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    # 系統模擬 > 筆記整理 > [name=Chien-Hsun, Chang 張健勳] :::info * 學院:國立臺中科技大學智慧產業學院 * 授課教授:廖祿文 * 上課教室:3306 ::: ## 目錄 >[TOC] :::warning 此筆記由「智產技優三1 張健勳(1411068014)」同學整理,若您發現有任何問題或錯誤請發送電子郵件至 `s1411068014@nutc.edu.tw` 反應。 ::: --- ## 為什麼要進行系統模擬 + 加速規劃時程並提高規劃品質,並快速建置系統 + 1. 了解建置系統時可能發生的問題,如瓶頸機台... + 2. 利用視覺化模擬系統,方便溝通與驗證 + 利用模擬可以降低硬體投資的成本(失敗時),節省時間與金錢 ## 概念 + 「系統」-「仿真」 + 模仿真實的系統待徵(參數)來建立出一個測試用系統,以了解真實系統的實際反應 + 「模擬方法」是一個有效的系統設計與分析的工具,可做為企業分派企業內外各種資源與活動等決策的輔助工具 + 驗證系統模型是否正確 + 評估不同的方案可能的結果 + 進行系統與流程優化的作業 ### 「系統」的概念 + 「系統」(system):同類事物按照一定的秩序或關係,而組成的整體;兩個或兩個以上相互有關聯的單元,為達成共同任務時所構成的完整體 + 子系統(subsystem)是由一群有關聯的個體所組成的系統,多半會是更大系統中的一部分 > 例子:在大自然 中,所有生物共同組成一個「生態系統」;管理電腦硬體與 軟體資源的系統軟體為「作業系統」;相互作用的元素組合,以實 現一個、或多個指定用途為「工程系統」 ## 生產系統 + 從原物料採購入庫,經現場製造、組裝、檢測,到成品出 貨等一連串 活動或作業所構成,目標為提高效率與生產力,並降低企業成本等。 + 從生產因素的投入,經轉換過程,到產品或服務的產出之整個過程。 + 生產系統是在保證人員、設備和設施安全 的基礎上,按照預定的品質、價格和數量的要求,在預定的日期最經濟地將輸入資源轉換為期望產出,對管理系統與作業系統加以整頓和 運用,使人、材料和設備得到有效利用的體系。 ### 生產「系統」的意義 + 生產系統是一個「投入」、「轉換」與「產出」的加值轉換過程。 ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkUuGT7mT.png) > 例子:飲料生產供應鏈![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1KcMpmQT.png) > ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1gizpm7a.png) > ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1XpfaXXT.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Byeem6Q76.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ_gXpmm6.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkCxX677a.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1Xb7TmXa.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkcZmTX7p.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rk-MmTQm6.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1Z7Qp77T.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkvX7amXa.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Syo7X6776.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByxEXTXmp.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1SVmaXQa.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJ3VQTQXT.png) + 「模擬方法」是一個有效的系統設計與分析的工具,可做為企業分派企業內外各種資源與活動等決策的輔助工具 ### 「系統」的特性 + 「集合性」:子系統、元件、元素 + 「相關性」:元件與元件(子系統與子系統)相關及交互作用 + 「層次性」:除平行化的關係之外,也具有垂直化的關係 + 「整體性」:一個整體的系統,才能發 揮作用,如「機構」與「機械」 + 「目的性」:系統一定有其存在的意義(目標) + 「環境適應性」:系統不是一成不變的,需與時俱進,各子系統與元件一定會有「控制與回饋」 ### 模型的概念 + 「模型」:用來表達一個系統,透過對此模型的操作和經驗的取得,能達成研究此系統的目標。 + 三個特性: + 相似性 + 物理特性與數學描述,需與真實系統相近。 + 簡單性 + 只要找到重要的特徵描述就好,一般來說「可控制」與「不可控制」的因子。 + 多面性 + 目標值(產出)不同,模型當然也會不同,故針對一個系統的描述,可以有不同的模型。 ## 模擬流程 ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkjHVaX76.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1WYVpX7p.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkPKETXQT.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BknYV6Q76.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByGqNTQQp.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJu5VT776.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkliN6m7a.png) ### 模擬之分類 + 以「時間因素」分類: + 靜態(static):因子不隨時間而改變狀態者,如建築物的結構 + 動態(dynamic):因子會隨時間而改變者,如移動中的工件,交通系統等 + 連續性(continuous)系統:如水於水庫中,會受濕度、溫度與壓力等,而變成蒸氣:如天氣預測系統。 + 離散性(discrete)系統:如生產線中之「工件」在等待區內等待加工,加工速度、...機台故障率等會限制了工件移動的速度。 + 以「系統變數」是否會隨時間變化的特性來分類 + 蒙地卡羅系統(Monte Carlo system):大數法則 + 連續性系統(Continuous system):微分方程式 + 離散式系統(Discrete system):數學模型(作業研究)、事件與程序 + 代理人系統(Agent based modeling) + 所謂的分類專指所描述的模式(Model),而非真實系統。 ### 確定性vs隨機性 + Deterministic Model(確定性模式) + 不包含任何隨機事件的模擬模式,輸入資料為一組已知數據,所以具唯一的模擬結果 + Stochastic Model(隨機性模式) + 至少包含一個或以上隨機變數或事件的輸入,所以模擬結果具隨機性,不能以一次模擬決定結果 ### 靜態vs動態 + Static Simulation Model(靜態模擬模式) + 僅利用隨機亂數(Random Number)的模擬,不含時間的觀念,一般稱蒙地卡羅模擬或統計 式模擬 + Dynamic Simulation Model(動態模擬模式) + 指系統狀態隨時間改變的行為 ### 連續性模擬 模式中的相依變數(Dependent Variable)是隨時間連續式變化。 ### 離散式模擬 模式中的相依變數(Dependent Variable)是隨時間間斷式的變化,而這些間斷或離散的時間 點則稱為事件點(Event Time)。 + 本課程以此為主 ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJ8sSpXQp.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HknjSaQQp.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJG2ST7mp.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/By_hHTXXa.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJC2BaQ7p.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyBaBp77a.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1nTBT7Xp.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryW0ra7X6.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJURHamm6.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Sy2RBpmma.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryVkIamQT.png) #### 離散系統所要考慮的重要因子 + 個體(entities) + 屬性(attribute) + 動作、活動(activities) + 操作規則(control rules) + 事件(events) + 資源(resources) + 等候區(queue) + 狀態(states) 一般來說,可簡單分為「個體」、「動作、活動」、「資源」與「控制」 ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1jVUaQm6.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByfSLTQXa.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1KBLa7Qa.png) ### 系統模擬的優點 1. 無風險的環境 2. 處理不正確性以提高準確性 3. 可洞察分析複雜系統 4. 節省金錢與時間 5. 可行性檢驗 6. 可視化以利溝通 ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkjdITQ76.png) ![image.png](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1WtLTQ7T.png) --- *筆記更新日期:西元2023年11月4日* :::danger **警告**: 1. 未經允許禁止以除了分享本頁面之外任何方式轉載、列印或下載此筆記。 2. 嚴禁將此筆記作為商業用途或其他有利益之行為。 :::

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