- 會計學(一)
- Chapter 0 - Accounting Cycle / 會計循環
- Chapter 1 - Accounting in Action
- Chapter 2 - The Recording Process
- Chapter 3 - Adjusting the Accounts
- Chapter 4 - Completing the Accouting Cycle
- 期中考統整
- Chapter 5 - Accounting for merchandising operations
- Chapter 6 - Inventories
- Chapter 7 - Fraud, Internal control and Cash
- 期末考統整
2020, 09, 14, Monday
針對企業所處的環境作前提
Proprietorship / 獨資
獨資資本主 → 負無限連帶清償責任。
Partnership / 合夥
合夥人 → 負無限連帶清償責任。
Corporation / 公司
受公司法約束、管制。
中小型多為有限公司;大型公司多為股份有限公司,其中又多為公開發行公司。
2020, 09, 21, Monday
恆等式內容:
各種表:
關鍵字句 & 重點:
將題目內的事件轉換成表格:
Assets = Liabilities + Equity 6/01 Cash +$10k Shared Capital-Ordinary +$10k 6/02 Cash -$2k
Equipment +$14kNotes Payable +$12k 6/03 Cash -$500 Rent Exp. -$500 6/05 Accounts Receivable +$4800 Service Rev. +$4800 6/09 Cash -$300 Div. -$300 6/12 Supplies +$150 Accounts Payable +$150 6/15 Cash +$1250
Accounts Receivable -$12506/17 Accounts Payable +$100 Gasoline Exp. -$100 6/20 Cash +$1500 Service Rev. +$1500 6/23 Cash -$500 Notes Payable -$500 6/26 Cash -$250 Utilities Exp. -$250 6/29 Cash -$100 Accounts Payable -$100 6/29 Cash -$1000 Salaries & wages Exp. -$1000
答案:
Assets:
Cash Account Receivable Supplies Equipment +$8,100 +$14,000 +$3,550 +$150
Liabilities:
Notes Payable Accounts Payable +$11,500 +$150
Equity:
| Shared Capital-Ordinary | Service Rev. | Rent Exp. | Gasoline Exp. | Utilities Exp. | Salaries & wages Exp. | Div. |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| +$10,000 | +$6,300 | -$500 | -$100 | -$250 | -$1,000 | -$300 |
2020, 09, 28, Monday
How to post(p.2-12)
實際較為繁瑣,但考試時以 T 字帳取代簡化之。
實際步驟:
課本習題:p.2-40:P2.2(LO 1, 2, 3, 4)
關鍵字句 & 重點:
a 小題的答案:
Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit 2020
Apr.1
.
Cash
Share Capital-ordinary
101
311
20,000
.
20,0001
.Not transaction
→ No entry2
.Rent Exp.
Cash729
1011,000
.
1,0003
.Supplies
Accounts Payable126
2014,000
.
4,00010
.Accounts receivable
Service Rev.112
4005,100
.
5,10011
.Cash
Uneared Service Rev.101
2091,000
.
1,00020
.Cash
Service Rev.101
4002,100
.
2,10030
.Salaries and Wages Exp.
Cash726
1012,800
.
2,80030
.Accounts Payable
Cash201
1012,400
.
2,400
b 小題的答案:
Cash 101 4/01 $20,000
4/11 $1,000
4/20 $2,1004/02 $1,100
4/30 $2,800
4/30 $2,4004/30 $16,800
Accounts Receivable 112 4/10 $5,100 4/30 $5,100
Supplies 126 4/03 $4,000 4/30 $4,000
Accounts Payable 201 4/30 $2,400 4/03 $4,000 4/30 $1,600
Unearned Service Rev. 209 4/11 $1,000 4/30 $1,000
Share Capital-ordinary 311 4/01 $20,000 4/30 $20,000
Service Rev. 400 4/10 $5,100
4/20 $2,1004/30 $7,200
Salaries and Wages Exp. 726 4/30 $2,800 4/30 $2,800
Rent Exp. 729 4/02 $1,000 4/30 $1,000
2020, 10, 05, Monday
預付項目
以保險為例:會計科目為 Prepaid Insurance / 預付保險費,性質為 Assets
舉例:A 公司向 B 保險公司購買保險
對於 A 公司:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Prepaid Insurance
Cash1,000
.
1,000
對於 B 保險公司:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Cash
Unearned Service Rev.1,000
.
1,000
功能:
過帳後,為了驗證會計分錄或過帳程序是否正確,會進一步將 ledger 每個帳戶 balance 列在 Trail Balance。
表的內容:
[公司名稱]
Trail Balance
X 年 X 月 X 日Cash
.
.
.
(按照 ledger 號碼順序排列)Debit Credit Total Debit Total Credit
若 Total Debit ≠ Total Credit 必錯
課本練習題:P2.2(LO 1, 2, 3, 4)(p.2-40)
Emily Stansbury Dentist
Trail Balance
April 30, 2020Debit Credit Cash
Accounts Receivable
Supplies
Accouts Payable
Unearned Sevice Rev.
Share Capital-ordinary
Service Rev.
Salaries and Wages Exp.
Rent Exp.$16,800
5,100
4,000
2,800
1,100
$1,600
1,000
20,000
7,200
.$29,800 $29,800
Journal entry → Posting → Trail Balance
P2.4(LO 4)(p.2-41):更正錯誤的記帳
第 1 小題
恍神沒聽到 QQ(但 1, 2, 6 是同一題型)
第 2 小題
題目誤寫:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Supplies
Accounts Payable710
.
710
正確應為:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Equipment
Accounts Payable710
.
710
第 3 小題
題目誤寫:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Accounts Receivable
Service Rev.980
.
98
正確應為:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Accounts Receivable
Service Rev.980
.
980
第 4 小題
Salaries and Wages Exp. 忘記過帳 → Salaries and Wages Exp. +700
第 5 小題
題目誤寫:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit [ No Debit ]
Cash
Accounts Payable
306
360
正確應為:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Accounts Payable
Cash306
.
306
第 6 小題
題目誤寫:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Salaries and Wages Exp.
Cash600
.
600
正確應為:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Div.
Accounts Payable600
.
600
解答:Div. +600 & Salaries and Wages Exp. -600
最終的正確試算表
De Bortoli Co.
Trail Balance
June 30, 2020Debit Credit Cash (3,340+270)
Accounts Receivable (2,812-270)
Supplies (1,200-710)
Equipment (2,600+700)
Accouts Payable (3,666-360-306)
Unearned Sevice Rev.
Share Capital-ordinary
Div. (800+600)
Service Rev. (2,480+882)
Salaries & Wages Exp. (3,200+700-600)
Utilities Exp.$3,610
2,542
490
3,310
1,400
3,300
810
$3,000
1,100
8,000
3,362
.$15,462 $15,462
Do adjusting at the end of "Periods":
2020, 10, 12, Monday
Deferrals(延期)
Prepaid expenses(p.3-6)
實務上看到 prepaid insurance, prepaid rent…。
舉例:一次付清了三年的保險,在第一年結束時應該記錄。
2020/01/01 paid three-year insurance policy $36,000.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 01/01 Prepaid insurance
Cash36,000
.
36,000
2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/31 Insurance Exp.
Prepaid insurance12,000
.
12,000
Supplies
舉例:購入的物品被消耗的情況。
2020/12/01 purchase supplies on account $6,300.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/01 Supplies
Account Payable6,300
.
6,300
2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/31 Supplies Exp.
Supplies4,200
.
4,200
Depreciation / 折舊 → for 使用期間超過一年供營業使用的有形資產
舉例:購買了可用十年的有形資產,每一年結束時應使用替代品記錄。
2020/01/01 purchase equipment on account $600,000, useful life: 10 years, no residual value.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 01/01 Equipment
Account Payable600,000
.
600,000
2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/31 Depreciation Exp.
Accumulated Depreciation equipment60,000
.
60,000
Unearned revenue
舉例:談定了兩年的工作合約,第一年結束時應記錄。
2020/01/01 received two-year consulting service fee $48,000 in advance.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 01/01 Cash
Unearned Service Rev.48,000
.
48,000
2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/31 Unearned Service Rev.
Service Rev.24,000
.
24,000
Accruals(應收 / 應付)
Accrual salaries and wages(p.3-16)
(p.3-16 的例子)
10/26 付過薪水,11/09 要再付一次薪水。
但 10/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。
10/29、30、31 薪水雖未付但要記錄。(一日 $400)
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 10/31 Salaries and wages Exp.
Salaries and wages Payable1,200
.
1,200
到了 11/09 付薪資時(日常交易),
剩下 11/01、02、05、06、07、08、09 共 7 天要補上記錄:
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 11/09 Salaries and wages Exp.
Salaries and wages Payable
Cash2,800
1,200
.
4,000
Accrued interest(p.3-15)
(p.3-15 的例子)
10/01 簽了一個 three-month note payable $5,000
Interest rate 為 12%(題目未特別註明,視為年利率)
到期後才償還本金加利息
但 10/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。
對於利息的部份,到了 10/31 時,
累積的應付利息為:本金$5000 × 年利率12% × (1/12)期 = $50
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 10/31 Interest Exp.
Interest Payable50
.
50
對於利息的部份,到 12/31 償還日時:
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/31 Interest Exp.
Interest Payable
Cash100
50
.
150
Accured revenue(p.3-13)
舉例:
12/29 provide service on account $15,000
還未寄帳單也還未記錄(未做 journal entry)
但 12/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/31 Account Receivable
Service Rev.15,000
.
15,000
2020, 10, 19, Monday
p.s. Adjusting entries → Cash 絕對不會改變
p.s. 調整分錄需要知道「用掉多少」,但以 P3.2(LO 2, 3, 4)(p.3-51)的第 2 小題為例,題目告訴我們的是「剩餘多少」→ 原始 - 剩餘 = 用掉的量。
第 3 小題:
$3,600 ÷ (2years x 12months) = $150
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 05/31 Insurance Exp.
Prepaid insurance150
.
150
第 4 小題:
$2,000 - $400 = $1,600
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 05/31 Unearned Service Rev.
Service Rev.1,600
.
1,600
第 5 小題:
2人 × $920 × (3天/5天) = $1,104
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 05/31 Salaries and Wages Exp.
Salaries and Wages Payable1,104
.
1,104
第 6 小題:
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 05/31 Depreciation Exp.
Accumulated depreciation Equipment190
.
190
第 7 小題:
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 05/31 Accounts Receivable
Service Rev.1,700
.
1,700
2020, 10, 26, Monday
(Comprehensive) Income statement(p.4-9)
意義:表達企業在一段時間獲利或虧損
格式(p.4-10)
[Company Name] Income Statement For the Month Ended October 31, 2020 |
||
---|---|---|
Revenues Service Revenues Rent Revenues … Total Revenue Expense Salaries and wages expense Supplies expense … Total expenses Net income (or Net losses) |
$xxx xxx … $xxx xxx xxx … xxx $xxx |
Retained earnings statement
[Company Name] Retained Earnings Statement For the Month Ended October 31, 2020 |
||
---|---|---|
Retained earnings, [begin date] Add: Net income (or Less: Net losses) Less: Dividends Retained earnings, [end date] |
$xxx xxx xxx $xxx |
P.s.
在 adjusted trial balance 上看到的 retained earnings 數字是 beginning retained earnings,其他科目數字是期末。
Statement of Financial Position
[Company Name] Statement of Financial Position October 31, 2020 (NT$ in thousands) |
||
---|---|---|
Intangible assets(無形資產) Patents(專利權) Property, plant, and equipment(PPE / PP&E / 不動產, 廠房, 設備) Land Buildings Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ buildings Equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ equipment Long-term investments Non-current assets Current assets Prepaid insurance Supplies Inventory(存貨) Notes receviable Accounts receivable Short-term investments Cash Total assets Equity Share Capital-Ordinary Retained earnings Non-current liabilities XXX Payable … Current liabilities XXX Payable … Total liabilities Total equity and liabilities |
Assets Equity and Liabilities |
… |
補充:Current assets vs. Non-current assets
在一年和一個營業循環(Operating cycle)中選長的作為時間標準,在這期間內可以變現或耗用的 assets 視為 Current assets,不能的話則視為 Non-current assets。
P.s. Current assets 是按照它換成現金的難易度排列的,不得更改。
補充:Current liabilities vs. Non-current liabilities
在一年和一個營業循環(Operating cycle)中選長的作為時間標準,在這期間內可以用現金償還的 liabilities 視為 Current liabilities,不能的話則視為 Non-current liabilities。
WANG ROOFING Statement of Financial Position March 31, 2020 |
||
---|---|---|
Property, plant, and equipment(PPE / PP&E / 不動產, 廠房, 設備) Equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ equipment Current assets Supplies Accounts receivable Cash Total assets Equity Share Capital ─ Ordinary Retained earnings Current liabilities Accounts payable Unearned service revenue Salaries and wages payable Total equity and liabilities |
Assets Equity and Liabilities |
$11,000 1,500 $9,500 480 3,200 4,500 8,180 $17,680 $12,900 1,320 $14,220 2,500 260 700 3,460 $17,680 |
實帳戶(永久性帳戶 / permanent account)(p.4-12)
當股東投資設立公司,這些帳戶就隨企業存續至永久。
虛帳戶(暫時性帳戶 / temporary account)
為了解企業經營成果及權益變動而設此類科目。
結帳的意義:讓暫時性科目歸 0。(p.4-12)
2020, 11, 16, Monday
結帳的步驟:
Step 1:把 Revenue 類歸 0。
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Service Revenue
Income Summary1,000,000
.
1,000,000
Step 2:把實用類科目歸 0。
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Income Summary
Rent expense
Utilities expense400,000
.
300,000
100,000
Step 3:把 Income Summary 歸 0。
Net Income:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Income Summary
Retained earnings600,000
.
600,000
Net Losses:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Retained earnings
Income Summary600,000
.
600,000
Step 4:將 Dividends 歸 0。
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Retained earnings
Dividends10,000
.
10,000
Post-closing Trial Balance 與 Adjusted Trial Balance 的差異
課本練習題 P4.1(Worksheet)
Step 1:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Service Revenue
Income Summary6,590
.
6,590
Step 2:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Income Summary
Salaries and wages expense
Miscellaneous expense
Supplies expense
Depreciation expense4,170
.
2,000
400
1,520
250
Step 3:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Income Summary
Retained earnings2,420
.
2,420
Step 4:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Retained Earnings
Dividends1,100
.
1,100
2020, 10, 24, Monday
Accounting Equation / 會計恆等式:
Journalize entries / 記錄項目:
Ledger accounts / 分類帳:
T-account / T 字帳:
T 字帳是分類帳的簡化版寫法,但兩者不同,切勿混淆。
2020, 11, 16, Monday
永續盤存制(Perpetual inventory system)(p.5-4)
定期盤存制(Periodic inventory system)(Appendix B)
買賣業購貨流程
買賣業購貨會計處理 ─ 永續盤存制
練習單的 1. (11/28) ~ 6. (12/13)
Cash purchase
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 11/28
.Inventory
Cash4,500
.
4,500
賒購
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 11/30
.Inventory
Accounts Payable20,000
.
20,000
Purchase returns & allowances
12/04 退 11/30 賒購的商品
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/04
.Accounts Payable
Inventory1,000
.
1,000
12/05 折讓來自 11/30 的購貨
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/05
.Accounts Payable
Inventory300
.
300
運費:FOB shipping point → 買方負擔
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/06
.Inventory
Cash500
.
500
購貨折扣
15 日內付款有 2% 折扣
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/13
.Accounts Payable
Cash
Inventory18,700
.
18,326
374
若不在 15 日內付款,分錄則為
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/13
.Accounts Payable
Cash18,700
.
18,700
買賣業銷貨流程
買賣業銷貨會計處理 ─ 永續盤存制
練習單的 7. (12/14) ~ 12. (01/10)
現銷
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/14
.Cash
Sales revenue3,000
.
3,000
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/14
.Cost of goods sold
Inventory1,500
.
1,500
賒銷
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/15
.Accounts receivable
Sales revenue16,000
.
16,000
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/15
.Cost of goods sold
Inventory8,000
.
8,000
銷貨運費
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/15
.Freight-Out
Cashxxx
.
xxx
銷貨退回 & 折讓
折讓
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/16
.Sales returns and allowances
Accounts receivable300
.
300
退回
若退回商品規格不符或是瑕疵不大 → 不影響成本
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/18
.Sales returns and allowances
Accounts receivable2,000
.
2,000Inventory
Cost of goods sold1,000
.
1,000
若退回商品瑕疵嚴重 → 成本降低 → 以新成本作分錄
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/18
.Sales returns and allowances
Accounts receivable2,000
.
2,000Inventory
Cost of goods soldxxx
.
xxx
收現
在折扣期間內收現
Collected $10,00 of receivable ≠ 收到 Cash $10,000
→ 收到的實際的 Cash 會 < $10,000。
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/24
.Cash
Sales discounts
Accounts receivable9,800
200
.
10,000
超過折扣期間收現
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 01/10
.Cash
Accounts receivable3,700
.
3,700
The accounting cycle for a merchandising company ─ 永續盤存制
Adjusting(p.5-14)
At the end of period,準備 financial statements
帳載存貨餘額>實地盤點 → 盤虧(盤損)
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Cost of goods sold
Inventoryxxx
.
xxx
帳載存貨餘額<實地盤點 → 盤盈
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Inventory
Cost of goods soldxxx
.
xxx
Prepare financial statements
Single-step income statement / 單站式損益表
第四章所學的損益表即為此項
Multi-step income statement / 多站式損益(p.5-20)
Gross profit = Net Income - Cost of goods sold
營業毛利 營業收入淨額 營業成本
(銷貨毛利) (銷貨收入淨額) (銷貨成本)
毛利率 = Gross profit ÷ Net Sales
Income from operations = Gross profit - Operating expenses
營業淨利 營業費用
(本業的獲利)
Selling expenses / 行銷費用(銷售費用)
Ex:銷售人員薪資、銷售人員佣金、銷售部門設備折舊、廣告費用、Feight-Out / 銷貨運費…
Research and development expenses / 研究發展費用
Ex:研發人員薪資、研發人員獎金、研發部門設備折舊、研發部門耗材…
General administrative expenses / 管理費用
其餘所有的 expenses 都屬於這個
補充:
Selling expenses & General administrative expenses 又稱 SG&A expenses / 銷管費用
Research and development expenses 又稱 R&D expenses
Income before income taxes / 稅前淨利
= Income from operations ± Other income and expenses
營業外營收及支出
Net income / 稅後淨利 = Income before income taxes - Income taxes
營利事業所得稅
Income Statement 例圖:
Comprehensive Income Statement 例圖:
At the end of fiscal year closing ─ 永續盤存制
Step 1:將收入類科目歸零
若只有 Sales revenue $100,000 一項
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sales revenue
Income Summary100,000
.
100,000
若公司有 Sales revenue $100,000 & Interest revenue $20,000
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sales revenue
Interest revenue
Income Summary100,000
20,000
.
120,000
Step 2:把費用 & 暫時性科目中,有 debit balance 的部分歸零
Account Titles and Explanation Income Summary
Sales returns and allowances
Sales discount
Cost of goods sold
Feight-Out
…其他費用
Step 3:把 Income Summary 歸零
revenue>費用 & 暫時性科目有 debit balance 合計
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Income Summary
Retained Earningsxxx
.
xxx
revenue<費用 & 暫時性科目有 debit balance 合計
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Retained Earnings
Income Summaryxxx
.
xxx
Step 4:把 Dividends 歸零
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Retained Earnings
Dividendsxxx
.
xxx
購貨會計處理 ─ 定期盤存制(periodic inventory system)(Appendix A)→ 買的時候不記錄「Inventory」的增加。
這裡以學習單為例,再做一次「定期盤存制」的版本。
現購
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 11/28
.Purchase
Cash4,500
.
4,500
賒購
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 11/30
.Purchase
Accounts Payable20,000
.
20,000
進貨退回與折讓
進貨退回
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/04
.Accounts Payable
Purchase returns & allowances1,000
.
1,000
進貨折讓
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/05
.Accounts Payable
Purchase returns & allowances300
.
300
進貨運貨:買方
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/06
.Freight-In
Cash500
.
500
進貨折扣
折扣期間內付款
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/13
.Accounts Payable
Purchase discount
Cash18,700
.
374
18,326
若是超過折扣期間付款
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/13
.Accounts Payable
Cash18,700
.
18,700
銷貨會計處理 ─ 定期盤存制 → 賣的時候只記錄銷貨收入,不記錄「Inventory」的減少。
現銷
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/14
.Cash
Sales revenue3,000
.
3,000
賒銷
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/15
.Accounts Receivable
Sales revenue16,000
.
16,000
銷貨退回與折讓
銷貨折讓
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/16
.Sales returns & allowances
Accounts Receivable300
.
300
銷貨退回
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/18
.Sales returns & allowances
Accounts Receivable2,000
.
2,000
銷貨運貨
此題為 FOB shipping point,Cherry Co. 為賣方 → 不負擔運費。
但若為 FOB destination:
Account Titles and Explanation Freight-Out
Cash
銷貨折扣
折扣期間內收到款項
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 12/24
.Cash
Sales discounts
Accounts receivable9,800
200
.
10,000
若是超過折扣期間才收到款項
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 01/10
.Cash
Accounts Receivable3,700
.
3,700
The accounting cycle ─ 買賣業(定期盤存制)
Step 1
Ex:上課補充講義
Beginning 11/28 11/29 12/04 12/05 12/13 12/06
inventory Purchases Purchase returns | Freight-In
and allowances |
└→ Purchase discounts
← Cost of goods available for sales
← Cost of goods sold
Ending
inventory
Closing
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Purchases returns & allowances
Purchases discounts
Inventory(endings)
Cost of goods sold
Purchases
Freight-In
Inventory(beginning)1,300
374
46,826
8,500
.
24,500
500
32,000
Step 2:把 Revenue 歸零
Account Titles and Explanation Sales revenue
Interest revenue
…
Income Summary
Step 3:把 Expenses 及暫時性科目有 debit balance 的部分歸零
Account Titles and Explanation Sales returns & allowances
Sales discounts
Cost of goods sold
… 其他費用
Step 4:把 Income Summary 歸零
If Net Income
Account Titles and Explanation Income Summary
Retained Earnings
If Net Losses
Account Titles and Explanation Retained Earnings
Income Summary
Step 5:把 Dividends 歸零
Account Titles and Explanation Retained Earnings
dividends
商品的庫存或儲存為企業所用(p.6-2)
First, taking a physical inventory
Second, determining ownership of goods
實際辨認實物流動之情況(個別辨認法 Specific identification)(p.6-7)
條件:量少、具有獨特性可辨識、價值高
Cost flow assumption 使用成本流動假設(p.6-7)
此處四個方法皆用課本 p.6-39 的 P6.5 為例
定期盤存制 - 加權平均法(weight-average method)
計算單位成本
Ending inventory
Cost of goods sold
兩種解法(建議使用第一種):
Gross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold
Gross profit rate
永續盤存制 - 移動平均法(moving average method)
每一次進貨重新計算單位成本
Date | Purchases | Sale | Balance |
---|---|---|---|
10/01 | 60×24=1,440 | ||
10/09 | 120x26=3,120 | 1,440+3,120=4,560 =180×25.33 |
|
10/11 | 100x25.33=2,533 | 80x25.33=2,027 (同 4,560-2,533) |
|
10/17 | 70x27=1,890 | 1,890+2,027=3,917 =150x26.11 |
|
10/22 | 65x26.11=1,697 | 85x26.11=2,220 (同 3,917-1,697) |
|
10/25 | 80x28=2,240 | 2,220+2,240=4,460 =165x27.03 |
|
10/29 | 120x27.03=3,244 | 45x27.03=1,216 (同 4,460-3,244) |
定期盤存制 ─ FIFO
永續盤存制 ─ FIFO
Date | Purchases | Sale | Balance |
---|---|---|---|
10/01 | 60×24=1,440 | ||
10/09 | 120x26=3,120 | 120x26=3,120 60×24=1,440 |
|
10/11 | 60x24=1,440 40x26=1,040 |
80x26=2,080 | |
10/17 | 70x27=1,890 | 70x27=1,890 80x26=2,080 |
|
10/22 | 65x26=1,690 | 70x27=1,890 15x26=390 |
|
10/25 | 80x28=2,240 | 80x28=2,240 70x27=1,890 15x26=390 |
|
10/29 | 35x28=980 70x27=1,890 15x26=390 |
45x28=1,260 |
→ 由此可得,永續的 FIFO 和定期的 FIFO 結果會一樣。
總結 / 比較:
若物價不斷上漲 → 進貨成本上揚(上面的 P6.5 即為此情況)
Average method | FIFO | |
---|---|---|
Ending inventory | 低 | 高 |
Cost of goods sold | 高 | 低 |
Gross profit | 低 | 高 |
2020, 12, 21, Monday
Step 1 - 計算成本 ← 期末存貨
個別辨認法 or 平均法 or FIFO
Step 2 - 決定 Net Realizable Value(NRV)
NRV 係指企業在正常營運情況下,出售存貨所能取得淨額
Step 3 - 比較成本及 NRV 選低
作為 Statement of Financial Position 的 Ending inventory
以課本 p.6-35 的 P6.8 為例:
Cost NVR 個別比較 分類比較 Cameras
Minolta
Canon
小計
$1,360,000
$900,000
$2,260,000
$1,248,000
$912,000
$2,160,000
$1,248,000
$900,000
.
$2,160,000Light meters
Vivitar
Kodak
小計
$1,500,000
$1,610,000
$3,110,000
$1,380,000
$1,890,000
$3,270,000
$1,380,000
$1,610,000
.
$3,110,000Total $5,370,000 $5,430,000 $5,138,000 $5,270,000
Adjusting:
$5,370,000 - $5,138,000 = $232,000
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Cost of goods sold
Allowance to reduce inventory to market
(備抵存貨跌價損失)$232,000
.
$232,000
.
Step 1 - 計算正常銷貨毛利率
使用過去資料(非本期)
Step 2 - 估計本期銷貨毛利
Step 3 - 估計本期 Cost of goods sold
Step 4 - 估計本期 Ending inventory
可將 Step 2 & Step 3 合併
以課本 p.6-41 的 P6.10 為例:
計算 3 月份 Ending inventory → 直接合併 Step 2 & Step 3
本期 gross profit
= 3 月 Net Sales ×(1 - 2 月份銷貨毛利率)
= 260,000 ×(1 - 40%) = 156,000
計算 3 月份火災損失
3 月 Begining inventory + 3 月 Net purchases + 3 月 Freight-In - 3 月估計 Cost of goods sold
= 25,200 + 191,000 + 4,000 - 156,000 = 64,200
3 月份火災損失 = 64,200 × 70% = 44,940
假設 Ending inventory 被低估
(在此假設只有本期被低估,次期的 Ending inventory 是正確的)
對 Income Statement 影響 | 對 Statement of Financial Position 影響 |
---|---|
本期: BI + P - EI↓ = CGS↑ Sales revenues - CGS↑ = Gross profit↓ Gross profit↓ - operating expenses + non-operation income - non-operating expenses = Net income↓ |
本期: Current asset 中的 Inventory(EI)↓ Retained earnings↓ |
下期: BI↓ + P - EI = CGS↓ Sales revenues - CGS↓ = Gross profit↑ Gross profit↑ - operating expenses + non-operation income - non-operating expenses = Net income↑ |
下期: Current asset 中的 Inventory(EI)正確 Retained earnings 不影響 |
以課本 p.6-36 的 E6.4 為例
2019 2020 Sales $2,100,000 $2,500,000 Cost of goods sold
Beginning inventory
Cost of goods purchases
320,000
1,730,000
500,000
2,040,000. Cost of goods available for sale
Ending inventory(440,000+60,000)2,050,000
500,0002,540,000
520,000. Cost of goods sold 1,550,000 2,020,000 Gross profit $550,000 $480,000
完善 Internal control 可以降低 Fraud 發生機率
(本節自己看)
2020, 12, 28, Monday
項目調整
a.
Keeds Company
Bank reconciliation
July 31, 2020Cash balance per bank statement
Add: Deposit in transit$7,690.8
1,193.3
Less: Outstanding checks8,884.1
1,860.1Adjusted cash balance per bank $7,024 Cash balance per books
Add: Electronic funds transfer received$6,140
1,520
Less: Bank service charge
Error in recording check No.2480
NSF7,660
$25
36
575 636Adjusted cash balance per books $7,024
b.
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 7/31
.Cash
Account receivable$1,520
.
$1,520
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 7/31
.Bank charge expense
Cash$25
.
$25
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit 7/31
.Account payable
Cash$36
.
$36
2020, 01, 11, Monday
項目 | Perpetual | Periodic |
---|---|---|
購貨貨物 | Inventory | Purchase |
購貨運費 | Inventory | Freight-in |
售貨運費 | Freight-out | Freight-out |
售貨成本 | Cost of goods sold Inventory |
╳ |
售貨退貨 | Inventory Cost of goods sold |
╳ |
購貨退貨 | Inventory | Pusrchase returns & allowances |
購貨折扣 | Inventory | Pusrchase discounts |