The Shamanic Resonance of Language in Tolkien's Legendarium

J.R.R. Tolkien in his study, ca. 1937 (source)

Language in J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium is more than a storytelling device—it becomes part of the mythological and spiritual fabric that binds his world. While Tolkien's approach was grounded in philology, his study of language was infused with a mythopoetic quality, where languages are more than sounds or words, but sacred bridges between the mortal and the divine. This brings us to a shamanic resonance in Tolkien’s work: the way in which language becomes a key to unlocking deeper, often spiritual dimensions of existence.

In this essay, we explore the shamanic resonance of language in Tolkien’s works, focusing on how his languages echo ancient traditions. Many indigenous cultures view language not only as a means of communication, but as a sacred act, a cosmic force. Tolkien, who deeply understood myth and religion, created languages that resonate with this vision. His linguistic creations serve as bridges between realms—between the mortal and the sacred.

In exploring Tolkien’s linguistic creativity through neurotheology and shamanic cognition, we come closer to understanding how his process echoes ancient beliefs that language was a divine gift, passed from the spiritual realm to humanity. (See our complementary video and article: "On Tolkien and Shamanism? The Approach via the Way of Arda's Lore").

Sacred Languages in Shamanic Cultures

Language in many shamanic cultures is a sacred act, not just a means to communicate but to commune with the divine. This belief is prevalent across numerous indigenous traditions, where words carry the very essence of creation, the vital energy of the universe. Such traditions are not confined to one culture; across the world, we see echoes of the same idea—language as sacred creation.

Below are several examples that emphasize this shamanic resonance:

The Sacred Role of Language in Lakota Spirituality

White Buffalo Calf Woman (source)

In Lakota spirituality, language is more than a practical tool for communication; each word is believed to carry a sacred resonance, the essence of life itself. When spoken in rituals, these words connect the speaker to the spirit world, facilitating communion with ancestors and guiding spirits. Lakota shamans, or Medicine People, use songs and chants to invoke the presence of Wakan Tanka, the Great Spirit. These chants, much like Tolkien’s Elvish languages, serve as bridges to the divine realm.

Wakan Tanka, often translated as "Great Spirit" or "Great Mystery," represents the supreme being and the source of all creation, encompassing humans, animals, plants, spirits, and the elements, reflecting the interconnectedness of all things. While Wakan Tanka is not explicitly said to have bestowed language upon the Lakota, the people view language as sacred, a crucial vessel for passing down spiritual beliefs and cultural narratives.

In ceremonies and songs, there are references to a "sacred language" used by holy men, sometimes called "the language of Wakan Tanka." This language is believed to resonate with all living beings, carrying a divine essence. In Lakota spiritual practice, the importance of language is further emphasized through its role in sacred rituals, such as the use of the sacred pipe. This pipe, considered a divine gift from Wakan Tanka, is associated with the messenger White Buffalo Calf Woman. Through the use of this sacred language in rituals, the Lakota tradition bridges the human and divine realms, underscoring its significance as a means of spiritual expression.

Language in Amazonian Shamanic Practices

Icaros

A similar view of language as a conduit for divine communication exists in many other indigenous cultures. For example, in Amazonian shamanic practices, sacred songs known as Icaros play an integral role in spiritual work. These songs, used in rituals involving plant medicines like ayahuasca, allow the shaman to communicate with spirits, guide participants' visions, and facilitate healing. Each Amazonian ethnic group has its own term for these magical songs. The Huachipaire call them eshuva, the Piaroa use meye, and the Shipibo refer to them as rao bewá. These songs embody spiritual significance and are often regarded as gifts from the Creator.

In these traditions, the sounds and words used in sacred songs are believed to possess inherent power, capable of healing, invoking spirits, or transforming reality. This reflects the belief that language transcends ordinary understanding, acting as a gateway to the spiritual realm.

Norse Mythology and the Power of Runes: A Pre-Christian Tradition

Elder Futhark

In Norse mythology, the Old Norse language was deeply intertwined with spirituality and magic, serving as a vital medium for connecting in communion with the divine. Spoken and sung in rituals, Old Norse carried the power to invoke natural forces, gods, and the mysteries of the cosmos. One of the most significant expressions of this power was through Galdr, a form of incantation where practitioners chanted sacred words to achieve specific outcomes, such as protection or healing. The language itself was considered a tool that could shape reality, reflecting the Norse belief in the mystical potency of spoken words.

The Old Norse language also found expression in the sacred symbols of the runes, particularly the Elder Futhark, an early alphabet that held divine power. Runes were believed to influence fate and were used by the Norns, goddesses of destiny, to weave the threads of life. Inscribing words in runes was a form of communication with the spiritual world, granting access to hidden knowledge and the ability to alter one's fate. This connection between Old Norse, runes, and the holy reveals how language in Norse culture was more than a tool of communication—it was a sacred force shaping both the physical and spiritual realms.

Sanskrit and Devanagari: A Gateway to the Divine

Part of the Isha Upanishad

In Vedic and later Hindu traditions, Sanskrit, often referred to as the "language of the gods," holds a central role as a a sacred medium connecting humans with the holy. Rooted in ancient India, it is believed to carry the vibrational essence of creation itself. Devanagari, the script in which Sanskrit is most commonly written, emerged from the Brahmi alphabet, symbolizing not just written language but also the unfolding of sacred knowledge. Much like the Norse runes, the letters of Devanagari are seen as more than just symbols; they are a numinous link between the spiritual and physical worlds, embodying the creative energy of the universe. In many rituals, the precise intonation of Sanskrit mantras is believed to invoke cosmic forces and align the speaker with universal truths.

Avestan Language and Zoroastrianism

Fragment of the Avesta

The Avestan language, used in Zoroastrian liturgy, reflects the spiritual and cosmological principles of this ancient religion. The Avesta, Zoroastrianism's holy text, contains hymns and prayers that connect believers with the sacred. In Zoroastrianism, the use of a sacred language reinforces the cosmic duality of good and evil, light and darkness.

The Avestan language is considered a creation of Ahura Mazda, the supreme deity, and is closely tied to the concept of Asha, representing truth and righteousness. Reciting Avestan texts is not merely a ritual; it invokes spiritual forces, protects the community, and fosters harmony with the cosmos, demonstrating the powerful connection between language and spirituality in Zoroastrian belief.

Hebrew Language and Kabbalistic Mysticism

Hebrew Alphabet

Within the mystical framework of Kabbalah, the Hebrew language holds a sacred status far beyond its function as a communicative tool. Hebrew is often seen as a divine language, where each letter carries profound meaning. The Hebrew alphabet, Aleph-Bet, comprises 22 letters, each of which represents not only a sound but also a concept and numerical value. This numerical aspect is critical in Kabbalistic practices like gematria, which uses numerical values to uncover hidden meanings within words.

In the Book of Genesis, the act of creation is achieved through divine speech, as is seen when God says, "Let there be light," and light comes into being. This illustrates the Kabbalistic belief in the creative power of words and their ability to manifest reality. In this tradition, naming is viewed as a creative act, and language serves as the medium through which relationships with the divine are formed.

The Hebrew practice of prayer emphasizes the importance of both intention and purity of speech. When worshipers chant or recite prayers in Hebrew, they create a sacred connection with the divine, drawing down blessings and healing energies. This mirrors ancient shamanic practices, where specific languages served as bridges between human consciousness and spiritual realms.

Tolkien’s Languages as Sacred Tools: A Reflection of Ancient Mysticism

Galadriel's lament in Lórien (source)

Tolkien created languages that carry this same spiritual weight. His imaginal languages, such as Quenya and Sindarin, resonate deeply with the sacred languages of ancient shamanic and mystical traditions. In The Silmarillion, language itself is given divine origins, crafted and greatly inspired by the Valar, the god-like beings who shaped Middle-earth. The Elvish languages, in particular, hold a special significance, being closest to the pure, original language of creation before it was fragmented by the fall of Morgoth.

Much like the sacred songs of the Amazonian shamans, the runes of Norse mythology, and the Hebrew Kabbalistic tradition, Tolkien’s languages transcend their functional role. They become vessels of myth, cosmology, and divine connection. Quenya and Sindarin, in Tolkien’s world, function not only as means of communication but as powerful conduits for expressing the sacred relationship between beings, the cosmos, and the transcendent. The resonance between Tolkien’s languages and ancient spiritual languages underscores the profound role that sacred language plays in bridging the seen and unseen worlds.

Through these imaginal languages, Tolkien evokes the same spiritual reverence seen in traditions like Zoroastrianism, where the Avestan tongue aligns one with cosmic order, or in the Norse use of runes to access mystical power. His creation of languages as sacred acts mirrors the ancient belief that language shapes reality, aligning beings with higher forces. Whether in the prayers of Avestan priests, the songs of shamanic healers, or the invocations of Galdr, Tolkien’s constructed languages evoke an enduring truth: that language is the means by which humans have always sought to touch the divine.

Neurotheology and Tolkien’s Linguistic Creation

Neurotheological Imaging

Neurotheology is an interdisciplinary field that investigates the neurological basis of spiritual and religious experiences. It explores how practices such as the use of sacred language and ritual can alter brain function and induce altered states of consciousness. This field has revealed that certain religious and mystical practices, such as chanting, meditation, and the recitation of sacred texts, can lead to significant changes in brain activity. For instance, these practices often activate the limbic system, which is associated with emotion, memory, and motivation, while deactivating the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for logical thinking and self-reflection. The result is a state of heightened emotional and intuitive awareness, often described as a sense of unity, transcendence, or divine presence.

In this context, J.R.R. Tolkien’s approach to language and myth reveals a profound synergy between his creative process and the shamanic view of language as a tool for spiritual transformation. Neurotheological studies have shown that the use of sacred language can evoke deep emotional and cognitive responses, similar to those experienced in traditional spiritual practices. This suggests that the act of creating and using a constructed language, like Tolkien did, can also serve as a means of accessing and expressing deeper spiritual truths.

Tolkien’s belief in the transformative power of language aligns with neurotheological findings. He often spoke of the “music” of language, suggesting that the sound and rhythm of words could evoke a sense of the sublime. This resonates with the idea that certain linguistic and auditory stimuli can induce altered states of consciousness, providing a gateway to profound spiritual insights. In this way, Tolkien’s linguistic creativity can be seen as a modern reflection of the ancient and universal human quest to connect with the transcendent through the power of language.

Tolkien and Shamanic Cognition

A key element linking Tolkien’s linguistic creation to shamanic traditions is the concept of shamanic cognition: the ability to access modified consciousness states to perceive spiritual truths. In shamanic cultures, shamans act as mediators between the material and spiritual realms, often entering trance states to communicate with spirits, gain wisdom, or heal.

Tolkien’s creative process, as revealed in his letters, frequently carried a sense of revelation. He often described “discovering” rather than “inventing” his stories and languages, suggesting that they emerged through a process akin to shamanic insight. For instance, in a letter to a fan, Tolkien wrote, "I have long ceased to invent. I wait till I seem to know what really happened. Or till it writes itself." This implies that his stories and languages were not consciously constructed but discovered through a deeper, mystical process, positioning Tolkien as a literary shaman who tapped into mythic archetypes and cosmic truths through his imagination.

This connection can be further explored through neurotheology, a field that studies the biological basis of religious and mystical experiences. Neurotheology suggests that certain expanded states of mind can lead to profound spiritual insights, often experienced as revelations from a higher power. Tolkien’s descriptions of his creative process align with these findings, indicating that he may have accessed these deep cognitive states during his writing.

For Tolkien, language was more than a communication tool; it was a means of accessing and expressing deeper spiritual truths. His languages, imbued with a sense of sacredness and mythic resonance, mirror the role of sacred languages in shamanic traditions. Just as shamans use language to communicate with the spirit world and access divine knowledge, Tolkien’s imaginal languages allowed him to explore and express the spiritual truths of his mythological world.

In neurotheological terms, Tolkien’s linguistic revelations likely emerged from the same altered mental states that brought forth his rich narrative world. These states enabled him to tap into deep-seated archetypes and cosmological structures, reflecting the spiritual truths found in ancient languages like Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Avestan. Thus, his creation of Elvish languages becomes a modern reflection of the spiritual and shamanic processes attributed to divine intervention in ancient cultures.

Language Imparted by Non-Corporeal Beings

In many spiritual traditions, language is considered more than a human construct—it is often viewed as a sacred gift from non-corporeal beings, spirits, or deities. These languages are believed to carry inherent spiritual power, bridging the gap between the human world and the sacred.

Lakota Sacred Language

Among the Lakota, the sacred language used in ceremonies, prayers, and songs is considered the "language of Wakan Tanka," or the Great Spirit. This language is believed to resonate not only with humans but with all living beings, as it embodies a divine essence that transcends ordinary speech. According to George Sword, an Oglala Lakota spiritual leader, "The (young) people do not understand the meaning of any words in the holy language. The holy language is used by the holy men in holy songs and ceremonies. This is the language of Wakan Tanka. All animals understand this language." This statement reflects the belief that the sacred language speaks not only to humans but to the entire natural world, emphasizing its universal and spiritual reach.

It is through this sacred language that Lakota spiritual leaders are able to connect with the spiritual world, invoking the presence of non-corporeal beings for guidance, protection, and healing. The use of this language in rituals is seen as a direct means of communicating with the sacred, ensuring that the community remains in harmony with both the natural and spiritual realms. The spoken words are viewed as living expressions of the Great Spirit, carrying power and sacred significance far beyond human comprehension.

Amazonian Shamanism

In Amazonian shamanism, sacred Icaros—mystical songs used during healing rituals—are considered to be gifts from plant spirits. These songs are not learned in the conventional sense but are imparted to shamans during different states of awareness, often induced by ayahuasca, a powerful plant medicine. During these spiritual journeys, shamans receive the melodies, rhythms, and sounds directly from the plant spirits, with each Icaro carrying its own unique power. These sacred songs are used to heal, summon protective spirits, ward off negative energies, and even shape the reality of those present. The belief that these songs come from a divine source highlights the shaman's role as a mediator between the human world and the spiritual world, reinforcing the notion of language as a conduit for divine transmission and transformation.

Norse Mythology

In Norse mythology, the origin of magical language is rooted in the spirit realm, where otherworldly powers dwell. The story of Odin, the All-Father and chief of the gods, illustrates this connection. According to the Poetic Edda, Odin sacrificed himself by hanging from the World Tree, Yggdrasil, for nine days and nights. Through this self-imposed ordeal, he accessed the realm of the dead and gained the knowledge of the runes—mystical symbols imbued with eldritch power. These runes were believed to hold the secrets of the universe and allow users to connect with divine forces.

Odin’s discovery of the runes underscores the Norse belief that powerful forms of language, such as runic magic, originate from beyond the human world. The runes were not invented by mortals but were revealed to Odin in the spiritual realm, where he seized their power and internalized their wisdom. His sacrifice highlights the importance of seeking knowledge from non-physical sources, a key aspect of Norse spirituality.

The magical language of the runes, bestowed upon Odin, became the foundation of his mastery over magic, poetry, and war. Central to this magic was the practice of galdr—a form of chanting or intoning sacred spells and runes to invoke their power. Galdr was believed to activate the mystical properties of the runes, bridging the gap between both physical and transcendent worlds. This practice demonstrates how deeply language, sound, and magic were intertwined in Norse tradition.

Odin’s sacrifice and mastery of the runes and galdr continue to fascinate scholars and enthusiasts alike, offering a glimpse into the profound connection between language, magic, and spirituality in Norse culture.

Sanskrit and the Celestial Gift of Language

In Hindu mythology, language is often regarded as a divine gift bestowed upon humanity by celestial beings. Sanskrit, known as "Devavani" or the "language of the gods," was not seen as a human creation but as a sacred revelation granted to ancient sages (rishis) through deep meditation. These sages, who were considered vessels of divine knowledge, received Sanskrit as a sacred tool to communicate with higher planes of existence. In the tradition of Shabda Brahman, which holds that sound is the ultimate reality, Sanskrit is viewed as the purest earthly expression of this cosmic sound. The meticulous pronunciation of Sanskrit mantras is believed to invoke spiritual power, with each syllable resonating with the vibrations of creation and cosmic truth.

The Devanagari script, in which Sanskrit is most often written, mirrors this divine essence in its graceful, structured form. Devanagari’s flowing curves and symmetrical lines are not merely aesthetic choices but are believed to reflect the sacred order of the universe, where each letter carries an inherent vibrational power. Each syllable and letter is thought to align the speaker with cosmic energies, making Devanagari not just a vehicle for written communication but a sacred visual and auditory bridge to the divine.

This view of language, where the written form itself is imbued with sacred meaning, echoes similar ideas found in other spiritual traditions. Sanskrit, with its deep roots in Hindu cosmology, serves as an archetype of divine language—more than a linguistic system, it is a tool for unlocking spiritual wisdom and cosmic harmony.

Zoroastrianism

In Zoroastrianism, the Avestan language is considered a divine gift from Ahura Mazda, the supreme god of the faith. It holds a central place in Zoroastrian theology as a language of power and sacredness, used primarily in the holy texts of the Avesta. According to Zoroastrian belief, Avestan was not simply developed by human beings but was given by Ahura Mazda as a means of maintaining cosmic order. The language serves as a crucial tool in religious rituals, prayers, and invocations, allowing followers to access spiritual forces that protect both individuals and the community at large. Avestan is believed to be imbued with a sacred energy that helps uphold the principles of asha (truth and righteousness), aligning humanity with the divine order.

The spoken words of Avestan hold particular importance, as they are thought to directly influence the spiritual realm. In Zoroastrian rituals, the proper recitation of Avestan prayers is believed to reinforce the cosmic balance between good and evil, a fundamental tenet of the religion. By using Avestan in their prayers and ceremonies, practitioners actively contribute to the ongoing struggle against Angra Mainyu, the destructive spirit, and help sustain the forces of good. Thus, Avestan is not just a tool for communication but a potent spiritual instrument that carries the power to impact the moral and cosmic order, ensuring the preservation of righteousness in both the bodily and spiritual worlds.

Hebrew Tradition

In Hebrew tradition, especially within the mystical teachings of Kabbalah, the Hebrew language is imbued with profound spiritual significance. Each letter of the Hebrew alphabet is thought to carry unique spiritual energy, and when combined into words, they form a creative force that shapes and influences reality. This view is rooted in the belief that Hebrew is the language of creation itself, as described in the Book of Genesis, where God spoke the world into existence. Through sacred words united with holy meditation, believers connect with the divine to unlock blessings, healing, and transformative power. The language bridges the material and spiritual realms, enabling practitioners to participate in ongoing creation and divine influence.

Tolkien's Legendarium

The concept of divine linguistic origin finds a strong parallel in Tolkien's Legendarium, where languages like Quenya and Sindarin are imbued with sacredness. The Eldar, after developing their original, primal languages, refined them through continual contact with the Valar, the god-like beings who shaped Tolkien’s world. These Elvish languages resonate with the pure, original language of creation, reflecting its divine harmony before it was fragmented by Morgoth's fall. More than just tools for communication, Tolkien’s languages embody the cosmic order, much like the sacred languages of mythic and shamanic traditions.

A key aspect of this divine connection is reflected in Tolkien’s Sarati script, the writing system attributed to Rúmil:

The Sarati and Their Use

Originally, Sarati was written from right to left, or in boustrophedon—alternating directions with each line, starting at the right. However, in books and cursive forms, it was more commonly written from top to bottom, beginning in the top right-hand corner, though horizontal right-to-left writing also occurred. This unique directionality adds to its mystical aura, paralleling the visual and spiritual significance of the Devanagari script. Like Devanagari, Sarati was not simply a practical tool but a sacred script designed to evoke otherworldly beauty and connect the writer and reader to deeper metaphysical realities.

Tolkien's approach to language creation resonates with both shamanic and neurotheological perspectives on cognition. Neurotheology, which examines the biological foundations of religious and spiritual experiences, suggests that the altered consciousness experienced by shamans can lead to profound insights and creative breakthroughs. Similarly, Tolkien often described his creative process as revelatory, asserting that his stories, languages, and mythologies were "discovered" rather than invented. His deep immersion in his Legendarium mirrors the shamanic journey into spiritual realms, where languages are encountered through heightened states of awareness.

In this way, Quenya, Sindarin, and other languages in Tolkien's world are not purely fictional constructs but channels for exploring universal spiritual truths. These truths resonate with the sacred languages of ancient traditions, where language is often viewed as a divine gift from non-human sources. Tolkien's linguistic insights may have developed out of the same altered mental states that brought forth his rich narrative world. His creation of Elvish languages becomes a current era instance of the neurotheological and shamanic processes that ancient cultures attributed to divine revelation.

Chanting and Singing as a 'Spirit Language'

In various shamanic traditions, chanting and singing play pivotal roles, serving as gateways to heightened states of consciousness that facilitate connections with spiritual realms. These vocal practices are often considered forms of spirit language, enabling shamans to communicate with supernatural entities and invoke their aid during rituals. The repetitive, rhythmic quality of chanting induces a trance-like state, allowing practitioners to transcend ordinary awareness and access deeper spiritual insights.

In many cultures, chants are considered sacred and are used with specific intentions, such as healing, protection, or guidance. A shaman’s ability to adjust the pitch, tempo, and volume of a chant can enhance its potency, making it a powerful tool for manipulating spiritual energies. This practice closely mirrors the portrayal of music in Tolkien's The Silmarillion, where songs—particularly the Ainulindalë—are depicted as forces of creation, integral to the fabric of existence.

In The Silmarillion, music is a cosmic force, a concept echoed in shamanic traditions where sound invokes spiritual energies. The Ainulindalë, the story of the world's birth through music, underscores this. The Ainur, Tolkien's god-like beings, sang the universe into existence, emphasizing the divine harmony that underpins his world. As Verlyn Flieger notes in "Interrupted Music," Tolkien's mythology, particularly in The Silmarillion, is deeply intertwined with music. She emphasizes that Tolkien viewed mythology as a collection of songs and stories that reflect a specific world, indicating that music played a crucial role in his creative process.

This harmony resonates in the languages of the Eldar, who, through ongoing contact with the Valar, refined their primal tongues, retaining the resonance of the original cosmic melody. This purity reflects the world before Morgoth's rebellion. Flieger suggests that for Tolkien, music was not just an art form but a foundational element of his myth-making. She aims to trace the evolution of this musical idea from its inception in Tolkien's mind to his attempts to express it through his writings. This journey illustrates how music influenced the structure and themes of his mythology.

Modern research in cymatics and shamanic practices further illustrates how sound can influence both biological and spiritual realms. Pioneered by Dr. Hans Jenny, cymatics explores the impact of sound on matter, demonstrating that certain frequencies can organize substances into geometric patterns that echo universal designs. For example, when Jenny exposed lycopodium powder to the sound of "Om," a sacred syllable in Hindu and Buddhist traditions, the powder formed a circular pattern with a central point, symbolizing one of the traditional depictions of "Om."

Documentary on Cymatics

Research into the effects of shamanic music, particularly drumming, has revealed similar findings. Michael and Sandra Harner report that shamans often seek spiritual assistance before entering altered states, facilitated by sonic driving within the 4 to 7 Hertz range, which aligns with theta brainwave activity. This driving force, whether from live drums, rattles, or recorded sounds, helps guide practitioners into non-ordinary reality.

Traditional Siberian Shamanic Drumming

Explanation Of Different Techniques And Frequencies

Tolkien's approach to music and language creation aligns with a shamanic or neurotheological understanding of cognition. Neurotheology, which explores the biological basis of religious and spiritual experiences, suggests that different states of awareness, like those experienced by shamans, can lead to profound insights and creative breakthroughs. Tolkien often described his creative process as one of revelation, claiming his stories and languages were "discovered" rather than invented. His Legendarium mirrors the shamanic journey into spiritual realms, where music and language are revealed in heightened states of awareness, serving as channels to universal truths.

Flieger highlights that Tolkien's mythology includes not only the narratives but also the storytellers, scribes, and bards who convey these tales. This reflects Tolkien's belief in the importance of music as a medium for storytelling, suggesting that the act of storytelling itself is akin to a musical performance. The songs and poems in Tolkien's works are not just decorative; they are integral to the narrative, often carrying significant plot points and emotional weight. They serve to deepen the reader's connection to the characters and the world, and to reinforce the sense of a living, breathing mythology.

Flieger also compares Tolkien's approach to myth-making with that of other literary figures like Spenser, Milton, Blake, Joyce, and Yeats. She notes that while these authors engaged with music in their works, Tolkien's integration of music into his mythology is distinct and more profound, showcasing his unique perspective on the relationship between music and narrative. Tolkien's narratives often incorporate musical themes and motifs that enhance the emotional depth and resonance of the stories. The presence of songs and musical elements within the text helps to create a rhythm and flow that mirrors the natural cadence of music, thereby enriching the reader's experience.

In "Interrupted Music," Flieger discusses how music serves as a foundational element in Tolkien's narrative structure. She argues that Tolkien perceived mythology as a collection of songs and stories that are interconnected, which reflects a specific world. This perspective indicates that music is not merely an accessory but a core component of his storytelling approach. The musical themes and motifs in his narratives enhance the emotional depth and resonance of the stories, creating a rich and immersive experience for the reader.

Furthermore, Flieger points out that Tolkien's mythology includes various storytellers, scribes, and bards, who are akin to musicians. This connection emphasizes the idea that storytelling itself is a performative act, much like music. The narrative structure is influenced by this performative aspect, as it invites readers to engage with the text in a way that is reminiscent of listening to music. The songs and chants in Tolkien's works are not just beautiful; they are essential, embodying the very essence of creation and the ongoing struggle between good and evil.

Tolkien's ultimate goal was to realize his musical ideas through a mechanism that would bring the voices of his stories to the public. Although he never fully implemented this mechanism, the aspiration itself underscores the significance of music in his creative vision. This ambition highlights how music influenced his narrative structure, as it reflects his desire to create a cohesive and harmonious mythological world.

In summary, Ms. Flieger's analysis in "Interrupted Music" reveals that music is a central theme in Tolkien's mythology, influencing both the structure of his stories and the way they are told. Music serves as a foundational element, enhancing the emotional depth and resonance of the narratives. The performative nature of storytelling, as seen through the roles of storytellers, scribes, and bards, further emphasizes the importance of music in Tolkien's creative process. By comparing Tolkien's approach to other literary figures, Flieger underscores the unique and profound way in which music shapes his mythological world, creating a rich and immersive experience for readers.

Thus, the music and languages in Tolkien's world, such as Quenya and Sindarin, are not simple fictional constructs but reflections of a divine order. Like ancient sacred languages believed to be gifts from non-human sources, they embody the cosmic order. Tolkien's musical revelations likely emerged from the same altered mental states that shaped his rich narrative world. These states allowed him to tap into the archetypal roots of music and language, reflecting the spiritual truths found in ancient traditions. Through his work, Tolkien invites us to experience the divine harmony that underlies all creation, reminding us of the enduring power of music and language to connect us with the transcendent.

Language and the Gap Between Worlds

Map of Arda (source)

The "language gap" is one of the most intriguing mysteries surrounding the origins of human language. As linguist Daniel Everett notes, there is a striking divide between the linguistic abilities of humans and all other species. While animals communicate in various ways, their systems lack the complexity and flexibility of human language, which is distinguished by its use of symbols and compositional structure. Unlike animal communication, which is typically context-dependent and non-compositional, human language allows for the breakdown of messages into smaller, meaningful units—stories into paragraphs, paragraphs into sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into words. Each of these components contributes to a layered, intricate meaning that is unique to human communication.

Some suggest this gap exists because humans are a fundamentally special species, while others propose that human language was divinely designed. However, evidence points to a more gradual development of language, shaped by cultural and cognitive evolution rather than a sudden leap. Early hominins likely started with simpler communication systems, similar to those of other animals, and gradually developed more complex forms of language. This slow, incremental evolution—driven by increasing social complexity, cultural growth, and changes in human physiology and neurology—eventually led to a significant linguistic gap between humans and other species.

J.R.R. Tolkien’s Legendarium reflects this concept of a "language gap" in various ways. The Elves, being the closest to the divine, maintain the most refined and original forms of language, while the languages of Men and other races evolve and fragment over time, moving further from their sacred origins. The Dwarves, however, are an exception; their language, Khuzdul, is said to have "resisted change by their own will." This deliberate preservation of language contrasts with the broader mythological theme of linguistic decay, where human languages degrade over time. Nonetheless, not all mortal races experience this linguistic shift in the same way. In Tolkien’s world, language serves both as a bridge to the divine and as a marker of the limitations faced by mortals.

In The Silmarillion, the Elvish languages—particularly Quenya and Sindarin—carry a profound connection to the beauty of creation and the lost unity with the sacred. This highlights both the potential of language to foster communion and the inevitable gaps that remain between different realms of existence.

As readers engage with Tolkien's work, they may find themselves drawn into the intricate details of his languages, experiencing the deep sense of longing that permeates much of his Legendarium. This exploration of the "language gap" invites readers to reflect on the relationships between language, culture, and spirituality, both in Tolkien's world and in our own.

The Influence of Linguistic Structures on Narrative and Myth

The King's Letter (source)

Tolkien’s use of names and languages is rich with symbolism, enhancing the narrative and deepening the reader’s understanding of his characters and settings. For example, “Mordor,” meaning “black land” in Sindarin, evokes darkness and foreboding, perfectly encapsulating Sauron’s domain. Similarly, “Gondor,” meaning “stone land,” reflects the resilience and strength of its people.

Character names are equally significant. “Eärendil,” meaning “sea lover,” highlights his connection to water, a common motif in shamanic traditions where water symbolizes transformation and spiritual insight. In psychological terms, water often connotes the subconscious mind. Carl Jung, for instance, noted that water symbolizes the collective unconscious, aligning with his observation that the unconscious mind is much larger than the conscious mind. Additionally, water’s association with emotions, intuition, and rejuvenation further supports Tolkien’s use of this powerful element to convey complex ideas and emotions through subtle linguistic choices.

By embedding mythological and symbolic layers within his languages, Tolkien creates a multidimensional narrative that resonates both intellectually and emotionally. His approach reflects a shamanic understanding of language as a conduit for deeper truths, bridging the mundane and the mystical.

Tolkien’s engagement with language extends beyond symbolism to include how its structure influences the narrative and myth within his Legendarium. The phonetics and grammar of his languages are essential to the identity and culture of the peoples who speak them. Quenya, the "high" Elvish language, reflects the nobility and spiritual depth of the Elves through its lyrical quality and complex grammar. In contrast, the harsh, guttural sounds of Orcish emphasize raw power and brutality.

This linguistic differentiation reinforces the thematic elements of Tolkien’s narratives. In his world, language is intertwined with identity and morality. The Elves, deeply connected to the spiritual and natural realms, speak languages filled with beauty and harmony. Meanwhile, the darker characters, such as Orcs, communicate in languages that reflect their corruption and disconnection from the sacred. This echoes the shamanic belief that language carries spiritual power and reveals the essence of its speakers.

The structure of Tolkien’s languages also carries historical significance, enriching the lore of Middle-earth. The evolution of these languages mirrors the historical trajectories of the races that speak them, much like the development of real-world languages. For instance, the shift from Quenya to Sindarin among the Elves reflects their changing circumstances and the impact of external forces, such as Morgoth’s rise and the fragmentation of their society.

Tolkien’s mastery of language extends beyond words to encompass the cultural framework in which these languages exist. The linguistic intricacies not only deepen the world-building but also serve as a narrative device, allowing readers to fully immerse themselves in a rich, mythological universe. This approach aligns with the shamanic view of language as a vessel for cultural memory and collective identity.

The Role of Myth and Symbolism in Language Creation

Gil Estel (Eärendil as a Star) (source)

Tolkien’s language creation is steeped in myth and symbolism, drawing upon various cultural traditions to construct a rich tapestry of meaning. Each language within his Legendarium is not only a means of communication but also a carrier of mythological significance. The names of characters, places, and even the languages themselves are often laden with symbolic meaning that enriches the narrative.

For example, the name “Angband,” which means “iron prison” in Sindarin, evokes a sense of cold, unyielding confinement and foreboding, encapsulating the essence of Morgoth’s dark fortress. Similarly, the name “Doriath,” which translates to “land of the girdle,” reflects the protection and enchantment provided by Melian’s magical fence, symbolizing the realm’s isolation and safety. This symbolic naming convention extends to individual characters, whose names often reveal aspects of their personalities or destinies.

One notable example is Túrin, the great tragic hero of the First Age. His name is a combination of tûr (victory) and ind (heart), both elements from the Sindarin language. This combination suggests a character driven by a noble and valiant heart, destined for great deeds. However, his later chosen name, Turambar, meaning "Master of Doom/Fate," reveals a darker and more complex layer. Túrin adopts this name in pride, believing he can master his own fate, but it ultimately becomes a poignant reflection of his tragic destiny, as he is unable to escape the doom that befalls him.

Another example is Aragorn, a key figure in the Third Age. His name, Aragorn, is a Sindarin masculine name that combines aran (king) and gorn (valor), meaning "Revered King" or "Kingly Valour." This name underscores his royal lineage and the nobility and courage that define his character. He also goes by the name Strider, a humble and unassuming alias that he uses while living in the wild, far from the courts and thrones. The contrast between these two names—Aragorn, the noble heir, and Strider, the rugged ranger—highlights the dual nature of his identity and the journey he must undertake to reclaim his rightful place as the King of Gondor.

The use of names and language in this way serves as a powerful narrative tool, allowing Tolkien to convey complex ideas and emotions through subtle linguistic cues. These names not only add depth to the characters but also enrich the overall tapestry of Middle-earth, making the world and its inhabitants feel more real and meaningful.

Moreover, the symbolism inherent in Tolkien’s languages reflects the deeper philosophical and spiritual themes present in his work. The Elvish languages, rooted in the mythic past of Middle-earth, embody concepts of time, beauty, and eternity. In contrast, the languages of more transient races, like Men, often convey themes of mortality and loss. This interplay between language and theme underscores the broader narrative arc of Tolkien’s Legendarium, reinforcing the connection between language, identity, and the human experience.

By embedding mythological and symbolic layers within his languages, Tolkien creates a multidimensional narrative that resonates with readers on both intellectual and emotional levels. This approach reflects a shamanic understanding of language as a means of conveying deeper truths, uniting the space between the mundane and the mystical.

Bridging the Gap: Eärendil and the Concept of Duality

Eärendil (source)

Eärendil, the mariner who sails the skies, is a central figure in Tolkien’s Legendarium that embodies the bridging of worlds. His journey reflects the duality present in Tolkien’s works—light and darkness, mortal and immortal, language and silence. Eärendil’s role as a mariner serves as a metaphorical representation of the connection between the physical world and the Imaginal Realm.

In many ways, Eärendil’s story parallels the shamanic journey, where the shaman traverses between realms to bring back knowledge and healing for their community. Eärendil’s voyages can be seen as a quest for understanding, seeking to reconcile the disparate elements of existence. His name, meaning “sea lover,” signifies his connection to the waters, a common motif in shamanic traditions where water represents transformation and spiritual insight.

Eärendil’s ultimate transformation into a star serves as a powerful metaphor for transcending earthly limitations. His celestial embodiment reflects the notion that language, like Eärendil, can serve as a bridge between the human and divine, offering insight and inspiration. Through this approach, Eärendil’s narrative demonstrates the potential of language to elevate the human experience, transcending the “language gap” and connecting individuals to a greater cosmic narrative.

This connection is not limited to Eärendil alone; it permeates the entire fabric of Tolkien’s Legendarium, where characters often embark on journeys that echo shamanic quests. These journeys serve as avenues for self-discovery, enlightenment, and connection to the divine. The interplay of language, myth, and character in Tolkien’s work illustrates the profound capacity of narrative to convey spiritual truths, reflecting the shamanic belief in the transformative power of storytelling.

Conclusion: The Legacy of Language in Tolkien’s Work

The exploration of language within Tolkien’s Legendarium reveals a profound interplay of linguistic creativity, spiritual depth, and mythological resonance. By examining his work through the lens of shamanic traditions and neurotheology, we gain insight into the connections between language, identity, and the transcendent. Tolkien’s languages, such as Quenya and Sindarin, are not merely storytelling devices but conduits for exploring deeper truths, reflecting the sacred role of language in various shamanic cultures. His creative process mirrors the shamanic journey—where deeper states of consciousness are accessed to uncover and reveal the languages and stories of his world.

The journey of Eärendil, along with the symbolic significance of names and linguistic structures, illustrates how language can bridge the gap between the human and the sacred. These linguistic elements enrich Tolkien's narrative, allowing readers to engage with his work on multiple levels.

Ultimately, Tolkien’s legacy is one of linguistic and narrative innovation, where language becomes a powerful means of spiritual exploration and connection. His work reminds us that language is not only a tool for communication but a bridge through which humanity reaches for the divine, weaving together the seen and unseen realms. In this way, he revives an ancient understanding of language as a sacred gift—a vessel for enduring spiritual wisdom, linking us to the cosmos and to the mysteries that lie beyond.

—Way of Arda's Lore (formerly Tië eldaliéva)

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