tags: FRC

Introduction to Kinematics and The Chassis Speeds Class

What is kinematics？

The brand new kinematics suite contains classes for differential drive, swerve drive, and mecanum drive kinematics and odometry. The kinematics classes help convert between a universal ChassisSpeeds object, containing linear and angular velocities for a robot to usable speeds for each individual type of drivetrain i.e. left and right wheel speeds for a differential drive, four wheel speeds for a mecanum drive, or individual module states （speed and angle） for a swerve drive.

What is odometry？

Odometry involves using sensors on the robot to create an estimate of the position of the robot on the field. In FRC, these sensors are typically several encoders （the exact number depends on the drive type) and a gyroscope to measure robot angle. The odometry classes utilize the kinematics classes along with periodic user inputs about speeds （and angles in the case of swerve） to create an estimate of the robot’s location on the field.

The Chassis Speeds Class

The ChassisSpeeds object is essential to the new WPILib kinematics and odometry suite.
The ChassisSpeeds object represents the speeds of a robot chassis.
This struct has three components：

• vx： The velocity of the robot in the x（forward）direction.
• vy： The velocity of the robot in the y（sideways）direction.
  ➨（Positive values mean the robot is moving to the left）
• omega： The angular velocity of the robot in radians per second.（degrees per second）

Note：

A non-holonomic drivetrain （i.e. a drivetrain that cannot move sideways, ex： a differential drive） will have a vy component of zero because of its inability to move sideways.

Constructing a ChassisSpeeds object

The constructor for the ChassisSpeeds object is very straightforward, accepting three arguments for vx, vy, and omega. In Java, vx and vy must be in meters per second. In C++, the units library may be used to provide a linear velocity using any linear velocity unit.

API

Constructor：

  ChassisSpeeds(
    double vxMetersPerSecond,
    double vyMetersPerSecond, 
    double omegaRadiansPerSecond
  )

Description：

  Constructs a ChassisSpeeds object.

JAVA

// The robot is moving at： 
// 3 meters per second forward,
// 2 meters per second to the right,
// rotating at half a rotation persecond counterclockwise.
var speeds = new ChassisSpeeds(3.0, -2.0, Math.PI);

C++

// The robot is moving at：
// 3 meters per second forward,
// 2 meters per second to the right,
// rotating at half a rotation per second counterclockwise.
frc::ChassisSpeeds speeds{
  3.0_mps, -2.0_mps, units::radians_per_second_t(wpi::math::pi)
};

Creating a ChassisSpeeds Object from Field-Relative Speeds

A ChassisSpeeds object can also be created from a set of field-relative speeds when the robot angle is given. This converts a set of desired velocities relative to the field （for example, toward the opposite alliance station and toward the right field boundary） to a ChassisSpeeds object which represents speeds that are relative to the robot frame. This is useful for implementing field-oriented controls for a swerve or mecanum drive robot.

The static ChassisSpeeds.fromFieldRelativeSpeeds （Java） / ChassisSpeeds::FromFieldRelativeSpeeds （C++） method can be used to generate the ChassisSpeeds object from field-relative speeds. This method accepts the vx （relative to the field）, vy （relative to the field）, omega, and the robot angle.

API

Modifier and Type：

  static ChassisSpeeds

Method：

  fromFieldRelativeSpeeds( 
    double vxMetersPerSecond,
    double vyMetersPerSecond,
    double omegaRadiansPerSecond,
    Rotation2d robotAngle
  )

Description：

  Converts a user provided field-relative set of speeds
  into a robot-relative ChassisSpeeds object.

JAVA

// The desired field relative speed here is 2 meters per second
// toward the opponent's alliance station wall
// , and 2 meters per second toward the left field boundary. 
// The desired rotation is a quarter of a rotation
// per second counterclockwise.
// The current robot angle is 45 degrees.
ChassisSpeeds speeds = ChassisSpeeds.fromFieldRelativeSpeeds(
  2.0, 2.0, Math.PI / 2.0, Rotation2d.fromDegrees(45.0)
);

C++

// The desired field relative speed here is 2 meters per second
// toward the opponent's alliance station wall, and 2 meters per
// second toward the left field boundary. The desired rotation
// is a quarter of a rotation per second counterclockwise. The current
// robot angle is 45 degrees.
frc::ChassisSpeeds speeds = frc::ChassisSpeeds::FromFieldRelativeSpeeds(
  2_mps, 2_mps,
  units::radians_per_second_t(wpi::math::pi / 2.0),
  Rotation2d(45_deg)
);

Original link and Reference website

• FRC Official - Introduction to Kinematics and The Chassis Speeds Class
• API - Rotation2d
• API - ChassisSpeeds