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    # 2017q3 Homework1 (phonebook) contributed by < `maskashura` > ## Perf 設定筆記 #### kernel.perf_event_paranoid權限設定: 在開始執行效能測試前,先注意一些設定權限是否打開: > kernel.perf_event_paranoid 是用來決定你在沒有 root 權限下 (Normal User) 使用 perf 時,你可以取得哪些 event data。預設值是 1 ,你可以輸入 > ==cat /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid== > > 一共有四種權限值: > > * 2 : 不允許任何量測。但部份用來查看或分析已存在的紀錄的指令仍可使用,如 perf ls、perf report、perf timechart、 perf trace。 > * 1 : 不允許 CPU events data。但可以使用 perf stat、perf record 並取得 Kernel profiling data。 > * 0 : 不允許 raw tracepoint access。但可以使用 perf stat、perf record 並取得 CPU events data。 > * -1: 權限全開。 將kernel.perf_event_paranoid權限設成1 ==sudo sh -c " echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid"== #### 取消kernel pointer 禁用: 如欲檢測 cache miss event ,需要先取消 kernel pointer 的禁用。 ==sudo sh -c " echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict"== #### perf stat指令說明: ==perf stat --repeat 5 -e cache-misses,cache-references,instructions,cycles ./filename== --repeat <n>或是-r <n> 可以重複執行 n 次該程序,並顯示每個 event 的變化區間。 cache-misses,cache-references和 instructions,cycles類似這種成對的 event,若同時出現 perf 會很貼心幫你計算比例。 #### perf top指令說明: 最後要觀察其他 event ( 預設 cycles ) 和指定取樣頻率 ( 預設每秒4000次 ) : ==perf top -e cache-misses -c 5000== * [perf 原理和實務 (共筆)](https://hackmd.io/s/B11109rdg) ---- ## GitHub設定 ### 綁訂機器的 SSH key 產生 SSH 登入用的金鑰,可以使用 ssh-keygen 這個指令。在建立金鑰之前,要先建立 ~/.ssh 這個目錄,並設定正確的權限: ==mkdir -p ~/.ssh== ==chmod 700 ~/.ssh== 然後以 ssh-keygen 產生金鑰: ==ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "your_email@example.com"== >Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa. >Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. 查看ssh key ==cat ~/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub== 將ssh key加入到 Github 網站,驗證有沒有綁定 ==ssh -T git@github.com== 會得到下列訊息表示成功 >Hi maskashura! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access. ### GitHub指令 #### 同步 將本機 repository 和遠端 Github repository 同步 ==git remote add origin git@github.com:your_account/your_repository.git git push -u origin master== 再輸入 ==git push== 或參考git指引: ```shell echo "# system.software2017" >> README.md git init git add README.md git commit -m "first commit" git remote add origin git@github.com:maskashura/system.software2017.git git push -u origin master ``` #### clone 將遠端的 repository 複製一份到本機: ==git clone git@github.com:Username/repository.git== 如果沒有寫入權限 (Collaborators) 的話,因為這個專案是公開的,所以你還是可以用 Git 通訊協定 clone 下來: ==git clone git://github.com/Username/repository.git== 若因遭逢防火牆問題 (如成功大學校園環境),請改用 HTTPS 通訊協定: ==git clone https://github.com/Username/repository.git== #### Pull 從遠端更新 ==git pull== 或 ==git pull origin master== #### Push ==git push== 或 ==git push origin master== 參考資料 [GitHub 設定指引](http://wiki.csie.ncku.edu.tw/github) [SSH 公開金鑰認證](https://blog.gtwang.org/linux/linux-ssh-public-key-authentication/) ---- ## 取得電腦環境 **OS使用Lubuntu 17.04 , 64位元版本** 取得cache大小, 輸入 ==lscpu== 可得: ```shell Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 42 Model name: Intel® Core™ i3-2350M CPU @ 2.30GHz Stepping: 7 CPU MHz: 799.890 CPU max MHz: 2300.0000 CPU min MHz: 800.0000 BogoMIPS: 4589.87 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 3072K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3 ``` ---- ## 實作驗證 由於不太熟悉整體效能測試流程,先參考了[0140454同學共筆](https://hackmd.io/EwMwhgDBDGBsYFoDsBGWAOBAWdSCsCAnCIQEYLAoRgAmApvHiAMylA==?view), 以其流程做修改測試 先記錄下修改前, 執行phonebook_orig結果 ==./phonebook_orig== ```shell size of entry : 136 bytes execution time of append() : 0.070063 sec execution time of findName() : 0.006372 sec ``` 再執行==make cache-test== make cache-test 內容: ```shell cache-test: $(EXEC) perf stat --repeat 100 -e cache-misses,cache-references,instructions,cycles ./phonebook_orig perf stat --repeat 100 -e cache-misses,cache-references,instructions,cycles ``` 執行 ==make cache-test== 後可得下列結果, 我們可看到 cache miss 高達91% ```shell Performance counter stats for './phonebook_orig' (100 runs): 2,040,979 cache-misses # 91.415 % of all cache refs ( +- 0.06% ) 2,232,662 cache-references ( +- 0.07% ) 261,727,331 instructions # 1.33 insn per cycle ( +- 0.02% ) 196,762,949 cycles ( +- 0.11% ) 0.088329791 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.26% ) ``` 執行 ==./phonebook_org ; sudo perf top -p $!== , 觀察程式中的效能瓶頸 *(利用"$!", 可取得前面執行的程序pid )* ```shell= Samples: 89 of event 'cycles', Event count (approx.): 43058077 Overhead Shared Object Symbol ◆ 26.59% phonebook_orig [.] findName ▒ 9.27% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014d719 ▒ 7.92% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014ecf8 ▒ 7.18% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014ed06 ▒ 6.04% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014ecfc ▒ 4.85% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014ecf4 ▒ 4.03% [kernel] [k] unmap_page_range ▒ 3.27% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014d756 ▒ 3.26% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014ecf0 ▒ 3.03% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014d6e5 ▒ 3.02% [kernel] [k] free_hot_cold_page ▒ 3.00% [kernel] [k] release_pages ▒ 2.12% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014d711 ▒ 2.02% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014d742 ▒ 2.02% [kernel] [k] free_pages_and_swap_cache ▒ 1.99% [kernel] [k] free_pcppages_bulk ▒ 1.86% phonebook_orig [.] append ▒ 1.30% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014d6f7 ▒ 1.06% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014ed0b ▒ 1.01% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014d74e ▒ 1.01% libc-2.24.so [.] 0x000000000014ed09 ``` 其中 findName 佔25% , 而 append 只佔1.8% ### 思考Cache miss * 詳細閱讀 [programming small](https://hackmd.io/KYFgbAJgHMCcwFoBGBGVCTCkhBDAZrAAx5gDGsusATEQKwgi5A==?view) 裡頭的電話簿程式,研究降低 cache miss 的方法 打開 phonebook_orig.h ,我們可看到PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY的結構 ```clike= #define MAX_LAST_NAME_SIZE 16 /* original version */ typedef struct __PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY { char lastName[MAX_LAST_NAME_SIZE]; char firstName[16]; char email[16]; char phone[10]; char cell[10]; char addr1[16]; char addr2[16]; char city[16]; char state[2]; char zip[5]; struct __PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY *pNext; } entry; ``` 而 phonebook.c 中則描述 findName() 及 append() ```clike= /* original version */ entry *findName(char lastName[], entry *pHead) { while (pHead != NULL) { if (strcasecmp(lastName, pHead->lastName) == 0) return pHead; pHead = pHead->pNext; } return NULL; } entry *append(char lastName[], entry *e) { /* allocate memory for the new entry and put lastName */ e->pNext = (entry *) malloc(sizeof(entry)); e = e->pNext; strcpy(e->lastName, lastName); e->pNext = NULL; return e; } ``` #### 1. 使用空間較小的 struct 以我的筆電為例L1 Cach 為 32KB = 32 * 1024 byte ,而 PhoneBook size = 136 bytes 以原先設計 ==32 * 1024 / (136*8) = 30.12 (大約只能存 30 筆左右)== 剛看到題目時很傻的要直接簡化structure大小(想針對phone,cell,zip...etc.,及一些固定內容的資料state & city 做簡化增加空間利用), 但題目再往下拉就發現走錯路了...且降低的cache miss少的可憐 故我採用[programming small](https://hackmd.io/KYFgbAJgHMCcwFoBGBGVCTCkhBDAZrAAx5gDGsusATEQKwgi5A==?view)中所說的,因為要求在於有沒有找到 last name , 而 struct 的其他資訊並無參考到,故我們可以先新增一個 struct 針對 last name , 再加上2指標 , 一指向擁有完整訊息的 struct "PHONE_BOOK_TOTAL" 另一指標為筆資料位址, 大小剛好是提示的==32byte, 2 * 1024 / (32 * 8) = 128 筆 , 可以降低cache miss== 新建struct "PHONEBOOK_LNAME" 並重新連結指標指向原 struct "PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY" ```clike= typedef struct __PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY { char lastName[MAX_LAST_NAME_SIZE]; struct __PHONE_BOOK_TOTAL *total_data; struct __PHONE_BOOK_ENTRY *pNext; } entry; ``` 執行 ==make clean; make run_opt== 檢視修改後結果 ```shell size of entry : 32 bytes execution time of append() : 0.053531 sec execution time of findName() : 0.003749 sec ``` 整理最佳化前後的時間比較如下: | | Orig | Opt | | -------------- | -------- | -------- | | size of entry | 128 byte | 36 byte | | append() | 0.070063 sec | 0.053531 sec | | findName() | 0.006372 sec |0.003749 sec | 再經過修改後空間較小的 struct , findName() 時間從0.0063降為0.0037sec , 而append() 由0.638降至0.055sec 執行 ==make plot== 產生效能比較圖如下所示 ![](https://i.imgur.com/pob2bte.png) 再來檢查 cache miss 是否有改善, 輸入==make cache-test== , 可以發現cache miss從原本的91.745%降到了62.092% ,提昇了29%的效能 ```shell Performance counter stats for './phonebook_orig' (100 runs): 2,001,838 cache-misses # 91.745 % of all cache refs ( +- 0.05% ) 2,181,958 cache-references ( +- 0.06% ) 262,277,307 instructions # 1.36 insn per cycle ( +- 0.02% ) 192,614,661 cycles ( +- 0.10% ) 0.087413542 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.29% ) Performance counter stats for './phonebook_opt' (100 runs): 346,679 cache-misses # 62.092 % of all cache refs ( +- 0.08% ) 558,328 cache-references ( +- 0.22% ) 243,357,563 instructions # 1.64 insn per cycle ( +- 0.02% ) 148,287,579 cycles ( +- 0.12% ) 0.068586419 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.34% ) ``` #### 2. 使用 hash function 改善查詢速度 由 phone_orig.c 中可發現原先的 search 是採循序分析一一比對去找到目標,其時間複雜度為$O_{(n)}$ , 在找大量資料時相當浪費時間,故我們改用HASH法, 找到和 phonebook 相關的 key並建立對應的 hash function 增進尋速度。 說到 phonebook 查詢 , 一般人都會採用字母先做篩選, 故我想先用字母做為 key value , 再用 linked list 去解決 collision 問題 在此有想到一個問題, 由於26個字母下 collision 的名字太多了, 有可能造成搜尋瓶頸, 不過目前想先把以字母為 key value 的搜尋完成再來探討有沒有更佳的 hash function. 在修改完程式並將三次測試結果圖示顯示後可以發現,加入字母為 key value 的 hash function 後==findname時間明顯下降 (0.0037->0.00002 sec)== , 大大降低了搜尋時間 ![](https://i.imgur.com/0nJ6xyr.png) #### 參考資料 1. [0140454同學共筆](https://hackmd.io/EwMwhgDBDGBsYFoDsBGWAOBAWdSCsCAnCIQEYLAoRgAmApvHiAMylA==?view) 2. [benson326同學共筆](https://hackmd.io/s/Hy2uUcEoZ) 3. [programming small](https://hackmd.io/KYFgbAJgHMCcwFoBGBGVCTCkhBDAZrAAx5gDGsusATEQKwgi5A==?view) 4. [雜湊表(wikipedia)](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/) 5. 圖解資料結構-使用c語言 作者:胡昭明

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