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--- title: SQL 3/4 進階SQL --- ## 進階 SQL ### 2020/3/24 <!-- https://dbdiagram.io/home 3.進階 SQL & SQL 查詢練習/挑戰 INNER JOIN UNION SELECT 畫diagram --> --- ## 課程上到這裡 ### 是不是覺得SQL好像也沒什麼特別的?(笑 NOTE:今天來說說SQL相對傷腦的、需要更像數學集合一樣思維的用法。 ---- ### 如果我今天想要... ##### 用A表內容更新B表.. ##### 刪掉C表內,有出現在D表的內容... NOTE:這種表表之間的複雜關係,讓SQL變得很好玩又很傷腦 --- ### INNER JOIN 把令一張表根據條件,加進來 ``` SELECT ... FROM <table_A> [WHERE <condition>] INNER JOIN <table> ON <condition> ``` NOTE: 這個範例可以讓查詢的結果,是兩個表根據條件合成的結果,因為是查詢,所以它只是顯示而已,並不是真的讓其中一張表變成你看到的樣子。當然更新之類的其他功能也可以用到INNER JOIN,而除了INNSER JOIN還有其他形式的JOIN。 ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/kpmdm8L.png) ---- ``` SELECT customers.Name, orders.Order_No FROM customers INNER JOIN orders ON customers.C_Id=orders.C_Id; ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/yGSskrL.png) 結論:符合條件的才顯示(O_Id對應不到使用者,所以沒顯示) --- ### LEFT JOIN ``` SELECT <col1>[, <col2>...] FROM <table 1> LEFT JOIN <table 2> ON <tableX>.<col?>=<tableY>.<col?>; ``` ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/hAD3SGS.png) ---- ``` SELECT customers.Name, orders.Order_No FROM customers LEFT JOIN orders ON customers.C_Id=orders.C_Id; ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/lQSjtth.png) 結論:列出所有左表的資料 (每個符合條件的都會列出一次,右表如果不符合的也列出,但是對應資料會空著) NOTE: 這邊可以注意到,因為不同表之間的欄位可以能會一樣,像是這個範例裡面,兩張表都有C_Id,所以會加上表的名稱,才有辦法知道你在指定哪一張表的C_Id。 --- ### RIGHT JOIN ``` SELECT col1[, col2] FROM <table1> RIGHT JOIN <table2> ON <tableX>.<col1>=<tableY>.<col2> ``` ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/csKoeYq.png) ---- ``` SELECT customers.Name, orders.Order_No FROM customers RIGHT JOIN orders ON customers.C_Id=orders.C_Id; ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/WYTvWyk.png) 結論:列出所有右表的資料 (每一筆都列出,對應不到的左表就空著,基本上和LEFT JOIN的差別只是左右表定義) NOTE: 可以注意到,範例的語法跟LEFT JOIN是一樣的,兩個差別在於RIGHT JOIN是保留右邊表的所有資料,然後把符合條件的從左放進來,沒有就空著;而LEFT JOIN是保留左邊表的所有資料,然後把符合條件的從右表放進來,沒有就空著 這邊要能理解,為什麼LEFT JOIN時,明明原本表只有3筆資料,最後顯示確有5筆,但RIGHT JOIN時,數量就跟原本表一樣,但是又說LEFT和RIGHT只是左右表定義相反而已。 因為LEFT的條件有多個符合,所以分別列出多個,但是RIGHT都是只有一個或是沒有符合,所以有剛好一樣 --- ### try try > 建立剛剛範例的表格,並且試試上面的各種JOIN方式 --- ### UNION ~~一個我根本沒有用過得功能 不對等等這好像是我注入時候有用過~~ 擷取表之間,列出指定欄位,不重複的值 ``` SELECT <col> FROM <table> UNION SELECT <col> FROM <table>; ``` ---- ### 概念上 ![](https://i.imgur.com/tfylXPA.png) NOTE: UNION 指令的目的是將兩個 SQL 語句的結果合併起來。從這個角度來看, UNION 跟 JOIN 有些許類似,因為這兩個指令都可以由多個表格中擷取資料。 UNION 的一個限制是兩個 SQL 語句所產生的欄位需要是同樣的資料種類。另外,當我們用 UNION 這個指令時,我們只會看到不同的資料值 (類似 SELECT DISTINCT)。 講到這裡,你們可能覺得台上那個在公鯊ㄒ... ---- #### 公鯊ㄒ... ![](https://i.imgur.com/ssNiZDk.png) 我們來看看範例 ---- table: ![](https://i.imgur.com/0jPz2nl.png) Query: ``` SELECT Txn_Date FROM Store_Information UNION SELECT Txn_Date FROM Internet_Sales; ``` NOTE:可以先想想看結果。 ---- result: ![](https://i.imgur.com/qgIP9HL.png) 結果:從兩張表,列出不重複的Date (皆為同類型資料) --- ### 更多condition ---- ### LIKE % ``` 1. WHERE `username` LIKE "Japari" =>"Japari" 2. WHERE `username` LIKE "Ja%" =>"Japari", "JapariPark", "Japan", "JaKaMi" ``` NOTE: SQL除了基本的= > < !=,在字串的比對上還多了很多特別的用法,而這些特別的用法通常都是用LIKE --- ### 大挑戰時間!:D https://www.hackerrank.com/domains/sql?filters%5B.%28%29%5D%5B%5D=select&filters%5Bsubdomains%5D%5B%5D=join <!-- https://www.hackerrank.com/challenges/african-cities/problem SELECT `CITY`.`name` FROM `CITY` INNER JOIN `COUNTRY` ON `CITY`.`CountryCode`=`COUNTRY`.`Code` AND `COUNTRY`.`CONTINENT` LIKE 'Africa' -->

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