線段樹(1)
Introduction to Competitive Programming
2/17
線段樹是用來處理區間問題的一種資料結構
這堂課先講單點加值和區間查詢
區間加值下堂課會講
結構
線段樹的結構大概會長這樣:
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我們會用陣列表示一顆線段樹
假設總共有\(n\)個數字
我們會用開以\(4n\)為長度的陣列
樹高為\(logn\)
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當前節點的index為\(i\)
左子節點為\(2i\)
右子節點為\(2i+1\)
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當前節點\(i\)有區間\([l,r]\)
定義\(mid=(l+r)/2\)
左節點的區間為\([l,mid]\)
右節點的區間為\([mid+1,r]\)
以下我們用這題來講解線段樹
給一個長度為\(n\)的陣列\(a\),有\(q\)個操作,分為以下2種:
- \(1\) \(l\) \(r\) 詢問\([l,r]\)區間的最大值
- \(2\) \(x\) \(v\) 把\(a_x\)設為\(v\)
\(1 \le n,q \le 2*10^5\)
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假設當前陣列是a = [ 1, 5, 16, 7, 11, 4, 43, 15, 3]
當前節點\(i\)有區間\([l,r]\)
代表的是區間\([l,r]\)內的最大值
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第\(5\)個節點表示區間\([3,4]\)的最大值為\(11\)
第\(3\)個節點表示區間\([5,8]\)的最大值為\(43\)
建樹
可以發現葉節點的區間長度皆為1,以區間長度等於1為結束遞迴的條件
#define cl(x) (x<<1)
#define cr(x) (x<<1)+1
void build(int id,int l,int r){
if(l==r){
seg[id]=arr[l];
return ;
}
int mid=(l+r)>>1;
build(cl(id),l,mid);
build(cr(id),mid+1,r);
pull(id);
}
pull()為更新答案的函式
對於不同的答案他會長的些微不一樣
以區間求最大值而言:
void pull(int id){
seg[id]=max(seg[cl(id)],seg[cr(id)]);
}
區間查詢
給你一個區間\([sl,sr]\),你要如何快速找到這區間內的最大值
可以分成三種case去做:
- 當前區間\([l,r]\)在\([sl,sr]\)裏面,可以直接回傳這個區間的答案
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上圖\([l,r]\)在\([sl,sr]\)裏面,直接回傳\(75\)
- 左邊區間有跟\([sl,sr]\)交集到,有就往左遞迴
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上面兩種case的左區間都有跟\([sl,sr]\)交集到,要往左遞迴
- 右邊區間有跟\([sl,sr]\)交集到,有就往右遞迴
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上面兩種case的右區間都有跟\([sl,sr]\)交集到,要往右遞迴
注意第2和第3的case是獨立的,以下情況2,3都會成立,左右兩邊都要遞迴:
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查詢\([2,7]\)這個區間的最大值
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[0,8]左右兩個子區間都有跟[2,7]交集到
先往左遞迴
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[0,4]左右兩個子區間都有跟[2,7]交集到
先往左遞迴
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[0,2]只有右邊子區間有跟[2,7]交集到
往右遞迴
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找到[2,2],[2,2]這個區間在[2,7]內,回傳這個區間的最大值
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回到[0,4],因為右區間[3,4]有跟[2,7]交集到,往右遞迴
找到[3,4]這個區間在[2,7]內,回傳這個區間的最大值
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回到[0,8],因為右區間[5,8]有跟[2,7]交集到,往右遞迴
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[5,8]左右兩個子區間都有跟[2,7]交集到,先往左遞迴
然後找到[5,6]在[2,7]這個區間內,回傳這個區間的最大值
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回到[5,8],因為右區間[7,8]有跟[2,7]交集到,往右遞迴
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[7,8],因為左區間[7,7]有跟[2,7]交集到,往左遞迴
因為[7,7]在[2,7]內,回傳這個區間的答案
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總共有[2,2],[3,4],[5,6],[7,7]這些區間
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實作查詢:
int query(int id,int l,int r,int sl,int sr){
if(sl<=l&&r<=sr){//目前這個區間在查詢區間內
return seg[id];
}
int mid=(l+r)>>1,res=0;
if(sl<=mid){//左區間跟查詢區間有交集
res=max(res,query(cl(id),l,mid,sl,sr));
}
if(mid<sr){//右區間跟查詢區間有交集
res=max(res,query(cr(id),mid+1,r,sl,sr));
}
return res;
}
複雜度:\(O(logn)\)
單點修改
以剛剛那顆線段樹舉例
我們要修改區間[1,1]的值把5變成17
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首先先從跟節點遞迴找到[1,1]區間的節點
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更改這個節點的值
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由下往上更新經過的點的最大值
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由下往上更新經過的點的最大值
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由下往上更新經過的點的最大值
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由下往上更新經過的點的最大值
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更新完畢
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實作單點更新
void update(int id,int l,int r,int x,int v){
if(l==r){//這時候l和r會等於x
seg[id]=v;
return ;
}
int mid=(l+r)>>1;
if(x<=mid){
update(cl(id),l,mid,x,v);
}
if(mid<x){
update(cr(id),mid+1,r,x,v);
}
pull(id);
}
複雜度\(O(logn)\)
線段樹完整程式碼:
#define cl(x) (x<<1)
#define cr(x) (x<<1)+1
const int N;
int seg[4*N];
void pull(int id){
seg[id]=max(seg[cl(id)],seg[cr(id)])
}
void build(int id,int l,int r){
if(l==r){
seg[id]=arr[l];
return ;
}
int mid=(l+r)>>1;
build(cl(id),l,mid);
build(cr(id),mid+1,r);
pull(id);
}
void update(int id,int l,int r,int x,int v){
if(l==r){
seg[id]=v;
return ;
}
int mid=(l+r)>>1;
if(x<=mid){
update(cl(id),l,mid,x,v);
}
if(mid<x){
update(cr(id),mid+1,r,x,v);
}
pull(id);
}
int query(int id,int l,int r,int sl,int sr){
if(sl<=l&&r<=sr){//目前這個區間在查詢區間內
return seg[id];
}
int mid=(l+r)>>1,res=0;
if(sl<=mid){//左區間跟查詢區間有交集
res=max(res,query(cl(id),l,mid,sl,sr));
}
if(mid<sr){//右區間跟查詢區間有交集
res=max(res,query(cr(id),mid+1,r,sl,sr));
}
return res;
}
區間求總和
給一個長度為\(n\)的陣列\(a\),有\(q\)個操作,分為以下2種:
- \(1\) \(l\) \(r\) 詢問\([l,r]\)區間的總和
- \(2\) \(x\) \(v\) 把\(a_x\)設為\(v\)
\(1 \le n,q \le 2*10^5\)
可以發現就只是區間求最大值換成區間求總和
可以建出區間求總和的線段樹
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不難發現對於一個大區間而言,大區間的總和為左右兩個小區間相加
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像是區間[3,4]的值等於[3,3]+[4,4]
區間[5,8]的值等於[5,6]+[7,8]
build函式會跟區間求最大值一模一樣,因為只有更新答案的pull函式會不一樣,以下是區間求總和的pull函式
void pull(int id){
seg[id]=seg[cl(id)]+seg[cr(id)];
}
先來講這題的區間查詢🐍
這裡查詢[4,7]的總和
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先看[0,8]的左右兩個子區間有沒有跟[4,7]交集到
因為都有,所以先往左遞迴
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現在到了[0,4],只有右邊有跟[4,7]交集到,往右邊遞迴
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目前為[3,4],只有右邊有跟[4,7]交集到,往右邊遞迴
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目前為[4,4],因為這個區間被包含在[4,7]裡面,回傳這個區間的答案
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回到[0,8],解決右邊的部分還沒解決的部分,所以現在在[5,8]
因為[5,8]的左右兩個子區間都有跟[4,7]交集到,先往左遞迴
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因為[5,6]的被[4,7]包含,回傳這個區間的答案
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回到[5,8]解決右邊還沒解決的部分,所以現在到[7,8]
因為[7,8]的左區間跟[4,7]交集,右邊沒有,所以往左遞迴
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現在到[7,7],因為[7,7]在[4,7]內,所以回傳這個區間的答案
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總共有[4,4]、[5,6]、[7,7]這些區間
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區間查詢code be like:
int query(int id,int l,int r,int sl,int sr){
if(sl<=l&&r<=sr){
return seg[id];
}
int mid=(l+r)>>1,res=0;
if(sl<=mid){
res+=query(cl(id),l,mid,sl,sr);//回傳值相加
}
if(mid<sr){
res+=query(cr(id),mid+1,r,sl,sr);//回傳值相加
}
return res;
}
單點加值的話
這裡假設要在第三個單點加值7,也就是[2,2]這個區間
一樣先透過遞迴找到[2,2]這個區間
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因為是加上7,所以[2,2]這個區間變成16
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所經過的節點也要由下往上更新
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所經過的節點也要由下往上更新
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更新完畢
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休息一下,等等有一堆例題講解!
給一個長度為\(n\)的陣列\(a\),有\(q\)個操作,分為以下2種:
- \(1\) \(x\) \(v\) 把\(a_x\)設為\(v\)
- \(2\) \(l\) \(r\) 詢問\(a_l-a_{l+1}+a_{l+2}...\pm a_{r}\)的總和
觀察到每次詢問的正和負都是交替的
而\(l\)的位置固定為正
因此可以用\(l\)所在位置的奇偶性來建樹
- 建偶數位為正值、奇數位為負值的樹
- 建偶數位為負值、奇數位為正值的樹
根據不同的\(l\)再去判斷要用哪顆線段樹去query就好了
給一個長度為\(n\)的陣列\(a\),\(q\)筆操作,有以下兩種操作
- \(1\) \(l\) \(r\) 詢問區間\([l,r]\)內有幾種不同的數字
- \(2\) \(x\) \(v\) 把\(a_x\)設為\(v\)
\(1 \le n,q \le 10^5\)
\(1 \le a_i \le 40\)
\(a_i\)最多有四十種,對於每一種\(a_i\)開一棵線段樹
時間複雜度:\(O(nlogn)\)
空間複雜度:40*4*100000*4bytes
或是可以開一顆線段樹,裡面存long long的數字
long long可以存 64個bit,每一種bit存不同數字
再用or去運算求答案
給一個長度為\(n\)的陣列\(a\),有\(q\)個操作,分為以下2種:
- \(1\) \(l\) \(r\) 詢問\([l,r]\)的區間最大連續和
- \(2\) \(x\) \(v\) 把\(a_x\)設為\(v\)
\(1 \le n,q \le 2*10^5\)
線段樹的核心觀念在於如何把小區間的答案合併到大區間
可以取下面兩塊小區間的答案轉移到大區間上
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ans是指每個區間的答案
如果大區間的最大連續和橫跨兩個區間並且為答案
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需要下面兩塊的最大前綴和最大後綴相加
對於每一塊可以存當前總和、最大前綴、最大後綴和、當前區間內的區間連續最大和
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把每個節點的資訊包成struct
struct node{
int ans;//這個區間的答案
int sum;//這個區間的總和
int suf;//suffix 最大後綴
int pre;//prefix 最大前綴
}seg[4*N];
總和:
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\(seg[id].sum=seg[cl(id)].sum+seg[cr(id)].sum\)
最大前綴:
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\[
seg[id].pre=max
\begin{cases}
seg[cl(id)].pre \\
seg[cl(id)].sum+seg[cr(id)].pre
\end{cases}
\]
最大後綴:
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\[
seg[id].suf=max
\begin{cases}
seg[cr(id)].suf \\
seg[cr(id)].sum+seg[cl(id)].suf
\end{cases}
\]
區間連續最大和:
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\[
seg[id].ans=max
\begin{cases}
seg[cl(id)].ans \\
seg[cr(id)].ans \\
seg[cl(id)].suf+seg[cr(id)].pre
\end{cases}
\]
因此會這樣更新:
struct node{
int sum,pre,suf,ans;//總和、最大前綴、最大後綴、當前區間答案
}seg[4*N];
void pull(int id){
int l=cl(id),r=cr(id);//左右兩個子區間的index
seg[id].sum=seg[l].sum+seg[r].sum;
seg[id].pre=max(seg[l].pre,seg[l].sum+seg[r].pre);
seg[id].suf=max(seg[r].suf,seg[r].sum+seg[l].suf);
seg[id].ans=max({seg[l].ans,seg[r].ans,seg[l].suf+seg[r].pre});
}
線段樹上二分搜
由於線段樹上每個大區間都會二分成兩個小區間
因此可以做一些二分搜之類的操作
長度為\(n\)的陣列\(a\)內只有0和1兩種數字,\(q\)筆操作
分為以下兩種:
- \(1\) \(k\) 詢問陣列從左往右數來第\(k\)個1在哪個index
- \(2\) \(x\) 把\(a_x\)的1變0或是0變1
\(1 \le n,q \le 10^5\)
假設陣列為a=[0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0]
可以以建區間總和的線段樹來做
這裡假設要查第四個1在哪裡
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左區間有三個1 右區間兩個1
往右邊遞迴找右邊的第一個1
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左區間有一個1 右區間一個1
往左邊遞迴找左邊的第一個1
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左區間有零個1 右區間一個1
往右邊遞迴找右邊的第一個1
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找到了,回傳這個區間的\(l\)或\(r\)
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給一個長度為\(n\)的陣列\(a\),\(q\)筆操作,有以下兩種操作
- \(1\) \(k\) 詢問陣列從左往右數來第一個大於\(k\)的數字的index
- \(2\) \(x\) \(v\) 把\(a_x\)設為\(v\)
\(1 \le n,q \le 10^5\)
跟上一題概念一樣只是換成區間求最大的線段樹
能往左區間走就往左,否則往右
直到走到最下面,並回傳這個位置的\(l\)或\(r\)
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上圖為\(k=8\)的例子
來實作吧:
homework link