 發票、收據
  3. Journalizing / 記錄(Chapter 2)
  4. Posting / 過帳(Chapter 2)
  5. Unadjusted Trail Balance / 未調整試算表(Chapter 2)
  6. Adjust / 調整(Chapter 3)
  7. Journalizing / 記錄(Chapter 4 + 12)
  8. Posting / 過帳(Chapter 4 + 12)
  9. Adjusted Trail Balance / 已調整試算表(Chapter 4 + 12)
  10. 編成財務報表(Chapter 4 + 12)
    • Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表
    • Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表
    • Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表
    • Statement of Cash Flows / 現金流量表(Chapter 13)
  11. Closing / 結帳(Chapter 4 + 12)

Chapter 1 - Accounting in Action

1. Three activities(p.1-3)

  1. 會計辨認(Identify)
  2. 會計記錄(Record)
  3. 會計溝通(Communicate)

2. Who uses accounting data?(p.1-4~p.1-5)

  1. Internal users → Top managers:
    • Pricing / 訂價:參考 accounting data 裡的 cost
    • Uncertainly:Cost-Volume-Profit(CVP)Analysis
    • Budgeting:Master budget & Cash budget
    • Performance evaluation
    • Others:Outsourcing
  2. External users → Top managers 以外的所有人:
    1. Investors / Shareholders:根據 accounting data 做投資的決策
    2. Creditors / 債權人:根據 accounting data 分析還債能力,並決定是否願意借錢
    3. 政府:法令 & 逃漏稅
    4. 分析師:用 accounting data 做研究報告
    5. 員工
    6. Supplies / 供應商

3. 一般公認會計準則 & 會計準則委員會(p.1-7)

  1. International Financial Reporting Standard(IFRS)/ 國際財務報導準則
  2. 國際會計準則委員會
  3. 根據 IFRS 可編出以下報表:
    • Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表(p.1-21)
      • 表達企業在一個時間點的財務狀況
    • Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表(p.1-21)
      • 表達企業在一段時間內的經營成果
    • Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表(p.1-21)
      • 表達企業在一段時間內保留盈餘的改變
        p.s. 保留盈餘:企業歷年來賺的,未發放給股東、留在公司裡的錢
    • Statement of Cash Flows / 現金流量表
      • 表達企業在一段時間內現金的改變:
        • Operating activities
        • Investing activities
        • Financing activities(借款 or 還債 or 增資)
    • Statement of Shareholders Equity / 股東權益變動表(台灣自有)

4. Measure Principles / 衡量原則(p.1-8)

  1. Historical Cost Principle / 歷史成本原則:購買成本
  2. Fair Value Principles / 公平價值原則

5. Assumption / 會計假設

針對企業所處的環境作前提

  1. Money Unit Assumption / 幣值單位衡量假設(p.1-8)
    企業所有交易結果,都可以用貨幣單位衡量
  2. Economic Entity Assumption / 經濟個體假設(p.1-8)

6. 企業組織型態(p.1-9)

  1. Proprietorship / 獨資
    獨資資本主 → 負無限連帶清償責任。

  2. Partnership / 合夥
    合夥人 → 負無限連帶清償責任。

  3. Corporation / 公司
    受公司法約束、管制。
    中小型多為有限公司;大型公司多為股份有限公司,其中又多為公開發行公司。

    1. 無限公司:
      股東負無限連帶清償責任。
      Ex: 投資 50 萬 → 倒閉 → 負債 2000 萬 → 賠償 2000 萬。
    2. 有限公司:
      股東就出資額負有限連帶清償責任。
      Ex: 投資 50 萬 → 倒閉 → 負債 2000 萬 → 賠償 50 萬。
    3. 兩合公司:
      部分股東負無限連帶清償責任,部分負有限責任。
    4. 股份有限公司:
      根據公司法設立 → 資本額 → 等分分成股數給投資人購買。
      • 公開發行公司

2020, 09, 21, Monday

7. 會計恆等式 / The Accounting Equation(p.1-10)

Assets / 資產 = Liabilities / 負債 + Equity / 權益
(資 金 用 途) (    資     金     來     源    )
  • 恆等式內容:

    • Assets / 資產
      同時符合這兩個條件:1. 企業擁有、2. 產生未來現金流入 or 減少未來的現金流出
      舉例:
      • Cash(公司最基本資產)
      • Account Receivable / 應收帳款:
        公司出售商品或提供勞務給顧客,顧客尚未付款,口頭上答應未來會付款。
      • Equipment
      • Building
      • Land
    • Liabilities / 合約負債
      同時符合這兩個條件:1. 有義務償還、2. 經濟資源減少
      舉例:
      • Notes Payable / 應付票據:
        購買商品或勞務、賒欠。提供書面憑證,允諾未來會償還。
      • Accounts Payable / 應付帳款:
        購買商品或勞務、賒欠。口頭允諾未來會償還。
    • Equity / 權益(p.1-11)
      兩大組成:
      • Share Capital-Ordinary / 股本(股東的投資):
        • 普通股
      • Retained Earnings / 保留盈餘:
        公司歷年來賺的錢,累積在公司未發給股東。
        ​​​​​Retained Earnings
        ​​​​​​= 上期/期初Retained Earnings + 本期Revenues - 本期Expenses - 本期Dividends
        
        • p.s. 上期 / 期初 retained earnings(上一期留下的 = 本期一開始有的)
          p.s. dividends(股利)
  • 各種表:

    • Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表
      含有「本期 Revenues & 本期 Expenses」的表
    • Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表
      含有「Retained Earnings / 保留盈餘」的表
    • Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表
      含有「Assets / 資產 & Liabilities / 負債 & Equity / 權益」的表
    • Statement of Cash flows / 現金流量表
      含有以下三個細項的表:
      • Cash flows from operating activities
      • Cash flows from investing activities
      • Cash flows from financing activities

8. Analyzing Business Transactions(p.1-13~p.1-19)

  • 課本習題:p.1-42~1-43:P1.4(LO 4, 5)
    • 關鍵字句 & 重點:

      1. Performed services on account → Accounts Receivable
      2. Purchase ??? on account → Accounts Payable / ??? Exp.
      3. Declared and paid cash didivends → Div.
      4. Pay $$$ for ?????? Exp.
      5. Pay $$$ for employee salaries → Salaries & wages Exp.(NOT Salaries Exp.)
    • 將題目內的事件轉換成表格:

      Assets = Liabilities + Equity
      6/01 Cash +$10k Shared Capital-Ordinary +$10k
      6/02 Cash -$2k
      Equipment +$14k
      Notes Payable +$12k
      6/03 Cash -$500 Rent Exp. -$500
      6/05 Accounts Receivable +$4800 Service Rev. +$4800
      6/09 Cash -$300 Div. -$300
      6/12 Supplies +$150 Accounts Payable +$150
      6/15 Cash +$1250
      Accounts Receivable -$1250
      6/17 Accounts Payable +$100 Gasoline Exp. -$100
      6/20 Cash +$1500 Service Rev. +$1500
      6/23 Cash -$500 Notes Payable -$500
      6/26 Cash -$250 Utilities Exp. -$250
      6/29 Cash -$100 Accounts Payable -$100
      6/29 Cash -$1000 Salaries & wages Exp. -$1000
    • 答案:

      Assets:

      Cash Account Receivable Supplies Equipment
      +$8,100 +$14,000 +$3,550 +$150

      Liabilities:

      Notes Payable Accounts Payable
      +$11,500 +$150

      Equity:
      | Shared Capital-Ordinary | Service Rev. | Rent Exp. | Gasoline Exp. | Utilities Exp. | Salaries & wages Exp. | Div. |
      | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
      | +$10,000 | +$6,300 | -$500 | -$100 | -$250 | -$1,000 | -$300 |


2020, 09, 28, Monday

Chapter 2 - The Recording Process

1. The Account / 帳戶科目(會計科目)(p.2-2)

2. Debit(Dr.)and Credit(Cr.)/ 左和右(p.2-3)

Assets = Liabilities + Equity
→ Assets = Liabilities + Share Capital-Ordinary + Beginning Retained Earnings + Rev. - Exp. - Div.
→ Assets + Exp. + Div. = Liabilities + Share Capital-Ordinary + Beginning Retained Earnings + Rev.
 (  Debit / 左    )  (               Credit / 右                  )

3. Steps in the Recording Process(p.2-7)

  1. Analyze / 分析交易
    快速分析一筆交易內包含哪些 Dr. 和 Cr.。
    • Simple entry:1 個 Dr. + 1 個 Cr.。
    • Compound entry:≧ 1 個 Dr. + ≧ 1 個 Cr.。
  2. Journalizing / 把交易記錄到日記簿
    有分為:Gerenal journal / 普通日記簿 和 特種日記簿。
    記錄步驟:
    1. 記錄日期       ┐
    2. 記錄 Dr. 的科目及金額  │
    3. 記錄 Cr. 的科目及金額  ├ Journalizing
    4. 寫解釋、註記     ┘
    5. 記錄 Ref.       ─ Posting 時補上
  3. Posting to a ledger / 分類帳
    Journalizing(了解及記錄交易)→ Posting(知道每個 account 的餘額)

4. Ledger / 分類帳(p.2-11)

  • How to post(p.2-12)
    實際較為繁瑣,但考試時以 T 字帳取代簡化之。
    實際步驟:

    1. 把 Journal entry 中 Dr. 的科目、日期、金額、日記簿頁碼搬到 Ledger 裡。
    2. 把 Ledger 的號碼抄回日記簿(Ref.)。
    3. 把 Journal entry 中 Cr. 的科目、日期、金額、日記簿頁碼搬到 Ledger 裡。
    4. 把 Ledger 的號碼抄回日記簿(Ref.)。
  • 課本習題:p.2-40:P2.2(LO 1, 2, 3, 4)

    • 關鍵字句 & 重點:

      1. Receive cash advance → Unearned Service Rev. / 合約負債
    • a 小題的答案:

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit
      2020
      Apr.1
      .

      Cash
       Share Capital-ordinary

      101
      311

      20,000
      .


      20,000
      1
      .
      Not transaction
      → No entry
      2
      .
      Rent Exp.
       Cash
      729
      101
      1,000
      .

      1,000
      3
      .
      Supplies
       Accounts Payable
      126
      201
      4,000
      .

      4,000
      10
      .
      Accounts receivable
       Service Rev.
      112
      400
      5,100
      .

      5,100
      11
      .
      Cash
       Uneared Service Rev.
      101
      209
      1,000
      .

      1,000
      20
      .
      Cash
       Service Rev.
      101
      400
      2,100
      .

      2,100
      30
      .
      Salaries and Wages Exp.
       Cash
      726
      101
      2,800
      .

      2,800
      30
      .
      Accounts Payable
       Cash
      201
      101
      2,400
      .

      2,400
    • b 小題的答案:

      Cash 101
      4/01 $20,000
      4/11 $1,000
      4/20 $2,100
      4/02 $1,100
      4/30 $2,800
      4/30 $2,400
      4/30 $16,800
      Accounts Receivable 112
      4/10 $5,100
      4/30 $5,100
      Supplies 126
      4/03 $4,000
      4/30 $4,000
      Accounts Payable 201
      4/30 $2,400 4/03 $4,000
      4/30 $1,600
      Unearned Service Rev. 209
      4/11 $1,000
      4/30 $1,000
      Share Capital-ordinary 311
      4/01 $20,000
      4/30 $20,000
      Service Rev. 400
      4/10 $5,100
      4/20 $2,100
      4/30 $7,200
      Salaries and Wages Exp. 726
      4/30 $2,800
      4/30 $2,800
      Rent Exp. 729
      4/02 $1,000
      4/30 $1,000

2020, 10, 05, Monday

  • 預付項目

    ​​                  (用完)
    ​​Supplies → Assets ------→ Exp.
    

    以保險為例:會計科目為 Prepaid Insurance / 預付保險費,性質為 Assets
    舉例:A 公司向 B 保險公司購買保險
    對於 A 公司:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Prepaid Insurance
     Cash
    1,000
    .

    1,000

    對於 B 保險公司:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Cash
     Unearned Service Rev.
    1,000
    .

    1,000

5. 試算表(p.2-21)

  • 功能:
    過帳後,為了驗證會計分錄或過帳程序是否正確,會進一步將 ledger 每個帳戶 balance 列在 Trail Balance。

  • 表的內容:

    [公司名稱]
    Trail Balance
    X 年 X 月 X 日
    Cash
    .
    .
    .
    (按照 ledger 號碼順序排列)
    Debit Credit
    Total Debit Total Credit

    若 Total Debit ≠ Total Credit 必錯

  • 課本練習題:P2.2(LO 1, 2, 3, 4)(p.2-40)

    Emily Stansbury Dentist
    Trail Balance
    April 30, 2020
    Debit Credit
    Cash
    Accounts Receivable
    Supplies
    Accouts Payable
    Unearned Sevice Rev.
    Share Capital-ordinary
    Service Rev.
    Salaries and Wages Exp.
    Rent Exp.
    $16,800
    5,100
    4,000




    2,800
    1,100



    $1,600
    1,000
    20,000
    7,200

    .
    $29,800 $29,800

6. 第二章必考題:

Journal entry → Posting → Trail Balance

7. 第二章易考題(曾經考過):

P2.4(LO 4)(p.2-41):更正錯誤的記帳

  • 第 1 小題
    恍神沒聽到 QQ(但 1, 2, 6 是同一題型)

  • 第 2 小題
    題目誤寫:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Supplies
     Accounts Payable
    710
    .

    710

    正確應為:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Equipment
     Accounts Payable
    710
    .

    710
  • 第 3 小題
    題目誤寫:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Accounts Receivable
     Service Rev.
    980
    .

    98

    正確應為:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Accounts Receivable
     Service Rev.
    980
    .

    980
  • 第 4 小題
    Salaries and Wages Exp. 忘記過帳 → Salaries and Wages Exp. +700

  • 第 5 小題
    題目誤寫:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    [ No Debit ]
     Cash
     Accounts Payable

    306
    360

    正確應為:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Accounts Payable
     Cash
    306
    .

    306
  • 第 6 小題
    題目誤寫:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Salaries and Wages Exp.
     Cash
    600
    .

    600

    正確應為:

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Div.
     Accounts Payable
    600
    .

    600

    解答:Div. +600 & Salaries and Wages Exp. -600

  • 最終的正確試算表

    De Bortoli Co.
    Trail Balance
    June 30, 2020
    Debit Credit
    Cash (3,340+270)
    Accounts Receivable (2,812-270)
    Supplies (1,200-710)
    Equipment (2,600+700)
    Accouts Payable (3,666-360-306)
    Unearned Sevice Rev.
    Share Capital-ordinary
    Div. (800+600)
    Service Rev. (2,480+882)
    Salaries & Wages Exp. (3,200+700-600)
    Utilities Exp.
    $3,610
    2,542
    490
    3,310



    1,400

    3,300
    810




    $3,000
    1,100
    8,000

    3,362

    .
    $15,462 $15,462

Chapter 3 - Adjusting the Accounts

Do adjusting at the end of "Periods":

  • Q1:1/1~3/31
  • Q2:4/1~6/30 + 1/1~6/30(H1)
  • Q3:7/1~9/30 + 1/1~9/30
  • Q4:10/1~12/31 + 1/1~12/31(Annual report)

2020, 10, 12, Monday

1. Time period Assumption / 會計期間假設(p.3-3)

  • fiscal year / 會計年度:
    • Calendar year / 歷年制
    • 非歷年制

2. Accrual-basis vs. Cash-basis Accounting(p.3-3)

  1. Cash basis / 現金基礎制
    所有營業收入與費用認列看是否收到現金。
    亦即:收到現金 → 收入;付出現金 → 費用。
  2. Accrual basis / 應計基礎制(權責發生制)← IFRS 採用
    交易發生時,辨識、記錄及報導是否為收入或費用。
    是否收到現金並非記錄的必要條件。

3. Recognizing revenues and expenses(p.3-3)─ for accrual-basis

  1. Revenue Recognizing principle(p.3-3)
    提供勞務或出售商品 → 記錄收入。
  2. Expense Recognizing principle(p.3-4)
    Matching principle / 配合原則:為了產生收入所發生的相關支出。

4. The need for adjusting entries(p.3-5)

  1. Why?(p.3-5)
    使收入和費用的認列原則符合 Accrual-basis 的原則。
  2. When?(p.3-5
    Prepare financial statements at the end of period.

5. Types of adjusting entries(p.3-5)

  1. Deferrals(延期)

    1. Prepaid expenses(p.3-6)
      實務上看到 prepaid insurance, prepaid rent

      • 舉例:一次付清了三年的保險,在第一年結束時應該記錄。
        2020/01/01 paid three-year insurance policy $36,000.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        01/01 Prepaid insurance
         Cash
        36,000
        .

        36,000

        2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/31 Insurance Exp.
         Prepaid insurance
        12,000
        .

        12,000
    2. Supplies

      • 舉例:購入的物品被消耗的情況。
        2020/12/01 purchase supplies on account $6,300.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/01 Supplies
         Account Payable
        6,300
        .

        6,300

        2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/31 Supplies Exp.
         Supplies
        4,200
        .

        4,200
    3. Depreciation / 折舊 → for 使用期間超過一年供營業使用的有形資產

      • 舉例:購買了可用十年的有形資產,每一年結束時應使用替代品記錄。
        2020/01/01 purchase equipment on account $600,000, useful life: 10 years, no residual value.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        01/01 Equipment
         Account Payable
        600,000
        .

        600,000

        2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/31 Depreciation Exp.
         Accumulated Depreciation equipment
        60,000
        .

        60,000
    4. Unearned revenue

      • 舉例:談定了兩年的工作合約,第一年結束時應記錄。
        2020/01/01 received two-year consulting service fee $48,000 in advance.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        01/01 Cash
         Unearned Service Rev.
        48,000
        .

        48,000

        2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/31 Unearned Service Rev.
         Service Rev.
        24,000
        .

        24,000
  2. Accruals(應收 / 應付)

    1. Accrual salaries and wages(p.3-16)

      (p.3-16 的例子)

      10/26 付過薪水,11/09 要再付一次薪水。
      但 10/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。

      10/29、30、31 薪水雖未付但要記錄。(一日 $400)

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      10/31 Salaries and wages Exp.
       Salaries and wages Payable
      1,200
      .

      1,200

      到了 11/09 付薪資時(日常交易),
      剩下 11/01、02、05、06、07、08、09 共 7 天要補上記錄:

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      11/09 Salaries and wages Exp.
      Salaries and wages Payable
       Cash
      2,800
      1,200
      .


      4,000
    2. Accrued interest(p.3-15)

      (p.3-15 的例子)

      10/01 簽了一個 three-month note payable $5,000
      Interest rate 為 12%(題目未特別註明,視為年利率)
      到期後才償還本金加利息
      但 10/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。

      對於利息的部份,到了 10/31 時,
      累積的應付利息為:本金$5000 × 年利率12% × (1/12)期 = $50

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      10/31 Interest Exp.
       Interest Payable
      50
      .

      50

      對於利息的部份,到 12/31 償還日時:

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/31 Interest Exp.
      Interest Payable
       Cash
      100
      50
      .


      150
    3. Accured revenue(p.3-13)

      • 舉例:
        12/29 provide service on account $15,000
        還未寄帳單也還未記錄(未做 journal entry)
        但 12/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/31 Account Receivable
         Service Rev.
        15,000
        .

        15,000

2020, 10, 19, Monday

p.s. Adjusting entries → Cash 絕對不會改變
p.s. 調整分錄需要知道「用掉多少」,但以 P3.2(LO 2, 3, 4)(p.3-51)的第 2 小題為例,題目告訴我們的是「剩餘多少」→ 原始 - 剩餘 = 用掉的量。

  1. 例題 P3.1(LO 2, 3, 4)(p.3-51)
    • a 小題:
      • 第 3 小題:
        $3,600 ÷ (2years x 12months) = $150

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        05/31 Insurance Exp.
         Prepaid insurance
        150
        .

        150
      • 第 4 小題:
        $2,000 - $400 = $1,600

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        05/31 Unearned Service Rev.
         Service Rev.
        1,600
        .

        1,600
      • 第 5 小題:
        2人 × $920 × (3天/5天) = $1,104

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        05/31 Salaries and Wages Exp.
         Salaries and Wages Payable
        1,104
        .

        1,104
      • 第 6 小題:

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        05/31 Depreciation Exp.
         Accumulated depreciation Equipment
        190
        .

        190
      • 第 7 小題:

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        05/31 Accounts Receivable
         Service Rev.
        1,700
        .

        1,700

Chapter 4 - Completing the Accouting Cycle

1. Worksheet(p.4-3)

  1. 直接利用調整後試算表編財務報表,可降低出錯率且容易編製
  2. 格式:8 欄 / 10 欄(常用) / 12 欄
  3. 編製 Worksheet 步驟(必考)

2020, 10, 26, Monday

2. 編製財務報表

  1. (Comprehensive) Income statement(p.4-9)

    • 意義:表達企業在一段時間獲利或虧損

      • Revenues > Expenses → Net income 本期淨利
      • Revenues < Expenses → Net losses 本期淨損
    • 格式(p.4-10)

      [Company Name]
      Income Statement
      For the Month Ended October 31, 2020
      Revenues
       Service Revenues
       Rent Revenues
       
        Total Revenue
      Expense
       Salaries and wages expense
       Supplies expense
       
        Total expenses
      Net income (or Net losses)

      $xxx   
      xxx   
         
      $xxx


      xxx   
      xxx   
         
      xxx
      $xxx
  2. Retained earnings statement

    • 意義:表達企業在一段時間 Retained earnings 的變化
    • 格式
      [Company Name]
      Retained Earnings Statement
      For the Month Ended October 31, 2020
      Retained earnings, [begin date]
      Add: Net income (or Less: Net losses)
      Less: Dividends
      Retained earnings, [end date]
      $xxx
      xxx

      xxx
      $xxx

    P.s.
    在 adjusted trial balance 上看到的 retained earnings 數字是 beginning retained earnings,其他科目數字是期末。

  3. Statement of Financial Position

    • 意義:表達企業在一個時間點的財務狀況(Assets, Liabilities, Equity)
    • 格式(Classified
      [Company Name]
      Statement of Financial Position
      October 31, 2020
      (NT$ in thousands)

      Intangible assets(無形資產)
       Patents(專利權)
      Property, plant, and equipment(PPE / PP&E / 不動產, 廠房, 設備)
       Land
       Buildings
       Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ buildings
       Equipment
       Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ equipment
      Long-term investments
      Non-current assets
      Current assets
       Prepaid insurance
       Supplies
       Inventory(存貨)
       Notes receviable
       Accounts receivable
       Short-term investments
       Cash
        Total assets

      Equity
       Share Capital-Ordinary
       Retained earnings
      Non-current liabilities
       XXX Payable
       
      Current liabilities
       XXX Payable
       
        Total liabilities
         Total equity and liabilities
      Assets




















      Equity and Liabilities











    補充:Current assets vs. Non-current assets
      在一年和一個營業循環(Operating cycle)中選長的作為時間標準,在這期間內可以變現或耗用的 assets 視為 Current assets,不能的話則視為 Non-current assets。

    P.s. Current assets 是按照它換成現金的難易度排列的,不得更改。

    補充:Current liabilities vs. Non-current liabilities
      在一年和一個營業循環(Operating cycle)中選長的作為時間標準,在這期間內可以用現金償還的 liabilities 視為 Current liabilities,不能的話則視為 Non-current liabilities。

    • 實例:P4.1(p.4-47)
      WANG ROOFING
      Statement of Financial Position
      March 31, 2020

      Property, plant, and equipment(PPE / PP&E / 不動產, 廠房, 設備)
       Equipment
       Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ equipment
      Current assets
       Supplies
       Accounts receivable
       Cash
        Total assets

      Equity
       Share Capital ─ Ordinary
       Retained earnings
      Current liabilities
       Accounts payable
       Unearned service revenue
       Salaries and wages payable
        Total equity and liabilities
      Assets










      Equity and Liabilities











      $11,000    
      1,500 $9,500


      480    
      3,200    
      4,500   8,180
      $17,680


      $12,900    
      1,320 $14,220

      2,500    
      260    
      700  3,460
      $17,680

3. Closing 結帳 → 通常在 fiscal year 結束時(p.4-11)

  1. 實帳戶(永久性帳戶 / permanent account)(p.4-12)
    當股東投資設立公司,這些帳戶就隨企業存續至永久。

    • Assets 類
    • Liabilities 類
    • Equity 類
      • Share Capital-Ordinary
      • Retained Earnings
  2. 虛帳戶(暫時性帳戶 / temporary account)
    為了解企業經營成果及權益變動而設此類科目。

    • Retained Earnings
    • Revenue
    • Expenses
    • Dividends
  3. 結帳的意義:讓暫時性科目歸 0。(p.4-12)


2020, 11, 16, Monday

  1. 結帳的步驟:

    1. Step 1:把 Revenue 類歸 0。

      Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      Service Revenue
       Income Summary
      1,000,000
      .

      1,000,000
    2. Step 2:把實用類科目歸 0。

      Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      Income Summary
       Rent expense
       Utilities expense
      400,000

      .

      300,000
      100,000
    3. Step 3:把 Income Summary 歸 0。

      • Net Income:

        Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        Income Summary
         Retained earnings
        600,000
        .

        600,000
      • Net Losses:

        Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        Retained earnings
         Income Summary
        600,000
        .

        600,000
    4. Step 4:將 Dividends 歸 0。

      Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      Retained earnings
       Dividends
      10,000
      .

      10,000
  2. Post-closing Trial Balance 與 Adjusted Trial Balance 的差異

    • Post-closing Trial Balance 沒有 Revenues、Expense、Dividends。
    • Post-closing Trial Balance 的 Retained earnings 是期末的值,Adjusted Trial Balance 的 Retained earnings 是期初的值。
  3. 課本練習題 P4.1(Worksheet)

    1. Step 1:

      Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      Service Revenue
       Income Summary
      6,590
      .

      6,590
    2. Step 2:

      Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      Income Summary
       Salaries and wages expense
       Miscellaneous expense
       Supplies expense
       Depreciation expense
      4,170



      .

      2,000
      400
      1,520
      250
    3. Step 3:

      Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      Income Summary
       Retained earnings
      2,420
      .

      2,420
    4. Step 4:

      Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      Retained Earnings
       Dividends
      1,100
      .

      1,100

期中考統整

2020, 10, 24, Monday

會計流程

          每日例行
 ┌───────────┴──────────┐
交易 → 記錄 →   Posting   → 損益平衡 → 調整 → Prepare financial statement
            (考試用 T 字帳)                  ├ Income Statement
                                            ├ Retained Earnings Statement
                                            ├ Statement of Financial Position
                                            └ Statement of Cash flows

格式列舉

  1. Accounting Equation / 會計恆等式:

  2. Journalize entries / 記錄項目:

  3. Ledger accounts / 分類帳:

  4. T-account / T 字帳:
    T 字帳是分類帳的簡化版寫法,但兩者不同,切勿混淆。

不考的題目:

  • p.4-44:E4.8(但 E4.9 會考)
  • p.4-46:E4.14 - b
  • p.4-48:P4.1 - d、P4.2 - cde、P4.3 - bcd、P4.4 - de、P4.5 - efg

2020, 11, 16, Monday

Chapter 5 - Accounting for merchandising operations

1. 服務業 vs. 買賣業

  1. Income Statement
    • 服務業:
      • Service revenue - Expenses = Net income / losses
    • 買賣業:
      • Sales revenue(銷貨收入):每單位產品售價×出售數量
      • Cost of goods sold(銷貨成本):每單位產品成本×出售數量
      • Sales revenue - Cost of goods sold = Gross profits(銷貨毛利)
      • Gross profits - Operating expense(營業費用)= Net income / losses
  2. Statement of Financial Position
    買賣業的 Assets 比服務業多一個 Inventory
  3. Operating cycle
    • 服務業:
      
      
      
      
      
      
      G
      
      
      
      Cash
      
      Cash
      
      
      
      Provide\nServices
      
      Provide
      Services
      
      
      
      Cash->Provide\nServices
      
      
       流出    
      
      
      
      Account\nReceivable
      
      Account
      Receivable
      
      
      
      Provide\nServices->Account\nReceivable
      
      
      
      
      
      Account\nReceivable->Cash
      
      
       流入
      
      
      
      
    • 買賣業:
      
      
      
      
      
      
      G
      
      
      
      Cash
      
      Cash
      
      
      
      Sell products\nAccounts Receivables
      
      Sell products
      Accounts Receivables
      
      
      
      Cash->Sell products\nAccounts Receivables
      
      
       流出
      
      
      
      Purchase products\nAccounts Payable
      
      Purchase products
      Accounts Payable
      
      
      
      Sell products\nAccounts Receivables->Purchase products\nAccounts Payable
      
      
      
      
      
      Purchase products\nAccounts Payable->Cash
      
      
       流入
      
      
      
      
      銷貨商品會計處理 ←→ 購買商品會計處理

2. 存貨盤存制度

  1. 永續盤存制(Perpetual inventory system)(p.5-4)

    • 買:記錄「Inventory」增加 ─────┐
    • 賣:記錄銷貨與「Inventory」減少 ─┴─ 帳上隨時知道 Inventory balance
  2. 定期盤存制(Periodic inventory system)(Appendix B)

    • 買:記錄進貨 ─┐
    • 賣:記錄銷貨 ─┴─ 只靠定期盤點知道 Inventory balance
  3. 買賣業購貨流程

    
    
    
    
    
    
    G
    
    
    
    下訂單
    
    下訂單
    
    
    
    供應商\n準備出貨
    
    供應商
    準備出貨
    
    
    
    下訂單->供應商\n準備出貨
    
    
    
    
    
    商品運送\n\n運費\n(Freight costs)\n(p.5-8)
    
    商品運送
    運費
    (Freight costs)
    (p.5-8)
    
    
    
    供應商\n準備出貨->商品運送\n\n運費\n(Freight costs)\n(p.5-8)
    
    
    
    
    
    商品歸屬問題
    
    商品歸屬問題
    
    
    
    商品運送\n\n運費\n(Freight costs)\n(p.5-8)->商品歸屬問題
    
    
    
    
    到貨後\n進行檢測
    
    到貨後
    進行檢測
    
    
    
    商品運送\n\n運費\n(Freight costs)\n(p.5-8)->到貨後\n進行檢測
    
    
    
    
    
    FOB\nshipping point\n\n(買方付運費)
    
    FOB
    shipping point
    (買方付運費)
    
    
    
    商品歸屬問題->FOB\nshipping point\n\n(買方付運費)
    
    
    
    
    FOB\ndestination\n\n(賣方付運費)
    
    FOB
    destination
    (賣方付運費)
    
    
    
    商品歸屬問題->FOB\ndestination\n\n(賣方付運費)
    
    
    
    
    沒問題\nand\n規格符合
    
    沒問題
    and
    規格符合
    
    
    
    到貨後\n進行檢測->沒問題\nand\n規格符合
    
    
    
    
    
    有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符
    
    有瑕疵
    or
    規格不符
    
    
    
    到貨後\n進行檢測->有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符
    
    
    
    
    
    付現\n(現購)
    
    付現
    (現購)
    
    
    
    沒問題\nand\n規格符合->付現\n(現購)
    
    
    
    
    
    賒欠\n(賒購)
    
    賒欠
    (賒購)
    
    
    
    沒問題\nand\n規格符合->賒欠\n(賒購)
    
    
    
    
    
    供應商為鼓勵買方提前付款,\n給予現金折扣(purchase discount)
    
    供應商為鼓勵買方提前付款,
    給予現金折扣(purchase discount)
    
    
    
    賒欠\n(賒購)->供應商為鼓勵買方提前付款,\n給予現金折扣(purchase discount)
    
    
    
    
    
    退貨
    
    退貨
    
    
    
    有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符->退貨
    
    
    
    
    
    折讓
    
    折讓
    
    
    
    有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符->折讓
    
    
    
    
    
    Purchases returns\nand\nallowances
    
    Purchases returns
    and
    allowances
    
    
    
    退貨->Purchases returns\nand\nallowances
    
    
    
    
    折讓->Purchases returns\nand\nallowances
    
    
    
    
    
    • 現金折扣(purchase discount)舉例:
      1. 2/10 & n/30:
        10 天之內,取得 2% 現金折扣;超過 10 天則沒有。
      2. 1/15 & n/45:
        15 天之內,取得 1% 現金折扣;超過 15 天則沒有。
  4. 買賣業購貨會計處理 ─ 永續盤存制
    練習單的 1. (11/28) ~ 6. (12/13)

    1. Cash purchase

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      11/28
      .
      Inventory
       Cash
      4,500
      .

      4,500
    2. 賒購

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      11/30
      .
      Inventory
       Accounts Payable
      20,000
      .

      20,000
    3. Purchase returns & allowances

      12/04 退 11/30 賒購的商品

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/04
      .
      Accounts Payable
       Inventory
      1,000
      .

      1,000

      12/05 折讓來自 11/30 的購貨

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/05
      .
      Accounts Payable
       Inventory
      300
      .

      300
    4. 運費:FOB shipping point → 買方負擔

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/06
      .
      Inventory
       Cash
      500
      .

      500
    5. 購貨折扣

      15 日內付款有 2% 折扣

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/13

      .
      Accounts Payable
       Cash
       Inventory
      18,700
      .

      18,326
      374

      若不在 15 日內付款,分錄則為

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/13
      .
      Accounts Payable
       Cash
      18,700
      .

      18,700
  5. 買賣業銷貨流程

    
    
    
    
    
    
    G
    
    
    
    收到訂單
    
    收到訂單
    
    
    
    準備出貨
    
    準備出貨
    
    
    
    收到訂單->準備出貨
    
    
    
    
    
    運送商品
    
    運送商品
    
    
    
    準備出貨->運送商品
    
    
    
    
    
    商品送達買方
    
    商品送達買方
    
    
    
    運送商品->商品送達買方
    
    
    
    
    
    買方驗收正確
    
    買方驗收正確
    
    
    
    商品送達買方->買方驗收正確
    
    
    
    
    
    有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符
    
    有瑕疵
    or
    規格不符
    
    
    
    商品送達買方->有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符
    
    
    
    
    
    買方付現\n(現銷)
    
    買方付現
    (現銷)
    
    
    
    買方驗收正確->買方付現\n(現銷)
    
    
    
    
    
    買方賒欠\n(賒銷)
    
    買方賒欠
    (賒銷)
    
    
    
    買方驗收正確->買方賒欠\n(賒銷)
    
    
    
    
    
    提供買方現金折扣\n(sales discounts 銷貨折扣)
    
    提供買方現金折扣
    (sales discounts 銷貨折扣)
    
    
    
    買方賒欠\n(賒銷)->提供買方現金折扣\n(sales discounts 銷貨折扣)
    
    
    
    
    
    退貨\nSales returns\n銷貨退回
    
    退貨
    Sales returns
    銷貨退回
    
    
    
    有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符->退貨\nSales returns\n銷貨退回
    
    
    
    
    
    折讓\nSales allowances\n銷貨退回
    
    折讓
    Sales allowances
    銷貨退回
    
    
    
    有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符->折讓\nSales allowances\n銷貨退回
    
    
    
    
    
    會計分錄:\nSales returns\nand\nallowances
    
    會計分錄:
    Sales returns
    and
    allowances
    
    
    
    退貨\nSales returns\n銷貨退回->會計分錄:\nSales returns\nand\nallowances
    
    
    
    
    折讓\nSales allowances\n銷貨退回->會計分錄:\nSales returns\nand\nallowances
    
    
    
    
    
  6. 買賣業銷貨會計處理 ─ 永續盤存制
    練習單的 7. (12/14) ~ 12. (01/10)

    1. 現銷

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/14
      .
      Cash
       Sales revenue
      3,000
      .

      3,000
      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/14
      .
      Cost of goods sold
       Inventory
      1,500
      .

      1,500
    2. 賒銷

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/15
      .
      Accounts receivable
       Sales revenue
      16,000
      .

      16,000
      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/15
      .
      Cost of goods sold
       Inventory
      8,000
      .

      8,000
    3. 銷貨運費

      1. 若為 FOB shipping point → 買方支付 → No journal entry
      2. 若為 FOB destination → 賣方支付
        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/15
        .
        Freight-Out
         Cash
        xxx
        .

        xxx
    4. 銷貨退回 & 折讓

      1. 折讓

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/16
        .
        Sales returns and allowances
         Accounts receivable
        300
        .

        300
      2. 退回

        若退回商品規格不符或是瑕疵不大 → 不影響成本

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/18
        .
        Sales returns and allowances
         Accounts receivable
        2,000
        .

        2,000
        Inventory
         Cost of goods sold
        1,000
        .

        1,000

        若退回商品瑕疵嚴重 → 成本降低 → 以新成本作分錄

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/18
        .
        Sales returns and allowances
         Accounts receivable
        2,000
        .

        2,000
        Inventory
         Cost of goods sold
        xxx
        .

        xxx
    5. 收現

      1. 在折扣期間內收現
        Collected $10,00 of receivable ≠ 收到 Cash $10,000
         → 收到的實際的 Cash 會 < $10,000。

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/24

        .
        Cash
        Sales discounts
         Accounts receivable
        9,800
        200
        .


        10,000
      2. 超過折扣期間收現

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        01/10
        .
        Cash
         Accounts receivable
        3,700
        .

        3,700
  7. The accounting cycle for a merchandising company ─ 永續盤存制

    1. Adjusting(p.5-14)
      At the end of period,準備 financial statements

      1. Prepaid insurance, Prepaid rent 等 Prepaid expenses
      2. Supplies expense
      3. Depreciation expense
      4. Unearned revenue
      5. Accrued receivable(應收未記錄)
      6. Accrued payable:
        • Salaries and Wages payable
        • Interest Payable
      7. 永續盤存制特有的調整分錄(期末必考題):
        • 帳載存貨餘額>實地盤點 → 盤虧(盤損)

          Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
          Cost of goods sold
           Inventory
          xxx
          .

          xxx
        • 帳載存貨餘額<實地盤點 → 盤盈

          Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
          Inventory
           Cost of goods sold
          xxx
          .

          xxx
    2. Prepare financial statements

      1. (Comprehensive) Income statement / 綜合損益表
        1. Single-step income statement / 單站式損益表
          第四章所學的損益表即為此項

        2. Multi-step income statement / 多站式損益(p.5-20)

          1. Gross profit = Net Income - Cost of goods sold
             營業毛利     營業收入淨額    營業成本
            (銷貨毛利) (銷貨收入淨額)  (銷貨成本)

            毛利率 = Gross profit ÷ Net Sales

          2. Income from operations = Gross profit - Operating expenses
               營業淨利              營業費用
              (本業的獲利)

            • Operating expenses
              • Presentation by nature(p.5-19)
              • Presentation by function:
                • Selling expenses / 行銷費用(銷售費用)
                  Ex:銷售人員薪資、銷售人員佣金、銷售部門設備折舊、廣告費用、Feight-Out / 銷貨運費

                • Research and development expenses / 研究發展費用
                  Ex:研發人員薪資、研發人員獎金、研發部門設備折舊、研發部門耗材

                • General administrative expenses / 管理費用
                  其餘所有的 expenses 都屬於這個

                  補充:
                    Selling expenses & General administrative expenses 又稱 SG&A expenses / 銷管費用
                    Research and development expenses 又稱 R&D expenses

          3. Income before income taxes / 稅前淨利
            = Income from operations ± Other income and expenses
                           營業外營收及支出

            • Other income and expenses
              • Interest revenue
              • Interest expense
              • 出售廠房設備利得或損失
          4. Net income / 稅後淨利 = Income before income taxes - Income taxes
                                      營利事業所得稅

          Income Statement 例圖:

          Comprehensive Income Statement 例圖:

      2. Retained earnings statement
      3. Statement of Financial Position
      4. Statement of cash flow
    3. At the end of fiscal year closing ─ 永續盤存制

      1. Step 1:將收入類科目歸零

        1. 若只有 Sales revenue $100,000 一項

          Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
          Sales revenue
           Income Summary
          100,000
          .

          100,000
        2. 若公司有 Sales revenue $100,000 & Interest revenue $20,000

          Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
          Sales revenue
          Interest revenue
           Income Summary
          100,000
          20,000
          .


          120,000
      2. Step 2:把費用 & 暫時性科目中,有 debit balance 的部分歸零

        Account Titles and Explanation
        Income Summary
         Sales returns and allowances
         Sales discount
         Cost of goods sold
         Feight-Out
         其他費用
      3. Step 3:把 Income Summary 歸零

        1. revenue>費用 & 暫時性科目有 debit balance 合計

          Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
          Income Summary
           Retained Earnings
          xxx
          .

          xxx
        2. revenue<費用 & 暫時性科目有 debit balance 合計

          Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
          Retained Earnings
           Income Summary
          xxx
          .

          xxx
      4. Step 4:把 Dividends 歸零

        Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        Retained Earnings
         Dividends
        xxx
        .

        xxx
  8. 購貨會計處理 ─ 定期盤存制(periodic inventory system)(Appendix A)→ 買的時候不記錄「Inventory」的增加。
    這裡以學習單為例,再做一次「定期盤存制」的版本。

    1. 現購

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      11/28
      .
      Purchase
       Cash
      4,500
      .

      4,500
    2. 賒購

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      11/30
      .
      Purchase
       Accounts Payable
      20,000
      .

      20,000
    3. 進貨退回與折讓

      1. 進貨退回

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/04
        .
        Accounts Payable
         Purchase returns & allowances
        1,000
        .

        1,000
      2. 進貨折讓

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/05
        .
        Accounts Payable
         Purchase returns & allowances
        300
        .

        300
    4. 進貨運貨:買方

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/06
      .
      Freight-In
       Cash
      500
      .

      500
    5. 進貨折扣

      1. 折扣期間內付款

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/13

        .
        Accounts Payable
         Purchase discount
         Cash
        18,700

        .

        374
        18,326
      2. 若是超過折扣期間付款

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/13
        .
        Accounts Payable
         Cash
        18,700
        .

        18,700
  9. 銷貨會計處理 ─ 定期盤存制 → 賣的時候只記錄銷貨收入,不記錄「Inventory」的減少。

    1. 現銷

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/14
      .
      Cash
       Sales revenue
      3,000
      .

      3,000
    2. 賒銷

      Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
      12/15
      .
      Accounts Receivable
       Sales revenue
      16,000
      .

      16,000
    3. 銷貨退回與折讓

      1. 銷貨折讓

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/16
        .
        Sales returns & allowances
         Accounts Receivable
        300
        .

        300
      2. 銷貨退回

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/18
        .
        Sales returns & allowances
         Accounts Receivable
        2,000
        .

        2,000
    4. 銷貨運貨
      此題為 FOB shipping point,Cherry Co. 為賣方 → 不負擔運費。
      但若為 FOB destination:

      Account Titles and Explanation
      Freight-Out
       Cash
    5. 銷貨折扣

      1. 折扣期間內收到款項

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        12/24

        .
        Cash
        Sales discounts
         Accounts receivable
        9,800
        200
        .


        10,000
      2. 若是超過折扣期間才收到款項

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        01/10
        .
        Cash
         Accounts Receivable
        3,700
        .

        3,700
  10. The accounting cycle ─ 買賣業(定期盤存制)

    1. At the end of period,準備 financial statement 之前 → Adjusting
      調整與服務業完全相同。
    2. Prepare financial statements
      • Retained Earnings Statement
      • Statement of Financial Position
      • Statement of Cash Flow
      • ☆ Comprehensive Income Statement
        ​​​​​​​​                         Net purchase 進貨淨額
        ​​​​​​​​                  ┌───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┐
        ​​​​​​​​Beginning Inventory + ( Purchases - Purchase returns & allowance - Purchase discounts + Freight-In ) = Cost of goods available for sold
        ​​​​​​​​    期初存貨      └──────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘        可供銷售商品成本
        ​​​​​​​​                           Cost of goods purchase 購貨成本
        
        ​​​​​​​​Cost of goods available for sales - Ending Inventory = Cost of goods sold
        ​​​​​​​​                       期末存貨
        
    1. 結帳 Closing
      1. Step 1

        1. 推算 Cost of goods sold
        2. 把 Purchase、Purchase returns & allowances、Purchase discounts、Freight-In 歸零
        3. 把 Inventory 由 Beginning 數字 → Ending 數字
        • Ex:上課補充講義

          1. 32,000+((4,500+20,000)(1,000+300) 374 +500)
            Beginning 11/28   11/29    12/04   12/05 12/13 12/06
            inventory   Purchases   Purchase returns  |  Freight-In
                           and allowances   |
                                    └→ Purchase discounts
            =55,326
            ← Cost of goods available for sales

            55,32646,826=8,500 ← Cost of goods sold
                  Ending
                  inventory

        • Closing

          Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
          Purchases returns & allowances
          Purchases discounts
          Inventory(endings)
          Cost of goods sold
           Purchases
           Freight-In
           Inventory(beginning)
          1,300
          374
          46,826
          8,500


          .




          24,500
          500
          32,000
      2. Step 2:把 Revenue 歸零

        Account Titles and Explanation
        Sales revenue
        Interest revenue

         Income Summary
      3. Step 3:把 Expenses 及暫時性科目有 debit balance 的部分歸零

        Account Titles and Explanation
        Sales returns & allowances
        Sales discounts
        Cost of goods sold
        其他費用
      4. Step 4:把 Income Summary 歸零

        1. If Net Income

          Account Titles and Explanation
          Income Summary
           Retained Earnings
        2. If Net Losses

          Account Titles and Explanation
          Retained Earnings
           Income Summary
      5. Step 5:把 Dividends 歸零

        Account Titles and Explanation
        Retained Earnings
         dividends

Chapter 6 - Inventories

1. 存貨的意義

商品的庫存或儲存為企業所用(p.6-2)

2. 買賣業與製造業存貨

  1. 買賣業:已經可以出售之商品
  2. 製造業:
    1. Raw Materials
    2. Work in process 在製品
    3. Finished goods 製成品

3. Determining inventory quantities(p.6-4)

First, taking a physical inventory
Second, determining ownership of goods

  1. Goods in transit 在途存貨(p.6-5)
    • FOB:shipping point ○
    • FOB:destination ╳
  2. Consigned goods 寄銷品(p.6-5)
    → 屬於寄銷人

4. Inventory methods & financial effects(p.6-6)

  • Ending inventory = Number of unit at ending inventory × Unit cost
  • Cost of goods sold = Number of units sold × Unit cost
  1. 實際辨認實物流動之情況(個別辨認法 Specific identification)(p.6-7)
    條件:量少、具有獨特性可辨識、價值高

  2. Cost flow assumption 使用成本流動假設(p.6-7)
    此處四個方法皆用課本 p.6-39 的 P6.5 為例

    • 平均法
      1. 定期盤存制 - 加權平均法(weight-average method)

        =beginning inventory +beginning inventory +

        • 分子:Cost of goods available for sale 可供銷售商品成本
        • 分母:Number of goods available for sale 可供銷售商品數量

        計算單位成本

        =60×24+(120×26+70×27+80×28)=8,69060+(120+70+80)=33026.333

        1. Ending inventory

          =(330(100+65+120))×26.3331,185

        2. Cost of goods sold
          兩種解法(建議使用第一種):

          1. Cost of goods available - ending inventory
            =8,6901,185=7,505
          2. Number of units sold × unit cost
            =265×26.3337,505
        3. Gross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold

          =(100×35+65×40+120×40)7,505=3,395

        4. Gross profit rate

          =Gross profitNet sale=3,39510,90031.1

      2. 永續盤存制 - 移動平均法(moving average method)
        每一次進貨重新計算單位成本

        Date Purchases Sale Balance
        10/01 60×24=1,440
        10/09 120x26=3,120 1,440+3,120=4,560
        =180×25.33
        10/11 100x25.33=2,533 80x25.33=2,027
        (同 4,560-2,533)
        10/17 70x27=1,890 1,890+2,027=3,917
        =150x26.11
        10/22 65x26.11=1,697 85x26.11=2,220
        (同 3,917-1,697)
        10/25 80x28=2,240 2,220+2,240=4,460
        =165x27.03
        10/29 120x27.03=3,244 45x27.03=1,216
        (同 4,460-3,244)
        1. Ending inventory
          =1,216
        2. Cost of good sold
          表格中 Sales 的各項加總即為答案
          =2,533+1,697+3,244=7,474
        3. Gross profit
          = Net sales - Cost of goods sold
          =10,9007,474=3,426
        4. Gross profit rate
          =Gross profitNet sale=3,42610,90031.4%
    • 先入先出法
      假設先買進來的貨品,就會先賣出去。
      1. 定期盤存制 ─ FIFO

      2. 永續盤存制 ─ FIFO

        Date Purchases Sale Balance
        10/01 60×24=1,440
        10/09 120x26=3,120 120x26=3,120
        60×24=1,440
        10/11 60x24=1,440
        40x26=1,040
        80x26=2,080
        10/17 70x27=1,890 70x27=1,890
        80x26=2,080
        10/22 65x26=1,690 70x27=1,890
        15x26=390
        10/25 80x28=2,240 80x28=2,240
        70x27=1,890
        15x26=390
        10/29 35x28=980
        70x27=1,890
        15x26=390
        45x28=1,260
        1. Ending inventory
          =1,260
        2. Cost of goods sold
          =1,440+1,040+1,690+390+1,890+980=7,430

        → 由此可得,永續的 FIFO 和定期的 FIFO 結果會一樣。

    總結 / 比較:
    若物價不斷上漲 → 進貨成本上揚(上面的 P6.5 即為此情況)

    Average method FIFO
    Ending inventory
    Cost of goods sold
    Gross profit

2020, 12, 21, Monday

5. Inventory presentation and analysis(p.6-15)

  • Statement of Financial Position 上 Ending inventory 金額
  • Lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value 成本淨變現價值孰低法
  1. Step 1 - 計算成本 ← 期末存貨
    個別辨認法 or 平均法 or FIFO

  2. Step 2 - 決定 Net Realizable Value(NRV)
    NRV 係指企業在正常營運情況下,出售存貨所能取得淨額

  3. Step 3 - 比較成本及 NRV 選低
    作為 Statement of Financial Position 的 Ending inventory

    • 成本:個別(逐項)比較 ← 國際標準
    • NRV:分類比較

    以課本 p.6-35 的 P6.8 為例:

    Cost NVR 個別比較 分類比較
    Cameras
     Minolta
     Canon
      小計

    $1,360,000
    $900,000
    $2,260,000

    $1,248,000
    $912,000
    $2,160,000

    $1,248,000
    $900,000
    .



    $2,160,000
    Light meters
     Vivitar
     Kodak
      小計

    $1,500,000
    $1,610,000
    $3,110,000

    $1,380,000
    $1,890,000
    $3,270,000

    $1,380,000
    $1,610,000
    .



    $3,110,000
    Total $5,370,000 $5,430,000 $5,138,000 $5,270,000

    Adjusting:

    $5,370,000 - $5,138,000 = $232,000

    Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
    Cost of goods sold
     Allowance to reduce inventory to market
     (備抵存貨跌價損失)
    $232,000

    .

    $232,000
    .

6. Estimate inventory - Gross profit method

  1. Step 1 - 計算正常銷貨毛利率
    使用過去資料(非本期)

    =Net salesCost of goods soldNet sales

  2. Step 2 - 估計本期銷貨毛利

     gross profit= Net sales×

  3. Step 3 - 估計本期 Cost of goods sold

     Cost of goods sold= Net sales gross profit

  4. Step 4 - 估計本期 Ending inventory

     Ending inventory
    =Beginning inventory+Net Purchases+FreightIn Cost of goods sold

  • 可將 Step 2 & Step 3 合併

     Cost of goods sold= Net sales×(1)

以課本 p.6-41 的 P6.10 為例:

  • a. 計算 2 月份銷貨毛利率:
    • Cost of goods sold
      =Beginning inventory+Net purchases+FreightInEnding inventory

      =4,500+197,800+2,90025,200=180,000


    • =Net salesCost of goods soldNet sales=300,000180,000300,000=120,000300,000=40%

  • b.
    • 計算 3 月份 Ending inventory → 直接合併 Step 2 & Step 3
      本期 gross profit
      = 3 月 Net Sales ×(1 - 2 月份銷貨毛利率)
      = 260,000 ×(1 - 40%) = 156,000

    • 計算 3 月份火災損失
      3 月 Begining inventory + 3 月 Net purchases + 3 月 Freight-In - 3 月估計 Cost of goods sold
      = 25,200 + 191,000 + 4,000 - 156,000 = 64,200

      3 月份火災損失 = 64,200 × 70% = 44,940

7. 存貨錯誤 / Effects of inventory errors(p.6-13)

Begining inventory+Cost of goods purchasedEnding inventory
=Cost of goods sold

BI+PEI=CGS

  • 假設 Ending inventory 被低估
    (在此假設只有本期被低估,次期的 Ending inventory 是正確的)

    對 Income Statement 影響 對 Statement of Financial Position 影響
    本期:
    BI + P - EI = CGS
    Sales revenues - CGS = Gross profit

    Gross profit - operating expenses + non-operation income - non-operating expenses = Net income
    本期:
    Current asset 中的 Inventory(EI)

    Retained earnings
    下期:
    BI + P - EI = CGS
    Sales revenues - CGS = Gross profit

    Gross profit - operating expenses + non-operation income - non-operating expenses = Net income
    下期:
    Current asset 中的 Inventory(EI)正確

    Retained earnings 不影響

以課本 p.6-36 的 E6.4 為例

  • a.
    2019 2020
    Sales $2,100,000 $2,500,000
    Cost of goods sold
     Beginning inventory
     Cost of goods purchases

    320,000
    1,730,000

    500,000
    2,040,000
    . Cost of goods available for sale
     Ending inventory(440,000+60,000
    2,050,000
    500,000
    2,540,000
    520,000
    .  Cost of goods sold 1,550,000 2,020,000
    Gross profit $550,000 $480,000
  • b.
    • Incorrect:
      2019 Gross profit+2020 Gross profit=490,000+540,000=1,030,000
    • Correct:
      2019 Gross profit+2020 Gross profit=550,000+480,000=1,030,000

Chapter 7 - Fraud, Internal control and Cash

1. Fraud / 舞弊(p.7-3)

2. Internal control / 內部控制(p.7-3)

完善 Internal control 可以降低 Fraud 發生機率

3. Principles of internal control activities(p.7-4)

(本節自己看)


2020, 12, 28, Monday

4. Cash receipts control(p.7-11)

  • 用收銀機收現
  • 隨收、隨記、隨存

5. 現金支出內部控制

  • 管錢不管帳,管帳不管錢
  • 除了小額支付採用零用金(petty cash),一律用支票給付
  • 定期編銀行調節表(Bank reconciliation)

6. Control Features of a Bank Account(p.7-18)

  1. 銀行對帳單(Bank statement)(p.7-20)
  2. 銀行與公司帳不同的原因
    • 銀行:銀行對帳單當期期末餘額
    • 公司帳:公司現金帳期末餘額
    1. 公司已記,銀行未記
      1. 在途存款(deposit in transit)
        每月最後一個營業日
      2. 在外流通支票(outstanding checks)
        公司已開立支票但持票人尚未存入銀行
    2. 銀行已記,公司未記
      編好銀行調節表後,公司要做調整分錄
      1. 銀行代收(bank collection)
      2. Interest revenue
      3. Service charge(銀行服務費)
        例:印空白支票費用、數鈔費
      4. EFT(Electronic Fund Transfer)
        例:銀行代付水電費(直接從公司存款扣除)
      5. NSF(Not-Sufficient Fund)

7. 銀行調節表

  1. 銀行對帳單餘額 → 正確餘額 ← 公司現金帳餘額
    • 銀行對帳單餘額 → 正確餘額
      1. 銀行未記、公司已記
      2. 銀行錯誤
    • 正確餘額 ← 公司現金帳餘額
      1. 公司未記、銀行已記
      2. 公司錯誤
    • 以課本 p.7-41 P7.4 為例
      • 項目調整

        1. Service charge / 服務費用:-C
        2. The bank collected / 銀行代收:+C
        3. Receipts not included [or] Deposits in transit / 在途存款:+B
        4. Incorrectly entered / 公司記錄錯誤:±C
        5. Checks outstanding / 在外流通支票:-B
        6. NSF charge / 支票跳票:-C
      • a.

        Keeds Company
        Bank reconciliation
        July 31, 2020
        Cash balance per bank statement
        Add: Deposit in transit
        $7,690.8
        1,193.3

        Less: Outstanding checks
        8,884.1
        1,860.1
        Adjusted cash balance per bank $7,024
        Cash balance per books
        Add: Electronic funds transfer received
        $6,140
        1,520

        Less: Bank service charge
           Error in recording check No.2480
           NSF
        7,660
        $25    
        36    
        575   636
        Adjusted cash balance per books $7,024
      • b.

        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        7/31
        .
        Cash
         Account receivable
        $1,520
        .

        $1,520
        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        7/31
        .
        Bank charge expense
         Cash
        $25
        .

        $25
        Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
        7/31
        .
        Account payable
         Cash
        $36
        .

        $36
  2. 銀行對帳單餘額 → 公司現金帳餘額
  3. 公司現金帳餘額 → 銀行對帳單餘額

期末考統整

2020, 01, 11, Monday

買賣業的記帳:永續 Perpetual vs. 定期 Periodic

項目 Perpetual Periodic
購貨貨物 Inventory Purchase
購貨運費 Inventory Freight-in
售貨運費 Freight-out Freight-out
售貨成本 Cost of goods sold
 Inventory
售貨退貨 Inventory
 Cost of goods sold
購貨退貨 Inventory Pusrchase returns & allowances
購貨折扣 Inventory Pusrchase discounts