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電路學 直流電路 第二章 基本定理

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一、歐姆定理(Ohm’s Law)

(一)電阻

1、 具有均勻橫截面積 A 的任何材料的電阻取決於 A 及其長度 ℓ

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2、歐姆定律指出,電阻兩端的電壓 v 與流過電阻的電流 i 成正比。

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3、元件的電阻 R 表示其抵抗電流流動的能力; 它的單位是歐姆 (Ω)。

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(1)短路的電路電阻趨近於0
(2)斷路的電路電阻趨近於∞

4、電阻消耗功率

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(二)電導

1、電導是衡元件導電性能的指標電流,單位是歐姆(℧) or 西門子 (S)

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2、非線性電阻不遵守歐姆定理,則電路分析中一個有用的量是電阻 R 的倒數,稱為電導,用 G 表示:

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二、電路節點、分支及迴路

(一)定義

(1)節點:兩個或多個分支之間的連接點。

(2)分支:單個元件。(ex:電壓源 or 電阻器)

(3)迴路:電路中的閉合路徑。

(4)圖示範例(3節點、5分支):

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(5)圖示迴路(3迴路、b = l+n-1)

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(二)串聯、並聯判斷。

1、串聯:兩個或多個元件使用同一個節點(擁有相同的電流)

2、並聯:兩個或多個元件連結相同的兩個節點(擁有相同的電壓)

三、基爾霍夫電路定律(Kirchhoff’s Laws)

(一)基爾霍夫電流定理(Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL))

對任一節點或封閉面而言

  • 流入電流=流出電流
  • 所有流入之電流和為0
  • 所有流出之電流合為0

(二)基爾霍夫電壓定理(Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL))

  • 閉合路徑(或環路)周圍所有電壓和為零。
  • 電壓降總和 = 電壓上升總和

四、串聯電阻和分壓

(一)電阻

串聯電阻的等效電阻是各個電阻的總和。

(二)分壓

串聯電流相同,各元件電壓(V) = 電流(I) * 各元件之電阻®

五、並聯電阻和分流

(一)電阻

並聯電阻的等效電阻等於乘積它們的電阻除以它們的總和。

並聯電阻的等效電導等於各電導之總和。

(二)分流

並聯電壓相同,各元件電流(I) = 電壓(V) / 各元件之電阻®

六、電路轉換

Δ 化 Y

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