---
title: "ELP305 - DESIGN AND SYSTEM LABORATORY"
subtitle: "CYCLE 1- DESIGINING SUSTAINABLE HOME"
author: "Tribe-B"
date: "January 19, 2022"
geometry: margin=2cm
output: pdf_document
---

<center ><img src= "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Delhi_Logo.svg" width="200" height="200" /> </center>

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## Table of Contents
- [Authors](#authors)
- [Documentation](#documentation)
- [Documentation Statistics](#documentation-statistics)
- [Documentation Readability Indices](#documentation-readability-indices)
1. [Requirements](#requirements)
1. [Appliances](#appliances)
1. [Basic Appliances](#Basic-Appliances)
2. [Intermediate Appliances](#Intermediate-Appliances)
3. [Advanced Appliances](#Advanced-Appliances)

2 [General purpose appliances](#General-purpose-appliances)
3 [Kitchen Appliances](#kitchen)
4 [Living Room Appliances](#Living-Room)
5 [Sanity](#Sanity)
6 [Luxury](#Luxury)
7 [Water Supply](#water-supply)
8 [Domestic Electricity Consumption Statistics](#Domestic-Electricity-Consumption-Statistics)
9 [Energy Solutions](#Energy-Solutions)
1. [Solar Energy](#Solar-Energy)
2. [Wind Energy](#wind-energy)
3. [Organic Energy](#organic-energy)
4. [Hydro Energy](#hydro-energy)
5. [Piezoelectricity ](#Piezoelectricity )
6. [Geothermal Energy](#geothermal-energy)
7. [Storage Batteries ](#storage-batteries)

2. Appendix
1. Units and Fullforms
- [References](#references)

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## Documentation

| Document ID | v1.002 |
|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| Tribe | Tribe B |
| Approved for submission |Gurusha Juneja |
| Contact for correction/clarification |Gurusha Juneja- [phone] |
| Submitted to | Prof. Subrat Kar, Instructor, ELP305 Design and Systems Lab |
| Date of submission | 19 January 2022 |

## Documentation Statistics

- Word count : 2499
- Total number of unique words: 922
- Total number of repeated words: 1577
- Average number of words per sentence: 13
- Total number of sentences: 189
- Total number of characters: 8362
- Average number of characters per word: 3.3
- Average number of syllables per word: 2

## Documentation Readability Indices
| Index | Description | Value(0-10) |
|-------------------|--------------|----------------|
|Dale-Chall Readability Formula | Provides a measurable to determine the readability of texts for school children | |
|Gunning Fog | The Gunning-Fog index returns a score that correlates approximately with the years of formal education needed for a reader to understand a tex | |
|Coleman/Liau index | It gives a score that approximates the years of formal education needed to comprehend a sentence. | |
|Automated Readability Index (ARI) | It produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text. | |

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## Authors
Tribe Co-ordinator: **Gurusha Juneja** - 2019EE10480

#### Survey and Research Team
| Name | Entry Number |
|-------------------|--------------|
| __Sangeet Chourasia(C)__ | 2019EE11082 |
| Ritik Rangari | 2019EE30596 |
| Adil Hussain | 2019EE30580 |

#### General purpose energy requirement team
| Name | Entry Number |
|-------------------|--------------|
| __Aditya Thalwal(C)__ | 2019EE10772 |
| Shiv Pratap Yadav| 2019EE10526 |
| Sangeet Chourasia | 2019EE11082 |
|Om Agrawal|2019MT10710|
|Ashok Mali |2019EE30561|
|Kuldeep Bhardwaj|2018EE30552|

#### Kitchen, Sanity, Luxury requirements and Water Supply
| Name | Entry Number |
|-------------------|--------------|
| __Girish Katewa(C)__ | 2019EE30568 |
| Vishal Saini | 2019EE10546 |
| Ashish Bhaskar | 2019EE30560 |
| Adika Malviya |2019MT10670 |
|Narendra Kumar|2019EE10105|

### Energy source Research Team
#### Solar Power
| Name | Entry Number |
|------------------- |--------------|
|__Narendra Kumar(C)__ | 2019EE10105 |
| Parth Baghel | 2019EE10502 |
| Adika Malviya | 2019MT10670 |
| Aditya Thalwal |2019EE10772 |
|Mohit Mehra| 2019EE30581|
|Ananya Mohit|2019EE10159|

#### Wind Power
| Name | Entry Number |
|-------------------|--------------|
| __Vishal Saini(C)__ | 2019EE10105 |
|Sahil Chauhan | 2019EE10517 |

#### Biogas/Organic Power
| Name | Entry Number |
|-------------------|--------------|
| __Sahil Gurnani(C)__ | 2019EE10518 |
| Shreyansh Agrawal| 2019EE10842 |

#### Other Energy Sources
| Name | Entry Number |
|-------------------|--------------|
| __Sarang Dev(C)__ | 2019EE10519 |
|Sahil Chauhan | 2019EE10517 |
| Narendra Kumar | 2019EE10105 |
|Mohit Mehra| 2019EE30581|
|Anjleena Shakeba|2019MT10675|

### Storage Research (batteries)
| Name | Entry Number |
|-------------------|--------------|
|__Mrityunjai Singh(C)__ |2019MT10705 |
|Gurusha Juneja |2019EE10480 |
|Mudit Aggarwal |2019EE30813 |
|Md Adil Hussain |2019EE30580 |

### Documentation Team
| Name | Entry Number |
|-------------------|--------------|
| __Bojja Neeraja(C)__ | 2019EE10470|
| Deepanshu Chawala | 2018EE30537 |
| Ayush Verma | 2019MT60479 |
|Sangeet Chourasia | 2019EE11082 |

### Other contributions
| Name | Entry number |
|------------------|--------------|
| Anurag Chaudhary| 2018EE10448 |
| Shubham Jakhar | 2019EE10530 |
| Naman Gupta | 2019EE10497 |

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## Requirements

### Appliances

#### Basic Appliances
These are the essential requirment of every household. These appliences consumes less energy and are cheap.

- Light bulb / Tubelight
- Charging points (sufficient to charge mobile and laptops)
- Fan

#### Intermediate Appliances
- TV
- Fridge
- Washing Machine
- Inverter

#### Advanced Appliances
- Geysor
- Air Conditioner
- Electric Motor
- Microwave
- Iron

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#### General purpose Appliances
| Appliance | Necessity | Rated Watts(in W) | Quantity | usage time(in hrs/day) | Total units(in kWh) |
|-------------------|-----------|----------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------|
| 1. bulb | Yes | 10-20 | 4-5 | 8-12 | 0.75 |
| 2. mobile charger | Yes | 15-30 | 4-5 | 30-60 min | 0.05 |
| 3. charger(pc) | Yes | 30-45 | 1-2 | 3 hr | 0.17 |
| 4. wifi | Yes | 10 - 15 | 1 | 17 hrs | 0.21 |
| 5. water pump | Yes | 1000-1500 | 1 | 1 hrs | 1.25 |
| 6.Tube light | Yes | 40(T12 is Thick) | 4 | 3-4 hrs | 0.476 |
| | | 36(T8 is Slim) | (Taking avg Rated watts=34.66 | | |
| | | 28 (T5 is UltraSlim )| | | |
| 7.Ceiling fan | Yes | 60-80 watts | 4-6 | 8-12(avg annual consumption) | 3 |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |

- Total = 5.86 units/day
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#### Kitchen
| Appliance | Necessity | Rated Watts(in W) | Quantity | usage time(in min/day or h/day) | Total units(in kWh) |
|-----------------------------|-----------|-------------------|----------|------------------------|---------------------|
| 1. induction cook top | yes | 1500-2000 | 1 | 2:30- 3:30 h | 4.5 |
| 2. toaster | No | 1000 | 1 | 10-20min | 0.25 |
| 3. microwave oven | No | 900 | 1 | 10-20min | 0.225 |
| 4. mixer | Yes | 500 | 1 | 10-20min | 0.125 |
| 5. fridge.( 200 litre) | Yes | 30 | 1 | 24 h | 0.7 |
| 6. water purifier | Yes | 50 | 1 | 2h | 0.1 |
| 7. exhaust | no | 70 | 1 | 30-60 min | 0.05 |
| 8..water geyzer for kitchen | yes | 2000 | 1 | 20-30 min | 1 |
| 9. Chimney | yes | 120-200 | 1 | 30-60 min | 0.12 |
* Total =7.07 units/day (during winters).
* Total = 6.07 units/day (during summer). Geyser out for summer.
* Total = 6.54 units/day for only neccessary applinaces during summers.

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#### Living Room

| Appliance |Necessity|Rated Watts(in W)|Quantity|usage time(in hrs)|Total units(in kWh)|
|----------|-|-|-|-|-|
|TV (LCD/LED)|Yes|150-300|1|4-6|1.125|
|Set-top-box|Yes|20-30|1|4-6|0.125|
|AC(1.5 ton)|No|1500-2000|1|4-6|7.875|

- Total = 9.125 units/day

#### Sanity
| Appliance |Necessity|Rated Watts(in W)|Quantity|usage time(in h)|Total units(in kWh)|
|----------|-|-|-|-|-|
|Washing Machine|Yes|255-300|1|2|0.555|
|Trimmer|No|20|1|0.5|0.01|
|Hair Dryer|No|1500|1|0.166|0.25|
|Geyser|No|2000|1|2|4|
|Vaccum Cleaner|No|1500-1900|1|0.5|0.85|

Total essential sanity= 0.555units/day
Total= 5.665units/day

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#### Luxury

| Appliance | Rated Watts(in W) | Quantity | usage time(in h/day) | Total units(in kWh) |
|----------------------------------|-------------------|----------|------------------------|---------------------|
| Security Cameras | 5-6 | 1 | 20-24 | 0.05 |
| Inverter | 756-1000 | 1 | 5-10 | 6.375 |
| Chandelier | 200-400 | 1 | 10-15 min | 0.005 |
| Heater | 1500 | 1 | 8 | 1 |
| Recliner | 58 | 1 | 20-30 min | 0.019 |
| Play Station | 85-150 | 1 | 1 | 0.085-0.15 |
| 1.5 Ton Inverter Air Conditioner | 800-1500 | 1 | 0-8 | 1.5-2 |

#### Water Supply
Assuming water will be directly supplied to storage tank from ground
and then to fill the water tank located on terrace we will use a water pump of 1000-1500W for 1h daily

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### Domestic Electricity Consumption Statistics

#### Domestic Electricy Consumption in Delhi
| Period | Domestic Consumers | Domestic Electricity Consumption(in million units) |Annual % growth rate of elctrical consumption |
|----------|-|-|-|
|2007-8|2627975|6945|---|
|2008-9|2755225|7481|7.7|
|2009-10|3000383|8753|17|
|2010-11|3258647|9723|11.08|
|2012-12|3464611|10396|6.9|
|2012-13|3616611|10796|3.8|

#### Population vs Electricity Demand

|Population Share(%)|Electricty DemandShare(%)|
|----------|-|
|Top 20|53|
|Middle 40|34|
|Bottom 40|13|

It is no surprise that over half of electricity consumed in India in 2004-05 serves the top 20 percent of the population.

#### Average Monthly Household Electricity Consumption
||Mean|Standard deviation|Coefficient of variation|
|----------|-|-|-|
|Overall monthly consumption|373.55|288.39|0.772|
|Summer season|470.35|390.796|0.83|
|Winter season|275.67|225.089|0.816|
|Moderate weather|383.43|338.777|0.883|

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### Energy Solutions

#### Solar Energy
Solar energy is the fastest-growing self-sustainable energy industry in India. Every year India gets 5000 Trillion kWh per year which is the highest in terms of energy per square feet in the whole world. India produced around 50.13 TWh of solar electricity in 2019. Below we are trying to get requirements and possibilities of using solar energy in off-grid areas.
- 5.4×3.25 ft solar panel can produce 300 W/h.
- Considering 8 hours of sunlight availability in summer we can produce 2.4 kWh/day.
- If we have roof space of 1100 sq feet out of which 700sq feet is available for pannels installation,
- Number of solar panels can be used is approximately 23 with regular spacing
- Thus, max power that can be generated = 55 kWh/day considering whole terrace space to be used
- Cost of each solar panel of average quality ≃ 12,000 Rs
- Total cost of solar panels ≃ 2,76,000 Rs
- Reliability of this solution depends on weather conditions, in summer it is 90% reliable while in other seasons it is relatively less reliable.
<center><img src= "https://content.saveonenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/solar_for_home_hero_min.jpg"/></center>
<center>(source: https://content.saveonenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/solar_for_home_hero_min.jpg )</center>

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#### Wind energy
Wind energy contributes 4% of total energy production in India. Recent studies have shown that India can produce 685GW energy. Below are the requirements and possibilities of wind energy for an off-grid household located in delhi.

- Average Wind speed in Delhi is ~3m/s.
Considering 2types of windmills,
- Windmill: Nature Power 70701 Wind Turbine
- Maximum Power output = 2000 W
- No. of windmill required = 1
- Cost per windmill installation ≃ 2,50,000 Rs
- Extra Charges ≃ Rs.2,000
- Total Cost of installation = 2,52,000 Rs
- Windmill: [Low Cost Windmill](https://nif.org.in/innovation/low-cost-windmill/750#:~:text=Price%20%3A%20Rs.,Ex%2Dstores%20%26%20packaging)
- Apparent Power = 1kVA
- Specifications: 0.8 - 1.2kVA at 3-3.5m/s wind speed
- Installation Requirement:
- Height = 34ft
- No. of windmill required = 1
- Cost per windmill installation ≃ 80,000 Rs
- Total Cost of installation ≃ 82,000 Rs

Power Output for a Windmill:

<center><img src="https://i.imgur.com/aed6Rag.jpg" height="400" width="500"/></center>
<center>(source:https://i.imgur.com/aed6Rag.jpg )</center>

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#### Organic Energy
India produces more than 350 million tonnes of organic waste every year. This waste can make 18000MW of electricity every year. Usually, this form of energy production is more of community-based energy production than individuals. Below are the possibilities and requirements for organic energy in India.
- Size calculations for fixed dome (hemisphere design) biogas plant:
- Plant Diameter = 2.4m
- Plant Volume = 3.62 cu.m
- Digester Volume = 2.90 cu.m
- Gas Storage Volume = 0.72 cu.m
- Rated Daily Gas Production = 1.21 cu.m/day
- Different feed stocks can be used for biogas production like dung, night soil, poultry manure, dry leaf.
- For a plant size of 3.62 cubic meters if only cattle dung is taken as feed stock, approximately 4 cattles are required (considering a cattle produce 10 kg of dung/day on average)
- 1 cu.m of biogas would produce 4.698 kWh of electricity.
- Daily electricity production => 4.698×1.21 = 5.68458 kWh
- Fabrication cost for this biogas plant ≃ 22,000 Rs.
- Fixed Cost of the plant = 0.71 Rs/hr
- Operational Cost = 1.31 Rs/hr
- To produce 1.21 cubic meters of biogas, the plant needs to be operative for atleast 15 hours/day
- Therefore daily maintenance cost => 2.02*15 = 30.03 daily and 900 Rs in a month whereas construction cost is one time investment which is 22000 Rs approximately.
<center><img src= "https://static.vikaspedia.in/media/images_en/energy/energy-production/solar-energy/bio-gastest.jpg"/></center>
<center>(source:https://static.vikaspedia.in/media/images_en/energy/energy-production/solar-energy/bio-gastest.jpg)</center>

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#### Hydro Energy
As the name suggest Hydro Energy stands for energy using following water. Below are the possibilities and requirements for Hydro energy in India.
- Around 60% of all renewable electricity is generated by hydropower.
- The sector produces about 16% of total electricity generation from all sources.
- Hydropower installed capacity reached 1,330 gigawatts (GW) in 2020 as generation hit a record 4,370 terawatt hours (TWh)
- Energy Calculation:
P=m×g×H_net×η
P- power(Watts), g=9.81m/s^2
H_net= the net head. This is the gross head physically measured at the site, less any head losses. To keep things simple head losses can be assumed to be 10%, so
H_net=Hgross x 0.9
N is efficiency, For a typical small hydro system the turbine efficiency would be 85%, drive efficiency 95% and generator efficiency 93%, so the overall system efficiency would be: 0.85 x 0.95 x 0.93 = 0.751 i.e. 75.1%
If we had low gross head of 2.5 m then
H_net= 2.5x0.9 = 2.25m.
For a small hydra, assuming turbine could take max flow = 3 cu.m/s= 3000 ltr per sec.
Power (W) = m x g x Hnet x η = 3,000 x 9.81 x 2.25 x 0.751 = 49,729 W = 49.7 kW
<center><img src= "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/images/hydro-dam.png"/></center>
<center>(source: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/images/hydro-dam.png)</center>

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#### Power through treadmill
The treadmill's maximum output is 200W an hour. Considering, 4 hours workout on treadmill by whole family, per day power generation = 4×200 Watts hour.
Thus, 0.8 kW-h per day can be generated by treadmill.

#### Piezoelectricity
- The power generated by the vibration of the piezoelectric is to be a maximum of 2mW, and provide enough energy to charge a 40mAh button cell battery in one hour.
- Piezoelectric materials form transducers that are able to interchange electrical energy and mechanical motion or force.
- Output voltage from 1 piezo disc is 13V. Thus the maximum voltage that can be generated across the piezo tile is around 39V.
- Cost of Installation : The piezoelectric sheets of the same material currently cost $165 in bulk from Piezo Systems (for 100 sheets of 10.64 cu. cm each), the cost per cu. cm of this material is about $0.155 or 11.47 Rs

<center><img src="https://uogesw.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/piezoelectric-effect-by-abhishek-dubey-27-638.jpg"></center>
<center>(source:https://uogesw.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/piezoelectric-effect-by-abhishek-dubey-27-638.jpg)</center>

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#### Geothermal Energy
Home systems can’t generate electricity like Industrial-scale geothermal power plants, but they can save electricity by replacing conventional home heating and cooling with more efficient equipment.
##### Geothermal heating and cooling system:
- In the ground: A water-filled, closed-loop of 1-inch high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe ferries heat between the earth and the house. Pipes descend 4- to 6-inch-diameter vertical wells (the number and depth depend on the house's site and size) and bring lukewarm water.
- In the house: Pumps cycle water through the pipe loop to the heart of the system: the geothermal unit, which acts as furnace and air conditioner. This machine uses refrigerant and temperate water from the underground pipes to heat or cool air. The air is then circulated through standard ductwork.

<center><img src="https://i.pinimg.com/564x/48/1f/f8/481ff81b09541af2acbac5eda868b29e.jpg"></center>
<center>(source:https://i.pinimg.com/564x/48/1f/f8/481ff81b09541af2acbac5eda868b29e.jpg)</center>
- Cost of installation for a closed-loop horizontal system ≃ 7,00,000 Rs
- The cost depends on the house’s site. Although the upfront installation cost of geothermal systems is high, ground source heat pumps are much more efficient than traditional heating and cooling systems. They can achieve a Coefficient of Performance (COP) of 3-5, which means that with every unit of energy used by the system to power itself, it’ll produce 3-5 units of heat for the home.

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#### Storage Batteries
<center><img src="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sushil-Soonee/publication/313869435/figure/fig1/AS:616250778583040@1523937043634/A-typical-all-India-daily-load-curve.png"/></center>
<cen>ter>A typical demand curve on an average day in India</center>

- Total energy required to be stored
- Averaging to get per capita peak demand, 136 W
- Multiplying by 5 assuming a family size of 5, 680 W
- Assuming + 50% percentage change for day to day variations, maximum possible energy demand required to be produced = 1020 W
- Number of no-sun hours = 15 (peak winters)
- Total energy required from the battery over a day = 15 KWh
- Excess energy would need to be produced in the afternoon to meet current requirements and the rest of the energy stored in batteries to be used in evening and night.
- Battery storage is a cost effective and efficient way to store energy.
- Li ion batteries among them are relatively cheap, low profile and suited for other needs. In off grid we would need more frequent charging and discharging cycles than being dependent on grid electricity and for that we prefer Li ion batteries over Lead acid batteries.
- Calculations for Lithium ion batteries
- 1kg can store 150Wh of energy
- Total amount required = 15KWh(Total requirement to store)/150Wh = 100kg
- Cost of Li ion battery = 100 Rs/kg
- Total Cost = 100×100 =10,000 Rs

Specifications:
Electrochemical storage (batteries)
- Lithium-ion (LMO, NMC, NCA, LFP)
- Lead acid (Flooded, VRLA)
- Nickel based (NiCd)
- Flow (RFB, HFB)

<center>Comparison of costs of different storage options</center>
<center>(source:https://elum-energy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/unsubsidized-levelized-cost-of-storage-comparison%CE%B3coe-mwh-100.jpg)</center>

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## Appendix

### Units:

|Symbol|Fullform|
|---------|-----------|
|A|amperes|
|cm|centimeter|
|cu|cubic|
|ft|feet|
|g|grams|
|G|giga|
|h|hours|
|k|kilo|
|kg|kilograms|
|kWh|kilo-watt-hour|
|l|Liter|
|m|meter|
|m|milli|
|M|mega|
|min|minutes|
|sq|square|
|V|Volt|
|W|Watt|
### Abbreavtions
|Symbol|Fullform|
|---------|-----------|
|LPG|Liquefied petroleum gas|

## References
[@agrawalInfluenceImprovedSupply2020]
[@anandPiezoelectricEnergyGeneration2019]
[@BeginnerGuide3002021]
[@BiogasPowerGeneration]
[@EconomicEvaluationDifferent2015]
[@GuideHomeGeothermal]
[@HowCalculatePower]
[@LowCostWindmill]
[@MeasuringSmallscaleBiogas]
[@NewDelhiClimate]
[@singhCharacterizingDomesticElectricity2018]
[@SolarCalculator]
[@SolarStorageBattery2019]
[@tewathiaDeterminantsHouseholdElectricity]
[@VikaspediaDomains]