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    Are we borrowed too much? === > Rule 1 : Don’t have debt rise faster than income. (because your debt burdens will eventually crush you.) > —— [How The Economic Machine Works by Ray Dalio](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHe0bXAIuk0 ) 在下一篇关于广告的文章之前,我想先讨论一组关于债务的问题。 前段时间在家里看 [Tmono](https://twitter.com/Tmomonono) 看《长安十二时辰》。这部作品是一部质量上乘的网具,服饰考究,节奏明快,甚至稍微有一点美剧的意思。不过这部大红网剧,戳中我的居然不是剧情本身,而是在中间,插入的远远比我所能够接受的多得多的 P2P 网贷产品的广告。 > 为什么我认为《长安十二时辰》是一颗毒药?我看了前 4 集就弃剧了,主要原因在于每每看到精彩处,中间就会穿插一个 P2P 理财广告,让我尴尬症都犯了。以下是几张广告的相关截图,植入的推广文案都非常简单粗暴。而且,这些广告的植入主要偏向于从安全、收益稳定、让你赚钱的角度,让你去信任这些网贷理财产品,风险提示语却非常小。 > —— [年轻人,为什么说四字弟弟主演的《长安十二时辰》是一颗毒药?](http://finance.yiewan.com/news.php?id=76843) 网上搜了一下,看来果然不止我一个人吐槽这件事。以人人贷为例,事实上早在《军师联盟》里,就出现了 [这种网剧广告](https://www.bilibili.com/video/av11643197?from=search&seid=16510417549491245637),套路和《长安十二时辰》里的也如出一辙。 除了网剧,这些网贷平台还瞄准了直播平台这些年轻人聚集的地方。一个斗鱼 DNF 主播宝哥,[曾经就在他的直播间里强烈谴责斗鱼挂人人贷广告的行为](https://www.bilibili.com/video/av34861459),并提醒他的粉丝理性看待网贷。而就在视频的下面,就有很多人记录了自己身边的案例。 <a href="http://www.shuizilong.com/house/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/屏幕快照-2019-07-24-上午7.03.38.png"><img src="http://www.shuizilong.com/house/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/屏幕快照-2019-07-24-上午7.03.38.png" alt="" width="1538" height="722" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1581" /></a> <a href="http://www.shuizilong.com/house/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/屏幕快照-2019-07-24-上午7.03.56.png"><img src="http://www.shuizilong.com/house/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/屏幕快照-2019-07-24-上午7.03.56.png" alt="" width="1746" height="1170" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1582" /></a> [《长安十二时辰》里有一个桥段](https://www.bilibili.com/video/av57570136/),说有贼人给算不清账的老人放印子钱(古代的高利贷),滚出几十倍的利,然后收房抢闺女,最后拘捕。而网贷产品也选择把目标瞄准了风险意识不足年轻人。事实上,这种透支未来的情况不仅仅只有 P2P 借贷,还有 [贷款培训](https://new.qq.com/omn/20190701/20190701A0K7KX.html),[贷款租房](当心,这个租房陷阱比P2P还黑!),各种五花八门的 P2P 形态也层出不穷。 > 1年亏损净6亿元,达内教育“欺诈招生”也无法扭转僵局。目前,市面上部分教育机构通过与一些金融平台合作的方式,提供教育分期业务。简而言之,学生可通过向合作的金融机构借款支付学费,再以分期的方式来偿还借款。 > ... > 而除了虚假宣传、诱导贷款外,教育分期的另一弊端便是贷款付费的模式难以维系。不少培训机构在收取学生费用后失联,无处上课的学生,同时还将承担高昂的学费。 > 其中,2016年12月,在北京开办近10年的北京环球美联英语培训机构突然停业,老板跑路失联,但学员们的课程并没有学完。据了解,涉及学员超过500人,课时费从几千元到几万元不等。 > —— [达内教育“花式割韭菜”:诱导学员贷款 2018年亏损近6亿元](https://new.qq.com/omn/20190701/20190701A0K7KX.html) 这个案例不禁让我想起,多年之前廖老师和我提到的 [美国学生贷款(Student loans in the United States)]((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States#Student_loans_in_bankruptcy_proceedings))。美国的大学教育普遍很昂贵,哪怕对于很多中产阶级,特别是私立学校,学费是全美国统一的。含住宿的话学费在 $40,000 - $60,000 左右一年。特别是美国的文化比较崇尚小孩 18 岁以后独立在社会闯荡,尽量少的得到家庭的资助。这也是为什么许多大学生习惯贷款付学费如果父母收入不高的话。 <a href="http://www.shuizilong.com/house/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Student_loan_debt.png"><img src="http://www.shuizilong.com/house/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Student_loan_debt.png" alt="" width="1116" height="576" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1583" /></a> > 助学贷款通常被认为是好债,学生还款刚性强。它的利率的确有吸引力,相比银行 5.5% 的贷款利率、汽车消费贷 5.05% 的利率,美国本科联邦学生贷款利率为 5.05%、研究生为 6.6%。 但这也让很多人高估了自己未来的还贷能力,巨大的压力面前,许多人将战线越拉越长。彭博全球数据显示,超过十分之一的借款人至少逾期 90 天,目前严重违约率已经达到 9.1%的新高,而抵押贷款和汽车贷款的违约率分别为 1.1% 和 4%。 —— [好奇心日报,美国助学贷款规模达到 1.56 万亿美元,仅次于住房抵押贷款](https://www.qdaily.com/articles/60375.html) 根据 [维基百科的资料](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States),[NCES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics) 在 2018 年的一份统计,12 年学生贷款的违约率为 52%,这个数字在非裔族群里是 65.7%。在一份 [布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution) 同年的调查报告里,指出 "近 40% 的在 2004 年借出的学生贷款将会在 2023 年遭遇违约"。 学生贷款是非极个别情况下,唯一不能随着破产申请而一笔勾销的债务。一些批评人士认为,学生贷款正在逐渐演变为加在美国底层民众身上的一种 “奴役契约”,让学生用未来劳动偿还教育成本,并潜在地影响了学生的学习和职业选择。 要知道,债务是危机的种子,美国次贷危机才刚刚过去 10 年而已。我们确定要把这种东西也 Copy to China 么? ## 参考资料 - [P2P广告“攻占”《长安十二时辰》 剧中广告真的能信吗?](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/73699353) - [这些P2P广告 居然比长安十二时辰还要火](https://finance.sina.com.cn/money/bank/dsfzf/2019-07-15/doc-ihytcerm3837378.shtml) - [戴志锋:陆金所计划退出P2P 网贷转向消费贷?](http://finance.sina.com.cn/zl/bank/2019-07-23/zl-ihytcitm4108087.shtml) - [他们正在摧毁中国年轻人的未来!](https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv765047/) - [年轻人,为什么说四字弟弟主演的《长安十二时辰》是一颗毒药?](http://finance.yiewan.com/news.php?id=76843) - [网贷、赌博、棚改、税收,一个四线小城的混杂变化](http://nanqidao.blog.techweb.com.cn/archives/1601.html?utm_source=tuicool&utm_medium=referral) - [好奇心日报,美国助学贷款规模达到 1.56 万亿美元,仅次于住房抵押贷款](https://www.qdaily.com/articles/60375.html) - [The Big Short](https://movie.douban.com/subject/26303622/) - [WSJ, 10 Years after the crisis](http://graphics.wsj.com/how-the-world-has-changed-since-2008-financial-crisis/) - [Ray Dalio, Paradigm shifts](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/paradigm-shifts-ray-dalio/) - [Ray Dalio, Understanding History: A Review of the 2008 Financial Crisis](https://www.bridgewater.com/big-debt-crises/)

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