# PHP 物件導向
[![hackmd-github-sync-badge](https://hackmd.io/W8fGX6KaQvaRvdMQTuWDZA/badge)](https://hackmd.io/W8fGX6KaQvaRvdMQTuWDZA)
###### tags: `php`
- [PHP 物件導向](#php-物件導向)
- [tags: `php`](#tags-php)
- [物件和類別 `Objects` and `Classes`](#物件和類別-objects-and-classes)
- [建立類別 `Class`](#建立類別-class)
- [定義類別的屬性](#定義類別的屬性)
- [定義類別的方法(Methods)](#定義類別的方法methods)
- [定義類別的常數(const)](#定義類別的常數const)
- [封裝 Encapsulation](#封裝-encapsulation)
- [PHP 魔術函數](#php-魔術函數)
- [`__construct()` 建構式](#__construct-建構式)
- [`__destruct()` 解構式](#__destruct-解構式)
- [`unset()`](#unset)
- [`__toString`](#__tostring)
- [`__get` `__set` 強制封裝](#__get-__set-強制封裝)
- [類別繼承](#類別繼承)
- [覆寫(Override) 繼承的方法和屬性](#覆寫override-繼承的方法和屬性)
- [`final` 避免被覆寫](#final-避免被覆寫)
- [範圍解析運算子(scope resolution operator)](#範圍解析運算子scope-resolution-operator)
- [將屬性和方法加上可視性(Visibility)](#將屬性和方法加上可視性visibility)
- [`Protected` 受保護的](#protected-受保護的)
- [`Private` 隱私的](#private-隱私的)
- [`Static` 靜態的](#static-靜態的)
- [介面與抽象類別的應用](#介面與抽象類別的應用)
- [介面(interface)](#介面interface)
- [抽象類別(Abstract)](#抽象類別abstract)
- [`trait` 的應用](#trait-的應用)
- [參考資料](#參考資料)
## 物件和類別 `Objects` and `Classes`
把類似或有關聯的工作或屬性,組織到類別`class`裡面。
這可以讓程式保持遵守 **不重複原則 “don’t repeat yourself” (DRY)**,更容易維護。
- `class` 類別:可以比喻作一個建築的藍圖。類別是將房子的樣式設計出來。
- `object` 物件:依照藍圖蓋出來的房子。物件是類別的實例。
- `data` 資料:就像是鋼筋、水泥,用來蓋房子的材料。
`data`(建材)經過`class`(藍圖),就會被實例化變成`object`(房子)。
## 建立類別 `Class`
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
// 類別的屬性和方法在大括號裡面宣告
}
$obj = new MyClass;
var_dump($obj);
```
- `new` 關鍵字在建立類別之後,實例化一個類別,並將它存到一個變數上。
- `var_dump()` 來印出變數的相關訊息於螢幕上。
最終會輸出
```html
object(MyClass)#1 (0) { }
```
此為最基礎的物件形式。
## 定義類別的屬性
使用屬性(Property),也稱 **`Class`的變數(Variable)** 來把 `Data` 存入一個 `Class` 裡面。
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
}
$obj = new MyClass;
```
- `public` 此為屬性的關鍵字,用來決定屬性的可視性(Visibility)。
指定要讀取的物件及屬性,並將其顯示在瀏覽器上
```php
echo $obj->prop1; // Output the property
```
- `->`(對象運算符): 在 PHP 物件中,用來存取物件的屬性(Property)和方法(Methods)。
- `::`(雙冒號): 用來訪問靜態屬性。
最後將會得到
```html
I'm a class property!
```
## 定義類別的方法(Methods)
可以藉由執行這些方法,來更改物件的行為或是狀態。
建立一個方法來設定與讀取屬性 `$prop1` 的值
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
$obj = new MyClass;
echo $obj->getProperty(); // 得到原始的屬性值
$obj->setProperty("I'm a new property value!"); // 設定新的屬性值
echo $obj->getProperty(); // 得到新的屬性值
```
- `$this` : 物件透過 `$this` 關鍵字來參考自己,物件使用 $this 就如同你直接使用物件名稱來指定物件。
- `$this` 寫在 class 內部
- 使用這些含有 `$this` 的方法之前,記得先要實例化這些方法的物件。
```php
$this->prop1;
myClass->prop1; // 兩者的意義相同
```
輸出的結果
```html
I'm a class property! I'm a new property value!
```
接著再 `new` 一個新的 `class`
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
// 將兩個物件實例化
$obj = new MyClass;
$obj2 = new MyClass;
// 取得兩個物件的屬性變數 $prop1
echo $obj->getProperty();
echo $obj2->getProperty();
// 將兩個物件設定新的屬性值
$obj->setProperty("I'm a new property value!");
$obj2->setProperty("I belong to the second instance!");
// 輸出兩個物件的新屬性值
echo $obj->getProperty();
echo $obj2->getProperty();
```
輸出結果
```html
I'm a class property! I'm a class property! I'm a new property value! I belong
to the second instance!
```
- 物件導向將 `object` 視為獨立的個體,依照藍圖蓋出來的房子,每一間都是獨立的。
## 定義類別的常數(const)
- 可以把類別中始終保持不變的值,定義為常數。
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
const constant = "value";
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
function showConstant() {
echo self::constant . "<br />";
}
}
// 將物件實例化
$obj = new MyClass;
// 取得物件的常數
echo $obj->showConstant();
echo MyClass::constant;
```
輸出結果
```html
value value
```
## 封裝 Encapsulation
每個物件都包含進行操作時需要的所有資訊,物件不必依賴其他物件來完成操作,將方法、欄位、屬性和邏輯包裝在類別內,透過類別的實體來實現,外部物件無法了解物件的內部細節,有種隱藏起來的概念,外部對資料的操作也只能透過已經定義的介面,用一段簡白的話來說,對事只了解他的外在,無需理解內部構造,即為封裝。
## PHP 魔術函數
### `__construct()` 建構式
- `__construct()` : 當一個物件建立的時候會 **首先** 被呼叫。
- `__CLASS__` : 會回傳被呼叫的類別名稱。
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
// 實例化一個物件
$obj = new MyClass;
// 取得屬性 $prop1 的值
echo $obj->getProperty();
// 在生命週期的最後加上
echo "End of file.<br />";
```
最後輸出
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! I'm a class property! End of file.
```
### `__destruct()` 解構式
- `__destruct()` : 可以清除物件,例如:關閉資料庫連線。
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
// 實例化一個新的物件
$obj = new MyClass;
// 取得屬性 $prop1 的值
echo $obj->getProperty();
// 在生命週期的最後加上
echo "End of file.<br />";
```
最後輸出畫面
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! I'm a class property! End of file. The class
"MyClass" was destroyed.
```
- 當物件使用完畢,PHP 會自動釋放記憶體。
### `unset()`
- `unset()` : 此方法可以更明確觸發 `__destruct()` 魔術函數。
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
// 將一個物件實例化
$obj = new MyClass;
// 取得變數 $prop1
echo $obj->getProperty();
// 清除物件
unset($obj);
// 生命週期結束後回傳
echo "End of file.<br />";
```
結果會輸出
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! I'm a class property! The class "MyClass" was
destroyed. End of file.
```
### `__toString`
- `__toString` : 將物件轉換為字串。
如果將物件當作字串處理的話,會出現無法傳換型態的錯誤。
```php
// 實例化一個新的物件
$obj = new MyClass;
// 將物件輸出為字串
echo $obj;
```
輸出結果
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! Catchable fatal error: Object of class
MyClass could not be converted to string
```
加入 `__toString` 函數,來做轉換處理。
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function __toString()
{
echo "Using the toString method: ";
return $this->getProperty();
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
// 實例化一個新的物件
$obj = new MyClass;
// 回傳物件為字串
echo $obj;
// 清除這個物件
unset($obj);
// 在生命周期結束後輸出
echo "End of file.<br />";
```
當物件試圖轉換成字串時,會觸發 `__toString` 函數,再由 `__toString` 函數呼叫 `getProperty()` 方法。
輸出結果為
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! Using the toString method: I'm a class
property! The class "MyClass" was destroyed. End of file.
```
### `__get` `__set` 強制封裝
- `__get()` 只會回傳屬性變數的值
- `__set()` 指派一個新的值給屬性變數
```php
class className
{
private $attribute
function __get($name)
{
return $this->$name;
}
function __set($name, $value)
{
$this->$name = $value;
}
}
$a = new className();
//使用public時,不會用到__get(), __set()屬性
$a->attribute = 5;
//私下呼叫__set(),使用$name設為attribute,$value設為5
$a->attribute
//私下呼叫__get(),並將參數$name設為attribute
```
- 優點:藉由單一的存取處,可以自由地修改底層的實作
## 類別繼承
- `extend` : 此關鍵字可以讓類別繼承其他類別的**方法**和**屬性**。
- 子類別只能繼承一個父類別。
建立一個新的 `class` 並繼承 MyClass
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function __toString()
{
echo "Using the toString method: ";
return $this->getProperty();
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
class MyOtherClass extends MyClass
{
public function newMethod()
{
echo "From a new method in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
}
// 實例化一個新的物件
$newobj = new MyOtherClass;
// 回傳此類別的方法
echo $newobj->newMethod();
// 回傳父層類別的方法
echo $newobj->getProperty();
```
結果輸出
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! From a new method in MyOtherClass. I'm a
class property! The class "MyClass" was destroyed.
```
### 覆寫(Override) 繼承的方法和屬性
在新的類別中,重新定義繼承自父層的屬性和方法
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function __toString()
{
echo "Using the toString method: ";
return $this->getProperty();
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
class MyOtherClass extends MyClass
{
public function __construct()
{
echo "A new constructor in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function newMethod()
{
echo "From a new method in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
}
// 實例化一個新的物件
$newobj = new MyOtherClass;
// 回傳新類別的方法
echo $newobj->newMethod();
// 回傳父層類別的方法
echo $newobj->getProperty();
```
在新類別中,覆寫 `__construct` 方法的輸出結果
```html
A new constructor in MyOtherClass. From a new method in MyOtherClass. I'm a
class property! The class "MyClass" was destroyed.
```
### `final` 避免被覆寫
- 方法前加入 `final` 避免被覆寫
```php
class A
{
public $attribute = 'default value';
final function operation()
{
echo 'Something<br />';
echo 'The value of $attribute is'.$this->attribute.'<br />';
}
}
//可防止B覆寫operation()
------------------------------------------------------------
//如何完全防止一個類別被繼承?(完全不能被繼承)
final class A
{
}
```
### 範圍解析運算子(scope resolution operator)
當要將繼承自父層類別的方法其功能做擴充,要保留原始的功能,但不用將原有的程式碼重寫一遍。
- 範圍解析運算子依然會受到可視性的限制。
新增一個改寫父層類別的函數,並使用 `範圍解析運算子::`,來調用父類別被覆寫的函數
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function __toString()
{
echo "Using the toString method: ";
return $this->getProperty();
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
public function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
class MyOtherClass extends MyClass
{
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct(); // 調用來自父層的 construct 功能
echo "A new constructor in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function newMethod()
{
echo "From a new method in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
}
// 實例化一個新物件
$newobj = new MyOtherClass;
// 將物件輸出成字串
echo $newobj->newMethod();
// 使用來自父層的方法
echo $newobj->getProperty();
```
結果輸出
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! A new constructor in MyOtherClass. From a new
method in MyOtherClass. I'm a class property! The class "MyClass" was destroyed.
```
## 將屬性和方法加上可視性(Visibility)
- `static` : 不用將類別實例化,即可調用。
- `public` : 方法及屬性可以在類別之外被存取。
- `protected` : 該屬性或方法只能在類別以及子類別的內部存取。
- `private` : 該屬性或方法只能在定義它們的類別內存取。
### `Protected` 受保護的
將 MyClass 的 `getProperty()` 方法的可視性宣告為 `protected`,並且嘗試從外面呼叫這個方法
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function __toString()
{
echo "Using the toString method: ";
return $this->getProperty();
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
protected function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
class MyOtherClass extends MyClass
{
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
echo "A new constructor in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function newMethod()
{
echo "From a new method in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
}
// 實例化一個新物件
$newobj = new MyOtherClass;
// 嘗試調用父層的 protected 方法
echo $newobj->getProperty();
```
結果輸出
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! A new constructor in MyOtherClass. Fatal
error: Call to protected method MyClass::getProperty() from context ''
```
在子類別 MyOtherClass 中新增一個方法來調用父層的 `protected` `getProperty()` 方法
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function __toString()
{
echo "Using the toString method: ";
return $this->getProperty();
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
protected function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
class MyOtherClass extends MyClass
{
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
echo "A new constructor in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function newMethod()
{
echo "From a new method in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function callProtected()
{
return $this->getProperty();
}
}
// 實例化一個新的物件
$newobj = new MyOtherClass;
// 用子類別的 public 方法調用父層的 protected 方法
echo $newobj->callProtected();
```
輸出結果
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! A new constructor in MyOtherClass. I'm a
class property! The class "MyClass" was destroyed.
```
### `Private` 隱私的
將父層 MyClass 的 `getProperty()` 方法的宣告為 `private`,並且使用 MyOtherClass 的 `callProtected()` 方法來調用 `getProperty()` 方法。
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function __toString()
{
echo "Using the toString method: ";
return $this->getProperty();
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
private function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
}
class MyOtherClass extends MyClass
{
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
echo "A new constructor in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function newMethod()
{
echo "From a new method in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function callProtected()
{
return $this->getProperty();
}
}
// 實例化一個新的物件
$newobj = new MyOtherClass;
// 調用父層的方法
echo $newobj->callProtected();
```
輸出結果
```html
The class "MyClass" was initiated! A new constructor in MyOtherClass. Fatal
error: Call to private method MyClass::getProperty() from context 'MyOtherClass'
```
### `Static` 靜態的
在 MyClass 加入一個 `static` 變數與方法: `$count`、`plusOne()`。
在類別的外面使用 `do…while` 迴圈增加 `$count` 的值。
```php
<?php
class MyClass
{
public $prop1 = "I'm a class property!";
public static $count = 0;
public function __construct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was initiated!<br />';
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo 'The class "', __CLASS__, '" was destroyed.<br />';
}
public function __toString()
{
echo "Using the toString method: ";
return $this->getProperty();
}
public function setProperty($newval)
{
$this->prop1 = $newval;
}
private function getProperty()
{
return $this->prop1 . "<br />";
}
public static function plusOne()
{
return "The count is " . ++self::$count . ".<br />";
}
}
class MyOtherClass extends MyClass
{
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
echo "A new constructor in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function newMethod()
{
echo "From a new method in " . __CLASS__ . ".<br />";
}
public function callProtected()
{
return $this->getProperty();
}
}
// 在沒有實例化 MyClass 之下,範圍解析運算子調用 plusOne 方法
do {
echo MyClass::plusOne();
} while (
MyClass::$count < 10
);
```
- 當使用範圍解析運算子存取 `static` 屬性時,屬性名稱前面加上錢字號 `$`
輸出結果
```html
The count is 1. The count is 2. The count is 3. The count is 4. The count is 5.
The count is 6. The count is 7. The count is 8. The count is 9. The count is 10.
```
## 介面與抽象類別的應用
### 介面(interface)
- `implements`關鍵字 : 執行介面
- 定義功能名稱,但交由執行的類別去**實作**功能
- 執行介面的類別一定要實作介面的方法。
- 介面可以繼承其他的介面。
- 類別可以同時執行多個介面。
Bark.php
```php
<?php
interface Bark
{
public function bark();
}
```
Swim.php
```php
<?php
interface Swim
{
public function swim();
}
```
Human.php
```php
<?php
include "Bark.php";
include "Swim.php";
class Human implements Bark, Swim
{
public function bark()
{
echo "人類叫聲...是在叫什麼啦!!";
}
public function swim()
{
echo "人類在游泳...不是在洗澡嗎?";
}
}
```
demo.php
```php
<?php
include "Human.php";
$man = new Human();
echo $man->bark();
echo $man->swim();
```
介面的使用時機 : 當「多個類別(Class)」之間有共同的方法(function),但方法實做的方式有差異,可以將這些共用「方法」寫成「介面(Interface)」,讓其他的「子類別(Class)」去實做這個介面
### 抽象類別(Abstract)
- 父類別若不想實作介面方法,子類別又需要定義介面功能,可以將父類別抽象化,即可不用實作介面方法。
- 子類別繼承抽象父類別之後,必須要實作父類別的介面方法。
dog.php
```php
<?php
include "Bark.php";
abstract class dog implements Bark
{
// 設定狗的屬性
public $name;
public $color;
public $style;
//設定建構子
public function __construct($name,$color,$style)
{
$this->name = $name;
$this->color = $color;
$this->style = $style;
}
public function dogRun()
{
echo "狗狗跑步中...";
}
// 修改狗叫的功能
public function Bark()
{
//這裡保持空白
}
public function __destruct()
{
echo "狗狗回家了...";
}
}
```
Poodle.php
```php
include "dog.php";
class Poodle extends dog
{
protected $size;
public function __construct($name,$color,$style,$size)
{
parent::__construct($name,$color,$style);
$this->size = $size;
}
// 實作父類別的狗叫 function
public function Bark()
{
echo "狗叫...但小聲....";
//呼叫父類別的 dogBark()
}
}
```
demo2.php
```php
<?php
include "Poodle.php";
$mydog = new Poodle("Windy","白色","貴賓狗",30);
echo $mydog->Bark();
```
抽象類別的使用時機 : 當「多個類別(Class)」之間有共同的方法(function)或屬性(attribute)時,可以將這些共用的地方寫成「抽象類別(Abstract Class)」,讓其他的「子類別(Class)」去繼承
## `trait` 的應用
簡化 Class 功能複用
```php
class Man
{
public function walk() { // ... }
public function run() { // ... }
}
class Woman
{
public function walk() { // ... }
public function run() { // ... }
}
```
當兩個 `class` 都有類似的內容(property 或 method),用 `trait` 簡化
```php
trait Moveable
{
public function walk() { // ... }
public function run() { // ... }
}
class Man
{
use Moveable;
}
class Woman
{
use Moveable;
}
```
`trait`的屬性無法被使用其的類別覆寫
```php
trait CountAge
{
protected $age;
public function getAge(): int { return $this->age; }
public function setAge(int $age): void { $this->age = $age; }
}
class Child
{
use CountAge;
protected $age = 10;
}
```
因為 CountAge 與 Child 中都存在 `$age` 這個屬性,此時便會產生
```html
PHP Fatal error: Child and CountAge define the same property ($age) in the
composition of Child. However, the definition differs and is considered
incompatible.
```
在使用這個 `trait` 的 `class` 都可以使用其所定義的方法。`trait` 中定義的方法為共有的。
```php
trait CheckAdult
{
private function getAge(): int
{
return $this->age;
}
public function isAdult(): bool
{
return $this->getAge() >= 18;
}
}
class Human
{
use CheckAdult;
protected $age = 18;
public function canAccessPornHub(): bool
{
return $this->isAdult();
}
public function canAccessGayTube(): bool
{
public $this->getAge() >= 18;
}
}
```
- 只要 `use` CheckAdult,就可以使用 `isAdult()` 與 `getAge()`。
`trait` 之間不可以具有相同名稱的方法,否則會丟出 Fatal Error。
```php
trait USD
{
public function getBalance() { }
}
trait TWD
{
public function getBalance() { }
}
class Wallet
{
use USD;
use TWD;
}
```
若將函式設為 private 也同樣會出現衝突。
```php
trait USD
{
private function convert(string $to) { // ... }
public function getUSDBalance(): int { return $this->convert('USD'); }
}
trait TWD
{
private function convert(string $to) { // ... }
public function getTWDBalance(): int { return $this->convert('TWD'); }
}
class Wallet
{
use USD;
use TWD;
}
```
## 參考資料
[後端 PHP+Laravel--新手實戰日記](https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/articles/10216317)