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    --- tags: 知識管理, 107-2 --- # 108/03/13 -- 3 :::info Knowledge workers, KM team, and knowledge management leaders ::: ## case 分析 -- NASA:挑戰者號的失敗 > 環境:一個零件沒有閉合完整,雖然工程師及早發現,卻沒有及早進入決策層的考慮圈 `原本策略` faster, better, cheaper ***[p10-12]*** * advantage: 知識重複使用、more iterations、faster failure、no big blowups、better focus because shorter time、opportunity for new management * disadvantage: innovation程度不高、太多project同時進行(無法完整檢討及學習)、員工workload增加、mistake發生機率變高 => 過去的成功無法複製,組織學習出現問題 `成功經驗` success of mars pathfinder - 為什麼成功:有經驗的人帶領一群熱血學習力強的新人 - 為什麼沒有傳承下來:NASA projects的問題 ***[p27-29]*** 1. Project cycle重疊 2. 經費cut, NASA害怕冒險、疲於奔命, 所以不敢創新 3. 大量招募新人 #### 一、Holm’s challenges、目標、策略 ***[p33-p45]*** > NASA的CKO認為創新需具備以下兩個條件:share and learning 讓科學家們可以互相分享知識以及組織學習(增加員工知識),因為創新常常是知識的recombination * Holm’s options 1. For IT approach:how many % of critical knowledge can transferred through IT 2. For Organizational change approach:內隱知識、產生新的知識 ## 知識工作者與知識密集產業 #### ㄧ、知識工作者的定義 ***[p49-52]*** * Manual worker:製造業的好品質可以高度control,要求一致性 * knowledge worker特性 * 工作難界定,產出也難界定,但其生產力卻又影響重大 * 強調創新,而創新不適合高度control,高一致性會壓制創新,品質反而下降,所以不適合泰勒的管理方法 * 很難按件計酬,只能按照品質(no measurement) * 要鼓勵continuous innovation 用新的方法來完成 * 知識是intangible,員工身上的知識是portable,跳槽就不見了 * 其實很多知識工作者是在提供服務,例如IBM轉型為顧問公司 ##### (A) Frenkel, et al, 1995 1. Predominant form of knowledge used * contextual knowledge:工作時累積的經驗 * theoratical knowledge:需使用到的技術,如:數理邏輯、合作能力、操作能力,像是醫生開刀 1. Type of skills used * ntellective skills * Social skills * Action-based skills 1. Creativity #### (B) Drucker, 1999 ***[看第11份ppt有中文定義!!!]*** >對於知識工作者的定義,兩個學者都強調創造性creativity #### 二、怎麼衡量知識工作者的產出 ***[p55-56]*** * 衡量產出的挑戰,Drucker, 1999 ***[p55]*** * Task of K work is uncertain * Knowledge worker as capital asset(higher bargaining power of K worker) * technologists Combination of manual work and K work,例如外科醫生的技術 * Knowledge work as a system * 六個因素決定產出,Drucker, 1999 ***[p51]*** 1. Understanding how to perform a specific task (what is the task??) 1. Worker carrying responsibilities for their productivity (autonomy) 1. Continuous innovation as part of their task 1. Engaging in continuous learning and teaching 1. Focusing on quality output (in stead of quantity): opaque 1. Firms treating knowledge worker as “asset” as opposed to a “cost” * 提升產出的相關議題,Davenprot, Thomas, & Cantrell, 2002 ***[p56]*** * K-worker表現的決定因素正在變得清晰。 如何整合它們仍然是模糊的。 (organizational, technological, physical space) * 許多組織都反對把知識工作者進行細分 * No one seems to own the problem of K-worker performance * 許多公司嘗試重新設計工作場所,但並未有太多成果 * 越高層越不願意改變其知識工作 * 讓知識工作者生產力增加 * 提供員工舒服的環境去工作 * Segmenting Work environment(one standard work setting vs. work setting tailored to K work) * 是否要求制式化的工作(組織允許員工自己選擇工作環境的程度) * 知識工作者的管理相對困難: * cat herding * 專業強,所以不能用規定強制,需要用說服,所以管理較困難 * 在hire員工的時候要非常嚴謹,確保hire進來的員工是最厲害的,hire進來後就不要管他。 * low capital intensity * 進入門檻低,因為最大的資產是人,但人的產出很不固定,所以也是很大的挑戰 #### 三、知識密集產業 ***[p58-60]*** ***[看第11份ppt有中文定義!!!]*** * Knowledge processes in K-intensive firms 1. Intellectual capital and innovation(K asset、K creation) 2. Social capital(分類看p59的圖) 3. The willingness of K workers to participate in K processes * 指公司的產品和服務依賴很多複雜的知識,以及大部分的員工個人具有很多的知識,例如醫院,其中醫師是professional workforce,具有高度專業 通常需要考證照,並且需依據法規 * knowledge如果embedded在process上,並不能算knowledge-intensive firm * 晶圓代工:knowledge intensive高、capital intensity高 * 晶圓設計:knowledge intensive高、capital intensity低 >服務客戶的知識工作者需要具備social capital,能夠提供客戶多元化的資訊 > K asset具有四個特性: valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable #### 四、CKO角色 ***[p63~]*** ***[看第11份ppt有中文定義!!!]*** * CKO要做什麼事情: **[p63]*** 1. developer: 發展組織的KM策略 2. articular: 將KM概念銷售給公司及其他管理者 3. designer: 跟各部門因應供貼合公司的system及process 4. sponsor: 提倡知識分享與交換的事件、同時開啟技術及社交上的投資 5. change agent: 促進變革者 * 好的CKO需同時扮演以下兩個角色 **[p71]*** 1. managing * 有明確指標和目的,利用公司給的權力 * 營造對的環境,包含組織文化,讓員工樂於分享和學習,同時包含激勵方式(分享是有意義及有好處的),讓知識工作者可以分享知識和組織學習 * 本身需具備技術能力 1. leading * 利用影響力去帶領大家 * 本身需創業改革的能力 才能使用KM這樣的工具,讓公司變型 * 需了解公司的商業模型 兼具專業和溝通能力 才能做為consulting faijod >在組織的experience不能太少:必須深入熟悉組織重要的business 必須有可見的成果,受上層信任,受下層信賴,在組織中有一定份量,才能服眾

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