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--- type: slide --- # Python基礎教學 ### 蔡昕翰 --- # Python簡介 1. 簡單易學 2. 高生產力 3. 跨多領域 4. 高可讀性 5. 動態Typing 6. 直譯式 7. 跨平台 --- # 安裝conda ### 1. Miniconda 沒有太多預裝軟體,最小化安裝 ### 2. Anaconda 預裝很多東西,對科學計算可以輕易使用 --- # 什麼是conda 1. free & open source 2. 管理不同環境 3. 解決環境衝突 --- # 安裝Miniconda ### 1. 從官網 https://docs.conda.io/projects/miniconda/en/latest/ ### 2. 我的server (使用學校網路可以較快) --- # conda 指令介紹 ## 檢查python、conda版本 ```bash $ conda -V conda 23.1.0 $ python -V Python 3.10.6 ``` --- ## 查看conda環境 ```bash conda env list ``` --- ## conda建立新環境 ```bash conda create -n <env_name> python=<python_ver> ``` 例如 ```bash conda create -n py39 python=3.9 ``` --- ## 進入/退出conda虛擬環境 ```bash conda activate <env> # 進入環境 conda deactivate <env> # 退出環境 ``` 例如 ```bash $ python -V 'python' 不是內部或外部命令、可執行的程式或批次檔。 $ conda activate py39 (py39) $ python -V Python 3.9.13 (py39) $ conda deactivate $ python -V 'python' 不是內部或外部命令、可執行的程式或批次檔。 ``` --- ## python 互動模式 在終端機直接打python ```bash $ conda activate py39 (py39) $ python Python 3.9.13 (tags/v3.9.13:f377153, Jun 6 2022, 16:14:13) [MSC v.1929 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> print("hello, world") hello, world >>> exit() $ ``` --- ## python script - 產品用程式(production project)通常會寫成script - 需有IDE (vscode, PyCharm, vim, nano, 記事本...) ---- <br> <div style="text-align: left"> 例: </div> 1. 建立檔案 test.py 2. 在test.py內輸入: ```python= print("hello, world") ``` 3. 在終端機輸入: ```bash $ python test.py hello, world ``` --- ## jupyter notebook - 教學用、特定用途、科學及統計運算 - 嫌醜可用其他外殼包(vscode notebook mode, dataspell, ...) - 可遠端連線操作 --- ## 安裝jupyter ```bash (py39) $ pip install jupyter ``` 查看版本: ```bash (py39) $ jupyter --version Selected Jupyter core packages... IPython : 7.31.1 ipykernel : 6.19.2 ipywidgets : 7.6.5 jupyter_client : 7.3.4 jupyter_core : 5.1.1 jupyter_server : 1.23.4 jupyterlab : 3.5.2 nbclient : 0.5.13 nbconvert : 6.4.4 nbformat : 5.7.0 notebook : 6.5.2 qtconsole : 5.2.2 traitlets : 5.7.1 ``` --- ## 啟動jupyter notebook ```bash (py39) $ jupyter notebook ``` --- ## 在jupyter內建立新筆記本 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkbqYq_Rn.png) --- ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJENsqdA2.png) --- 自己改筆記本名字 --- # Python基礎語法 easyeee~ --- 所有東西都是物件 --- 變數、賦值 ```python= message = "Hello World" print(message) ``` --- 條件判斷 ```python= x = 5 if x > 0 : print("x是正數") ``` --- 函數定義 ```python= def sayHello(name): print("Hello " + name) sayHello("John") ``` --- for循環結構 ```python= for i in range(5): print(i) list1 = [1,2,3] for item in list1: print(item) ``` --- while 循環 ```python= i = 10 while i > 0: print(i) ``` ```python= i = 10 f = False while not f: if i == 0: f = True print(i) ``` --- ## python的型別 python的變數可以隨意改變型別 ```python= number = 1 # int print(number) number = "asdf" # str print(number) ``` 會印出 ```python= 1 asdf ``` --- 檢查型別 ```python= random_thing = 1.3 print(type(random_thing)) ``` 會印出 ``` <class 'float'> ``` --- 數據結構 ```python= myList = [1, 2, 3] # 列表 list myTuple = (1, 2, 3) # 元組 tuple myDict = {"name": "John", "age": 25} # 字典 dict mySet = {1, 2, 3} # 集合 set ``` --- 取值 ```python= myList = [1, 2, 3] # 列表 list myTuple = (1, 2, 3) # 元組 tuple myDict = {"name": "John", "age": 25} # 字典 dict mySet = {1, 2, 3} # 集合 set print(myList[0]) print(myTuple[1]) print(myDict["name"]) print(mySet[2]) ``` --- ## 轉換型別 只有同種的可以互換 ``` ex: list <--> tuple str <--> list int <--> float ``` ```python= a = "abcdefg" print(list(a)) print(tuple( list(a) )) b = 1 c = 2 print(float(b) + float(c)) ``` --- ## 笨電腦 ```python= print(0.1 + 0.2) ``` --- # 數據分析 --- ## 什麼是numpy? - Python的開源數值計算擴展程式庫 - 提供高效能的多維陣列與矩陣運算、數學函數等功能 - 機器學習和數據科學的基礎套件 --- ## numpy安裝 ```bash pip install numpy ``` *使用我的伺服器* ```bash pip install numpy --extra-index-url http://<my_ip> --trusted-host <my_ip> ``` --- ## numpy使用 首先需要匯入numpy模組,通常用np代稱 ```python import numpy as np ``` --- ## 建立ndarray ndarray為numpy的多維陣列物件 ```python array = np.array([1, 2, 3]) matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) ``` --- ## ndarray屬性 - ndarray.shape: 陣列維度 - ndarray.dtype: 陣列中的元素類型 ```python array.shape # (3,) matrix.shape # (2, 2) array.dtype # int64 ``` --- ## 新增維度 可以使用np.newaxis或None來新增維度 ```python= array_2d = array[np.newaxis, :] # [[1,2,3]] array_3d = array[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis] # [[[1]],[[2]],[[3]]] ``` --- ## 陣列運算 向量化運算,適用於整個陣列 ```python matrix + 2 matrix * matrix # 元素對應相乘 ``` --- ## 常用函數 - `np.linspace`: 創建線段陣列 - `np.mean`: 計算均值 - `np.sum`: 總和 - `np.min/max`: 最小值和最大值 等等 --- # pandas基本用法 --- ## 什麼是pandas pandas是基於numpy的Python數據分析庫,提供: - 高效的數據結構(Series、DataFrame) - 數據讀取/寫入工具 - 數據清理與處理方法 - 合併/連接數據集功能 --- ## 安裝pandas ```bash pip install pandas ``` *使用我的伺服器* ```bash pip install pandas --extra-index-url http://<my_ip> --trusted-host <my_ip> ``` --- ## 使用pandas 引入數據庫,通常會使用pd代稱 ```python import pandas as pd ``` --- ## Series 一維數據,可設置索引 ```python s = pd.Series([1,2,3], index=['a','b','c']) ``` --- ## DataFrame 二維數據,類似表格/excel ```python data = {'Name': ['John', 'Mary'], 'Age': [25, 27]} df = pd.DataFrame(data) ``` --- ## 讀取csv ```python df = pd.read_csv('data.csv') ``` --- ## 查看資料 - `df.head()`/`df.tail()` - `df.shape` - `df.dtypes` - `df.index`/`df.columns` - `df.values` - `df.describe()` 統計訊息 --- ## 數據選取 - `df[col]`: column - `df.loc[index]`: 行 - `df.iloc[index]`: 位置 --- ## 數據清理 - 刪除列: `del df[col]` - 填補NaN: `df.fillna()` - 去除重復的: `df.drop_duplicates()` --- # OpenCV-Python (cv2) 基本用法 --- ## 安裝OpenCV 使用pip裝: ``` pip install opencv-python ``` *使用我的伺服器* ```bash pip install opencv-python --extra-index-url http://<my_ip> --trusted-host <my_ip> ``` --- ## 什麼是OpenCV? OpenCV是開源的電腦視覺庫,提供許多影像處理和電腦視覺相關的功能。 最新版本是4.x,Python繫結是cv2。 ```python import cv2 ``` --- 為何是cv2不是cv? --- ## 讀取圖像 ```python img = cv2.imread('image.jpg') ``` 支援讀取JPG、PNG、TIFF等格式。 --- ## 顯示圖像 ```python cv2.imshow('Image', img) cv2.waitKey(0) # 按任意鍵繼續 ``` --- ## 寫入圖像 ```python cv2.imwrite('output.jpg', img) ``` --- ## 圖像資訊 - `img.shape` - 形狀 - `img.size` - 大小 - `img.dtype` - 數據類型 --- ## 圖像處理 - 色彩空間轉換:`cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)` - 縮放:`cv2.resize(img, (width, height))` - 裁剪:`img[y1:y2, x1:x2]` - 模糊:`cv2.blur(img, (5, 5))` --- # Matplotlib基本用法 --- 安裝: ```bash pip install matplotlib ``` *使用我的伺服器* ```bash pip install matplotlib --extra-index-url http://<my_ip> --trusted-host <my_ip> ``` --- ## 什麼是Matplotlib Matplotlib是Python的2D繪圖庫,廣泛用於繪製論文的數據圖表。 ```python import matplotlib.pyplot as plt ``` --- ## 繪製圖表 ### 線圖 ```python x = [1, 2, 3, 4] y = [2, 4, 6, 8] plt.plot(x, y) ``` ### 柱狀圖 ```python x = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'] y = [10, 30, 40, 20] plt.bar(x, y) ``` --- ## imshow顯示圖片 ```python img = cv2.imread('image.jpg') plt.imshow(img) ``` --- ## 圖標題、軸標籤 ```python plt.title('Title') plt.xlabel('X Label') plt.ylabel('Y Label') ``` --- ## 圖片範圍、刻度 ```python plt.xlim(0, 5) plt.ylim(0, 10) plt.xticks([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) plt.yticks([0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]) ``` --- ## 圖例、顯示 ```python plt.legend(['A', 'B']) plt.show() ``` --- ## 感謝 祝AI之路順遂

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