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    --- title: "語言與維度的限制" path: "語言與維度的限制" --- {%hackmd @RintarouTW/About %} (本文中皆以右手定則來描述轉動角度) # 語言與維度的限制 $\vec{C} = \vec{A}\times\vec{B}$,究竟是什麼造成了 $C_y = -A_x B_z + B_x A_z$? 缺乏幾何的純代數形式思考沒問題嗎? ## 形式化思考之優與劣 * 避免直覺盲點,排列組合探究所有可能,更高維度抽象化思考。 * 但缺少直覺,又如瞎子摸象,無趣而死記硬背,理解尚不能,又談何開創? * 現有純數學表達式本身也會造成盲點,例如 x, y, z 軸本身並無差別,何以繞 y 軸旋轉時正負相反?本來 $x\rightarrow y\rightarrow z\rightarrow x$ 為一完整循環(如下圖),正是現有的矩陣/方程式表達式限制了 x 與 z 的先後順序而錯置,誤導了 y 軸似有特別之處的假像與誤解。 <center> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/t0h9SDA.png"/> </center> ## 計算工具的極限 $1000!/998!$ 是普通電腦沒法直接算給你的,但人腦卻能繞開死算法輕鬆算出,差別正是思考。 ## 是思考還是計算? 計算只是思考的一部分,而不該是思考的大部分,在觀察、歸納、推論、驗證,探明每一步思考的邏輯與原由,才更應該是數學的本質,其實不只數學如此,所有科學也都如此。 另外,能夠證明是對的,並不等於知道為什麼是對的。 就像球丟上去人人皆知會落下來,也能用實驗證明是對的,但不代表人人都知道為什麼球丟上去會落下來。 # 維度 (Dimension) 想要了解維度究竟是什麼,最好的方法莫過於從根本理解二項式定理。 ## Pascal 三角與二項式定理(Binomial Theorem) $\begin{aligned}(x + 1)^2 &= {\color{red}{(x + 1)}} \times {\color{blue}{(x + 1)}}\\ &= {\color{red}{(x + 1)}}\times {\color{blue}{x}} + {\color{red}{(x + 1)}}\times {\color{blue}{1}}\\ &= {\color{red}{(x + 1)}}\times {\color{blue}{x}} + {\color{red}{(x + 1)}}\\ &= {\color{red}{(x + 1)\times x + (x + 1)}} \end{aligned}$ $\begin{aligned} (x + 1)^3 &= (x + 1)^2\times {\color{blue}{(x + 1)}}\\ &= [{\color{red}{(x + 1)\times x + (x + 1)}}] \times {\color{blue}{(x + 1)}} \\ &= [{\color{red}{(x + 1)\times x + (x + 1)}}]\times {\color{blue}{x}} + [{\color{red}{(x + 1)\times x + (x + 1)}}]\times \color{blue}{1}\\ &= [{\color{red}{(x + 1)\times x + (x + 1)}}]\times {\color{blue}{x}} + [{\color{red}{(x + 1)\times x + (x + 1)}}] \end{aligned}$ 依此類推觀察規律,不難發現, $$ \begin{aligned} (x+1)^n &= (x+1)^{n-1}(x+1)\\ &= (x+1)^{n-1}\times x + (x+1)^{n-1} \times 1\\ \end{aligned} $$ $$ \begin{aligned} (x+1)^n = S_n &= S_{n-1}\times x + S_{n-1}\times 1\\ &= S_{n-1}\times x + S_{n-1}\\ \end{aligned} $$ $$ 令\ S_{n} = a_{n}x^{n}+...+a_1x^1+a_0x^0\\[3ex] \begin{aligned}S_{n+1} &= & x\times(a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+...+a_1x^1+a_0x^0) & \\ &+ & (a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+...+a_1x^1+a_0x^0) & \\ \hline &= &a_nx^{n+1}+ (a_{n-1}x^{n}+a_{n-2}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_0x^1) & \\ &+ &(a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1x^1) & + a_0x^0&\end{aligned}\\ = a_nx^{n+1}+(a_n+a_{n-1})x^n+(a_{n-1}+a_{n-2})x^{n-1}+...+(a_1+a_0)x^1+a_0x^0 $$ 可以注意到,n + 1 次可以用 n 次的結果進位後再加本身的概念推導出來,例如: $(x+1)^2 = x^2 + 2x + 1^2$ $$ \begin{aligned} (x+1)^3 &= & x & \times & ( & x^2 + 2x + 1^2)\\ &+ & & & ( & x^2 + 2x + 1^2)\\ \hline & & & & x^3 + 2 & x^2 + x \\ & & & & & x^2 + 2x + 1^2 \\ \hline &= & & & x^3 + 3 & x^2 + 3x + 1^2 \end{aligned} $$ $$ 再簡化如下規律\\ \begin{aligned} & & & 1 1\\ & + & 1 & 1\\ \hline & & 1 & 2 1\\ & + & 1 2 & 1\\ \hline & & 1 3 & 3 1\\ & + & 1 3 3 & 1\\ \hline & & 1 4 6 & 4 1\\ &&\vdots\\ &&(依此類推) \end{aligned} $$ 數學裡其實有不少東西一開始根本沒人在意,然而卻有許多偉大的數學都是從這看似不起眼的嘗試、整理、歸納中推演而出的。 關於二項式,其實還有許多特性,牛頓整理過、Euler 亦然,連 $$ e = 1 + \frac{1}{1!} + \frac{1}{2!} + \frac{1}{3!} + \cdots$$ 也與此脫不了關係,光是[研究二項式](/ptUX-95qQsa00Iv8CWNw_A)其實可以學到排列 (permutation) 和組合 (combination),從排列的結果可知為什麼二項式的係數合為 $2^n$,從「組合」的過程也可了解為什麼係數是對稱的,而從 n 次方又更能理解為什麼微分裡 $$ \lim\limits_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{(x+\Delta x)^n - x^n}{\Delta x} = nx^{n-1} $$ 但我們的數學教育只在意計算,而非觀察、歸納、推演,實在是讓人有如入寶山空手而回,捨本逐末之嘆。 # 錯覺 ## 上下、左右、前後 你的上下是地球另一端人的「下上」,你的前後左右是正面對你的人的「後前右左」。 ## 鏡像 鏡像並沒有左右巔倒,光並不會區分你的上下左右。 ## 不同維度中的比例數字 * $100^3 = 1,000,000$ * $1,000^2 = 1,000,000$ * $1,000,000^1 = 1,000,000$ ## 數字單位造成的假像 * 西方習慣, $10^3$ 為一組,(個、十、百),(千、十千,百千),(million, 10 million, 100 million),(billion, 10billion, 100billion) etc... * 東方習慣, $10^4$ 為一組,(個、十、百、千)(萬,十萬,百萬,千萬)(億,十億,百億,千億)(兆,十兆,百兆,千兆)etc... * 公制:米($10^0m$),毫米($10^{-3}m/mm$),微米($10^{-6}m/\mu m$),奈米($10^{-9}m/nm$),皮米($10^{-12}m/pm$),飛米($10^{-12}m/fm$),阿米($10^{-15}m/am$),介米($10^{-18}m/zm$),攸米($10^{-21}m$/ym) * 人類技術從毫米到奈米只走了 $10^{-6}$,奈米之下果然如費曼所言 $-$ *There’s plenty of room at the bottom.* * 大陽是地球百萬倍大,究竟是多大?其實長寬高各為 100 倍,體積就是百萬倍,也就是說假設地球直徑為 1 公分,太陽直徑則約為 1 公尺,有了正確的幾何比例概念,才不容易被動輒百萬倍數字迷惑。 # 極限 ($x = 0$ 與 $x\rightarrow0$) * 無限多個 0 還是 0 * $x\rightarrow0$ 卻不是 0,有與無之間又有些什麼? * $0 \rightarrow 1$ 之間足以對應 $1 \rightarrow \infty$ * $\lim\limits_{\theta\to 0}sin\theta=0$ * $\lim\limits_{\theta\to 0}cos\theta=1$ * $\lim\limits_{\theta\to 0}\frac{sin\theta}{\theta}=1$ 半弦長與半弧長近乎相等 * $\lim\limits_{\theta\to 0}\frac{cos\theta-1}{\theta}=0$ ###### tags: `math`

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