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    # 策略管理期末考 ###### tags: `NCTU` `考試` `複習` ## Q1. 試說明多角化策略的類型及多角化程度與公司績效的關係。 ### 程度及類型 * **低度多角化_主導事業型以及單一事業** 此時還是有70%~95%的收益來自單一事業或重點事業,其餘事業收益占比則相對極少,績效的提高較不明顯 * **中度多角化_集中相關型** 透過自有的技術、原料、資本,來開發出其他功能相異的產品,以擴展市場及銷售通路來增加獲利,且亦能分散風險,達到提高績效的效果。 * **高度多角化_低連結相關型或非相關型** 有可能是分散風險達成中性價值為目標,但跨足至非相關市場,則可能因新技術學習、原料採購、競爭對手的攻擊等等,導致成本極高,績效略低中相關型 **another ans** 集中多角化:用原有的技術研發新產品 水平多角化: 用不同的技術來跨行業發展新產品 垂直多角化: 收購自己的供應商 整體多角化: 向不同的市場發展 單一事業: 大於95%的收益來自單一事業 主軸事業: 70%~95%的收益來自單一事業 集中相關多角化策略:主導事業的收益少於70%,且所有事業共享產品、技術和配銷通路。 低連結相關多角化策略:主導事業的收益少於70%,但只有部分事業兩兩相連 非相關多角化策略:主導收益小於70%且和其他企業沒有連結 ## Q2. 試說明Poter鑽石模型的四個構面,並請逐一舉例說明 > 波特鑽石模型用於說明為何一個產業能在國際上具有競爭力,並以四個角度來探討。 * **生產要素** 包括人力資源、天然資源、知識資源、資本資源、基礎設施 * **需求條件** 國內需求市場是產業發展的動力,企業可以即時發現國內市場的需求而做出改變,這是國外競爭對手所不能及的。 且若國內市場的要求高,則較能培養出企業的高標準。 舉例來說,日本消費者對汽車的性價比特別重視,而德國則重視環保,這兩項因素都使得日本及德國的汽車產業發展較美國好。 * **相關及支持產業** 包刮上下游廠商的配合,以及相關產業在國際上是否具有競爭力。 舉例來說,美國、德國、日本汽車工業的競爭優勢離不開鋼鐵、機械、化工、零部件等行業的強勢支持。 * **企業的戰略、結構、競爭** 一個企業要跨足至國際競爭,必須先經過國內市場的競爭搏鬥,迫使其創新、改良,才能將該產業推向國際。 舉例來說,台灣手搖飲料產業林立,競爭激烈,像是珍奶產品則流行至國際,甚至推出新的珍奶產品。 ## Q3. 試說明IR-Grid上的四個國際化策略,並各自舉例說明。 **global strategy** - 以全球作為一個市場一體化經營,例如殼牌石油公司拓展以全球為重,不因一個國家出口虧損而減少出口量 **home replacement strategy** - 以母公司的價值以及利益作為判斷的一體化經營, **multi domestic** - 將母公司的技術開放給子公司進行本土化改造 **transnational strategy** - 不論是母公司對子公司以及子公司對子公司都是雙向提供產品以及技術的交流 **another answer** 全球化策略: 在全球範圍內實行資源的最優化配置,取得最佳的長期總體效益 國際化策略: 將具有價值的產品與技能轉移到國外市場來創造價值的策略 跨國策略:利用中心化和去中心化,來同時提高效率和靈活性 多國本土化策略: 根據不同國家的市場,提供能滿足當地市場需要的產品和服務 ## Q4. 試說明何謂交易成本及交易成本如何影響公司決定自製或者選擇市場交易。 ### 何謂交易成本? >指完成一筆交易時,交易雙方在買賣前後所產生的各種與此交易相關的成本。 **搜尋成本** - 尋找最適交易對象的成本及尋找交易目標物的成本 **協議成本** - 雙方為互相溝通、消除歧見,所進行談判及協商的成本 **訂約成本** - 雙方達成協議,必簽訂契約所花費的成本 **監督成本** - 契約形成後,監督對方是否按契約執行所需的成本 **強迫執行成本** - 契約形成後,當對方違約,強迫對方履行契約縮需的成本 ### 交易成本如何影響公司決定自製或者選擇市場交易? 當公司評估這場市場交易的期望收穫扣掉交易成本會低於自製所獲得的利益時,公司會選擇以自製的方式生產產品。而評估的要素則包含下列五項 1. 有限理性 參與交易的一方,可能受到情緒、智能、情感等因素限制,導致無法完全理性的做出決策 2. 投機 雙方進行交易時可能為了節省成本或尋求自我利益而做出投機或詐欺等行為,增加雙方不信任感,同時增長了交易成本 3. 不確定性 不可能完全掌握整個市場環境的資訊,且環境隨時都發生變化,若雙方皆考慮各自未來的變動,則會增加契約訂定時的議價成本。 4. 信息不對稱 由於市場的進入有先後順序及其不確定性,雙方往往握有不同程度的資訊,造成契約議價能力不一,握有較少資訊的一方議價能力低弱,未來可能付出較高的成本來監督及執行。 5. 信任程度 若是雙方對彼此不信任,則會增加協議階段所需的成本,且再往後監督及強迫執行的階段會遇到重重阻礙。 ## Q5. 試說明造成併購案多半難以達成預期效益的原因。 如果進行跨國併購案的話會存在政治以及經濟環境的影響,例如現在美國與伊朗關係交惡、歐盟一些策略的變動。除此之外二方企業併購時如果有經營理念不同也會在執行上會有困難。 **another ans** 首先要併購完會增加公司的規模還有過多的差異,變得更難以管理,另外要整合兩種不同的公司文化也需要協調,且在併購時會有大量的交易成本,所以難以達到協同效用

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