Yiren Zhao
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    # 3. Marxism as Critical Knowledge of Everyday Life p138-175 by赵伊人(后半) **(3)对金钱的批判(核心主题:拜物教、经济异化)** ==财富观念澄清== * 小资产阶级的仇富&穷人的自我安慰 * 富人的说辞-拥有财富的正当化:“总是有富人,也总是有穷人。” * 对于富人批评的无用 * 马克思主义者:对于财富这个观念的澄清和修复 ==个人财富对社会财富的损害== * 财富是社会性的存在 * 资本主义个人产权的观念对财富社会性的损害 * 批判对象:广为传播的资本主义民主政治、财富是不重要是坏的、平等主义 ==对唯心主义/灵性论的批判== * 资本主义政治体制中人类存在和占有的关系 * 对无产阶级的唯心主义或灵性论倾向的批判 * 对蒲鲁东的平等主义、以及小资产阶级社会主义的批判 ==人与物的马克思主义式关系== * 马克思主义中人与物的关系,以爱为例 * 马克思主义对他人对社会关系的重视 * 对妥协的社会主义的批判 * 人的自由实现与世界作为人的未来而非限制 ==马克思主义辩证法的重要性== * 主体化和客体化的历史性思潮的问题 * 理论化构建的独特作用 * 辩证法的重要性 ==金钱对人类日常的异化== * 对占有概念的拓宽 * 一个暴发户的例子:他是否拥有了艺术、知识? * 金钱对人类日常的异化 * 资产阶级的自我剥削 * 金钱拜物教及对日常生活实践的掌控 **(4)对需求的批判(核心主题:心理的、道德的异化)** * 资产阶级的政治经济学的占有与需求的逻辑 * 无产阶级的基本需求的丧失 * 心理学家的“感知”以及“感知到的世界”的历史唯物主义 * 世界与人类的关系:日常生活实践的相互塑造 **(5)对工作的批判:工人和人类的异化** * 个体与社会复合体的动态关系:资本主义对其关系的遮蔽 * 私有产权下劳动的被异化了:社会性本质的丧失 * 异化中表象与真实的关系 **(6)对自由的批判(核心主题:人类对自然的权力以及对他自己天性的权力)** * 什么是自由?1793年宪法第六条和1791年人权宣言:自由就是在不伤害他人的情况下做任何事 * 马克思对这一自由观念的批判:在私有产权框架下具有私有意识的个体的权利、消极、对人际关系的否定 * 自由的马克思主义式定义:自由是逐步建基于人类的权力将人类自身作为目的进行发展的 * 自由是被逐步争取的,因此有自由的程度这一衡量。 * 其次,个体的自由建基于他的社会群体,只有自由的社会才能让个体充分实现他的潜能 * 第三,自由是复数的:政治自由、具体的个体自由;自由/权力/可能性具有解放性 * 对要么宿命论要么绝对自由这样的形而上学困境的批判 * 人类对神秘的必然性的崇拜 * 资本主义的日常生活哲学:人类需求的被贬低 * 人类需求能成为一种权力/自由/可能性/快乐 * 艺术的可能性 * 总结一下: * 1、人类和自然以理性的方式联合相互通知,而不是被一个不可见的神秘力量主导; * 2、日常生活或者说生活实践必须从现在这种由私有产权决定的境况中解放出来; * 3、通过投身于满足即时需求的活动,真实的自由,或者说建基于人类的权力将人类自身作为目的进行发展的自由场域会逐步壮大和开拓,在这种场域中,自由将必然性作为基础,但也能超越它。这个人类精神的自由场域,基于自由闲暇。就像马克思在资本论中所言:“工作时间的减少是基本的也是必须的。”

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