# A1
1. Kawin Feng 525253
2. Andreas Andreou 507675
# Q1
* What are the memory address ranges of both arrays?
Address of integers: 0x3046f86d0
Address of the doubles: 0x3046f76d0
* Do these memory address ranges overlap?
The memories do overlap
* Does the lifetime of the two arrays overlap? Why (not)?
The life time of the arrays do overlap because sum_ints is called inside of the function of mul_double
* How much memory does the program need to store the two arrays?
Size of the doubles: we need total of 8192 in bytes for the array of doubles
Size of the integers: we need total# of 4096 in bytes for the array of integers
# Q2
* What are the memory address ranges of both arrays?
Address of integers: 0x3095ff6a0
Address of the doubles: 0x3096006d0
* Do these memory address ranges overlap
No they do not overlap
* Does the lifetime of the two arrays overlap? Why (not)?
Yes they do overlap because double doubles[1024] = {sum_ints()}; so the sum_ints is called inside the doubles array
* How much memory does the program need to store the two arrays?
Size of the doubles: 8192
Size of the integers: 4096
# Q3
* Which warnings and / or errors does the compiler give when compiling this program?error: no newline at end of file
1.error: address of stack memory associated with local variable 'array' returned
2.error: no newline at end of file
* What do these warnings and / or errors mean?
The first one means that the memory of the array is not available for use because its already occupied
The second is that you can not return a vreiable from a void function
* Does this approach to create an array at runtime work? Why (not)?
The array is created in the program on run time but it doesnt work becasue its void and its not used in the main program function
# Q4:
include <stdio.h>
include <malloc.h>
int* allocate_memory(int count){

int skata=(int)malloc(count*sizeof(int));
if (skata==NULL){
return NULL;
}
return skata;
}

int main() {
int count;
unsigned long *p;
p=( unsigned long *)malloc(sizeof(unsigned long));
float *d[256];
d[256]=(float*)malloc(256*sizeof(float));
allocate_memory(count);
free(p);
free(d);
free(count);
return 0;
}
# Q5
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(){
char *x=(char*) malloc(0);
if(x==NULL)
{printf('Fail');}
else{printf('successful');}
free(x);
return 0;
}
* What does the call to malloc return?
A big number that means nothing
-25874136978
* What happens if you try to store data in the block of memory obtained by malloc (by storing a value at the address that was returned), and why does that happen?
The system may crush or contain nonsense thats because the memory was used previsule and the data do not get over writen but corrapt the stucture
* Is it possible to allocate a block of memory that has a negative size?
Its not possible to alocate a memory with negative size

# Q6
* How many int elements can be stored in the block of memory allocated by the create_array function?
As we know int have a size of 4 bytes so the amount of int veriables that can be stored are 24(size_t capacity)/4
* What happens when you perform an out-of-bounds access to an array that is stored in dynamically allocated memory?
It may crash the system,corrupt data or overwrite memory.Either way is not a good outcome and the prefered outcome is to crash the program because if not it may be hard to find out the error
* What are the problems in the program listed below, and how can they be fixed (Includethe fixed program into your logbook)
1. The malloc is not alocating enough memory to store 24 int(capacity) it can store 24 bytes
2. The for loop starts from 1 and not from 0 as it should so the last value of the array is out of bounce
3. Farthermore the malloc function returns null if it fails to alocate memory and because the program does not check for this a null pointer will crush the program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int * create_array(size_t capacity) {
int *ptr = (int*) malloc(capacity * sizeof(int));
return ptr;
}
int main(void) {
const size_t capacity = 24;
int *array = create_array(capacity);
if (array == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
return 1;
}
for (size_t i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
array[i] = 42;
}
for (size_t i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
printf("array[%zu] = %d\n", i, array[i]);
}
free(array);
return 0;
}
# Q7
The program listed below uses malloc to dynamically allocate arrays that can hold 2^10 ints,but it does not release this memory. Fix the program by calling free at the right place to releasethe allocated memory. Include the fixed program in your logbook, and describe the changes you
have made to fix it.

1 #include <stdio.h>
2 #include <stdlib.h>
3
4 int main(void) {
5 const int size = 1024 * 1024;
6 for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
7 int * ptr = (int*) malloc(sizeof(int[size]));
8 if (ptr != NULL) ptr[0] = 0;
9 free(ptr);
10}
11
12 puts("All done!");
13 }

# Q8
1. If we call free on a pointer that was not alocated by maloc the program may crash,have the wrong outcome or memory corruption
2. If we call free on a pointer that is NULL the function does complitly nothing because free is used to free memory thats alocated

# Q9
* Of the 1000(is 10000 is wrong in the document) calls to realloc, how often is the memory reallocated to another memory address?
The memory is alocated every time the loop is activated in this instance 10000 times and it alocates every time 1024 float numbers

# Q10
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>

int main(void) {
char *ptr = NULL; // the memory address of the array
size_t capacity = 20; // the initial capacity of the array
size_t count = 0; // the number of actual values stored in the array
ptr = (char*) malloc(capacity * sizeof(char)); // allocate memory

if (ptr == NULL) { // check if allocation worked
fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation failed\n");
return 1;

}

FILE *file = fopen("E.coli.txt", "r");
if (file == NULL) { // check if file was opened
fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file\n");
return 1;
}

int c = fgetc(file); // read next character from file
while (c != EOF) {
if (count == capacity) {
capacity = capacity * 2; // increase capacity
char *ptr1 = (char*) realloc(ptr, capacity*sizeof(char));

if (ptr1 == NULL) { // check if reallocation worked
fprintf(stderr, "Memory reallocation failed\n");
free(ptr);
return 1;
}
ptr = ptr1;
}

ptr[count++] = (char) c; // store current character
c = fgetc(file); // read next character from file
}

int freq = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
if (ptr[i] == 'g') {
freq++;}
}

assert(freq == 1176575);
free(ptr); // release the memory
printf("%d",freq);
return 0;
}