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    # 一文读懂可分润代币模型 尽管美国证监会(SEC)在 2018 年 6 月的一次报告中,曾经认为 Ethereum 不是一种证券(Security),但社区中依然经常会出现相关的辩论,特别是在牛市的前夜。某种程度上说,SEC 的说法当然是对的,Ethereum 自然不是传统意义上的证券(这样对她的发展也有利),但是它必定其中含有一定的证券属性。 事实上,对于大部分加密货币而言(Crypto),它们都同时具有商品、股份和货币三种属性,复杂之处在于每一种代币的属性表现并不相同,不同时间的同一种 Crypto 的属性也不尽相同,甚至在不同环境下表现出的属性也不相同。 为了能够更好的理解加密货币身上的这种「波粒二象性」,我们来带读者分析最主要的两种分润算法,一种现在最热门的流动性挖矿算法,几乎所有的流动性挖矿合约都在使用这个算法,另一种是 Uniswap 的手续费分润,和 yToken 的派息,这两种算法的最大差别是,后者将会把用户代笔质押期间所产生的利润参与复投。 ## 从 Ponzi Token 到 P3D 到 Unipool 令人震惊的是,可分润代币应用的历史晚于自动化做市商的历史,2017 年 6 月,来自 Albert-Ludwigs 大学的软件工程系主任 Jochen Hoenicke 教授,发表了 [一篇博文](https://test.jochen-hoenicke.de/crypto/ponzitoken/),介绍自己设计的一种新的 Ponzi Token,简单来说这种 Ponzi Token 使用了 80% 储备金的 Bancor 算法发行,并且使用了一种 O(1) 时间实时处理分润的算法,而合约的利润来自用户在 Bancor 中交易产生的手续费。 [考古现场 -> Ropsten 0x2CB6ef99FbC78069364144E969a9A6e89E55035](https://ropsten.etherscan.io/address/0x2CB6ef99FbC78069364144E969a9A6e89E550359) 后来这种机制被应用在了 Powh 项目之中,Powh 项目发生了多次 bug 后来升级成了我们今天所熟知的 P3D。 P3D 是以太坊上的一个十分重要的项目,原因时,之前所有的 Ponzi 项目,利润都来自这种内循环,合约的参与者进行着零和博弈,而 P3D 的一部分利润来自外部的 P3D 生态,其中就包括了大名鼎鼎的 Fomo3D,因而 P3D Token 所代表更像是这只开发团队的股权,当这只团队紧密协作,保持高度的创造力时,人们对 P3D 的预期就会高涨。 然而,P3D 的开发队伍并不会给 P3D 的持有者做出任何承诺,因而后来团队解散,之后一部分人员迁移到了波场,迁移到波场上的 Team Just 缺也少去了当年的锐气。 后来这种算法被使用在了 Synthetix 的 Unipool 中分发项目方代币鼓励用户提供 LP,这也是现在几乎所有项目所使用的流动性挖矿算法的原型。 ## EOS CPU Bank 与 Rex P3D 相比之前的各类 Ponzi Token,最大意义在于,让区块链上的资产具有了外部性,从而不再只是再做零和博弈。而持币生息的概念最早出现在 EOS 上,因为 EOS 特殊的 CPU 机制,用户当 EOS 抵押不足时,可以从合约中租赁 EOS 获得 CPU,当 Dapp 流行时,CPU 费用水涨船高,租赁的需求旺盛,使得出现了 CPU 银行,第一次让区块链原生资产具有了生息的功能。Ethereum 出现类似的事情还是 Compound 出现之后的事。 后来 BM 做了一个更好的 CPU Bank,并取名为 Rex,这就是 EOS 上现在最大的官方 DeFi 项目 Rex 的由来。Rex 代币通过用户抵押 EOS 获得,随着收入分红的增加 Rex 的价格单调递增,这种算法后来也被应用在 yearn.finance 的 yToken 系列中。 ## Uniswap 与 yToken 代币分红其实从区块链诞生开始就存在,比特币的挖矿手续费,以太坊的 gas 消耗,甚至包括交易所的利润回购平台币并销毁,其实都可以看作是一种分红,分红也不一定需要向上面一样,每次都将利润打给用户,只要单位股票的价值上升即可,上面提到的销毁就是一种方式。 另一种可分润代币的模型是 Uniswap 中的 LP Token,对于每一个交易对,Uniswap 合约会给流动性提供者发行相应的 LP Token,LP Token 是日后流动性提供者赎回本金的凭证,当交易产生手续费时,手续费会自动打到 Pool 中,此时如果价格不变的话,相当于单位 LP Token 所能赎回的本金变多了,通过这种方法完成分红。 抽象拆解来看 yToken 的机制与 LP token 一致。我们以 yDAI 举例,我们把 LP Token、yDAI 和 Rex 三种代币放在一起比较。、 | 项目 | 抵押物 | 可分润代币 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | Uniswap | A/B | LP Token | | EOS Rex | EOS | Rex | | yDAI | DAI | yDAI | 其中可分润代币相较抵押物的价格,都是单调递增的,增加的这部分价格,就是合约所产生的利润,LP Token 可能要更复杂一些,抵押物是可以看作是目标交易对所形成的合成资产,在 Uniswap 里是两种,在 Balancer 和 Curve 里可能更复杂,还要考虑交易时产生的无常损失。 ## 三种算法的比较 因此总体说来我们一共有三种算法可以制作可分润代币。 第一种是回购销毁,常见于大多数交易所、项目方的平台币等,由于现在去中心化交易所的日渐完善,这一举措现在也可以在合约中自动执行,例如 YFII,缺点是虽然长期来看是一种分润,但是与市场动态紧密结合,不够直观,容易被 front-runing。广义上,比特币的矿工手续费和以太坊的 gas 手续费也属于这种机制,只不过这部分利润又回到系统里,来给比特币这家「企业」发工资了。 第二种是机制是 P3D 和 Unipool 的经典可分润代币机制,方法是维护一个单调递增的 profitPerShare,然后每个账户记录上次分润时刻的 profitPerShare,这种方法最为直观容易被感知。 第三种机制是 Rex、yToken 和 LP Token,合约维持抵押品占比等于木目标代币占比,同时将利润回购成抵押品,投入到池子中。这种机制产生的利润会相当于会自动进行复投,最适合那些持币生息的项目。 ## 衍生 作为发行成本更低的 Financial Instrument,可分润代币是 Crypto 领域非常有前景的一个方向,当然,笔者相信还有一些不那么主流的可分润代币的模式。例如在分布式资本和 Xorder 所举办的第一次通证经济设计大赛期间,笔者就设计了一种 AMM 和可分润代币结合的合约,这种 AMM 的资金池会参与到合约经营中去,而代币的价格会乘以合约中实际的资金和理论资金的比值。这种机制的可分润代币不仅能够处理利润,还能够很好的模拟出企业的亏损,适合那些有一定风险的合约结构,例如 Satoshi Dice。

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