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    --- title: 量子電腦簡介 --- ###### tags: `量子電腦` ## 量子電腦是什麼? 量子電腦是一種基於量子力學的計算設備。 * **量子力學 ( QuantumMechanics ) :** 描述在極小尺度下物體 ( 如原子、電子等 ) 的行為。根據量子力學,對於此類微小東西,或是超導等極低溫冷卻的物質,會發生一些不可思議的現象。 * **量子計算 ( QuantumComputing ) :** 積極利用量子力學特有的物理狀態打造的電腦,即是量子電腦,使用它執行運算可以對於某些問題的解決速度更優於傳統計算。 >**量子現象** >1. 量子疊加態 ( Superposition ) :量子系統可以同時存在0和1兩種狀態。 >2. 量子糾纏 ( Entanglement ) :鬼魅一般的遠距作用。 >3. 量子干涉 ( Quantum Interference ) :量子的交互作用就像波動一樣。 > --- ### 量子電腦的發展背景 ![](https://i.imgur.com/4cMJo62.jpg) --- #### 第一次量子革命 * 1900年 普朗克試圖解決黑體輻射問題 * 1924年 波恩創造量子力學的名詞 * 1925年 海森堡發表矩陣力學 * 1926年 薛丁格發表波動力學;波恩提出波函數的概念 * 1927年 海森堡發表測不準原理 ==電晶體== ==積體電路== ==雷射== ==磁共振影像== ==核能發電== --- #### 第二次量子革命 * 1980年 貝尼奧夫提出量子圖靈機 * 1982年 費曼提出可逆計算的量子電腦模型 ==量子電腦== ==量子資訊(量子計算、量子演算法、量子通訊)== ==量子通訊(加密、快速)== ==量子感測(高精確度、高解析度)== ==量子模擬(用於新藥品或材料開發)== ==量子人工智慧== ==量子金融(投資組合管理、風險評估與管理)== --- ### 量子摩爾定律 * 舍爾科夫定律 ( Schoelkopf law ) :大約每三年,量子退相干可以延遲10倍。 * 尼文定律 ( Neven's Law ) :量子計算機以雙指數速率獲得計算能力。 $\displaystyle 2^{2^2}、2^{2^3}、2^{2^4}...$ --- ### 量子電腦的種類 * 通用量子電腦:smile::能以足夠的精度從任意的量子態變換到期望的任意量子態之電腦。能進行通用量子計算,高量子位元,具有容錯能力。 e.g.容錯量子電腦 :::info :pushpin:容錯 ( fault tolerance ):當量子位元的數量變多、想進行的變換更複雜,雜訊的影響也會變大,需要具備更正計算過程中的錯誤之能力。具備容錯能力的量子電腦稱為**容錯量子電腦**。 ::: * 非通用量子電腦:expressionless::能做到部分量子計算,顯示出相較於古典電腦的優勢。 e.g.NISQ ( Noise Intermediate-Scale Quantum ) * 非古典電腦:disappointed::使用量子力學特有的物理狀態進行計算,尚未顯示出相較於古典電腦的優勢。 e.g.量子退火機 ##### 量子計算模型種類 * 通用型 ( universal ): * 能描述所有量子計算,如量子電路模型。 * 其他:測量型量子計算、絕熱量子計算 ( adiabatic quantum computation ) 、拓樸量子計算等。 * 特化型 * 能描述特定計算,如量子退火計算模型。 * 量子退火是以計算Ising model的基態為目的來特化的計算模型,能映射至Ising model來解決問題。 >東京工業大學與麻省理工學院提出的理論,稱為量子退火、絕熱量子計算模型。 >2011年,加拿大企業D-wave Systems將其商品化。 --- ### 范紐曼架構 ( von Neumann architecture ) 基本架構為"CPU中央處理器+記憶體",有內儲程式的方式,並由CPU、記憶體、匯流排所構成。 量子電腦被定位為**非范紐曼架構電腦** ( non-von Neumann architecture ),但相較於GPU、FPGA、TPU ( tensor processing unit, 張量處理器 ) 等歸類在古典計算,使用量子性的量子計算有著本質上的差異。 >非范紐曼架構電腦:為了解決既定問題特化進行設計的電腦,以便更加高速且低耗電。 >* 特化用於大量矩陣運算的晶片、特化用於機器學習某項處理的晶片。 >* e.g.仿神經網路所構成的神經型態晶片 ( neuromorphic chip )、使用GPU ( graphics processing unit, 圖形處理器 ) 進行高速化、使用FPGA ( field programmable gate array, 場域可程式閘陣列 ) 等系統。 --- ### 量子電腦適合解決的問題 * 古典電腦不擅長的問題:尚未找到多項式時間解法的問題。 可在多項式時間內解決的問題 ( 問題的輸入數量為$N$ ): >可以使用$N^k$ ( $k$ 為整數 ) 的多項式推估計算次數。 >從輸入的數字中求得最大值:$N$次 >求得輸入數字之總和:$N$次 >從輸入數字中,選出餘數最大的一對數字:約$N^2$次 尚未找到多項式時間解法的問題 ( 問題的輸入數量為$N$ ): >需使用$k^N$ ( $k$ 為整數 ) 的指數函數推估計算次數。 >對於輸入的數字,求得最接近乘積為40的組合:$2^N$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/60reFWr.png =500x300) * 量子電腦擅長解決的問題:古典電腦不擅長的問題。 >組合最佳化問題 >質因數分解、密碼破解 >量子化學計算 >機器學習的學習 >複雜物理現象的模擬 量子計算對於古典計算有著**上位相容性** ( upper compatibility ) ,能夠被古典電腦解決的問題,全部都能用量子電腦解決。 :::info :pushpin: 並非古典電腦不擅長的問題全都能用量子電腦輕易解決。 ::: ---

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