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    # [工材]第十二週筆記 -> 我只是個margin。這裡什麼都沒有ob'_'ov <!-- 安安 恭喜你找到秘密>////< (未滿十八不要點進去) https://0xff07.github.io/PPPP/ 我把所有西斯版的照片都放在那裡了! 偷偷來這裡廣告一下~這禮拜五下午3:30,在博雅101有一門通識期末發表會: https://www.facebook.com/events/1852049421740303/ 我應該會在上面簡短發表我一時好玩寫的網站 (其實只是個自動把Dcard西斯版照片過濾出來放的上面的網站>///<) (其實也有自動把他們全部下載下來的程式)(有時間的話會講解自動載片的程式)(*如果有時間的話*) 歡迎大家一起來看~~ --> # 工具鋼(續) > 以下為上周複習 * 工具鋼 * 碳工具鋼 * 合金工具鋼 * 高速鋼 * 18-4-1鋼:$W$系、$Mn$系(1% $Mn$ = 2%$W$) * 熱處理:淬火溫度要高(為了高硬度)淬火要注意之事項、淬火後之組織、回火次數至少要兩次以上(為了韌性,又不會要過度回火) * 工具用硬質合金 * 鑄造合金:stellite($Co-Cr-W-C$合金) * 燒結硬質合金:$WC + Co$, $Wc + TiC + W$ * 軸承用鋼(Bearing Steels) * 彈簧鋼(Spring Steels) ## 軸承用鋼 代號SUJ。 軸承是大概像這樣的東西: ![](https://i.imgur.com/pKGItVJ.jpg) 因為會放東西在上面,所以**抗拉強度**最好要好一點。再來是這個東西因會一直轉轉轉,所以還要**能夠抗疲勞**,要求很多。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OrKus2n.png) ## 彈簧鋼 就是用來做彈簧的鋼,代號SUP。因為彈簧沒看過也算過就不附圖惹 。 既然要用來做彈簧,那麼當然**彈性限**要好(不然虎克定律就掛了)、耐衝擊(可能會壓他)、不容易產生永久變形(廢話)。 加Si可以讓彈性限增加。 做法是跟熱機處理類似,只是熱機處理是先拉再降溫,做++彈簧鋼是先降溫再拉(就是Patening)++,拉完之後要做「藍化處理」(就是對他噴火,讓表面產生一層$Mn$的氧化物)。 這裡有[藍化處理](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_seoF8ISxAM)的影片。 然後看吳杯杯化的重點。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OdrO3et.png) ## 不鏽鋼 不鏽鋼 * $Cr$系不鏽鋼:**4XX** * 肥粒鐵系:17%$Cr$ * 麻田散鐵系:13%$Cr$ * $Ni-Cr$系不鏽鋼:**3XX** * 沃斯田鐵系:**粒間腐蝕**(原因及防治方法) * $\gamma-Fe$ + $\alpha-Fe$系 * 析出硬化型(PH) * 630(17-7):麻田散鐵系:$Ni-Cu$析出物 * 631(17-7):沃斯田鐵系:$Ni-Al$ * 不鏽鋼之主要用途 不鏽鋼的重點是**不准產生Carbite**,因為Carbite會加速生鏽(提供電位更低的反應途徑),所以絕對不能讓他有Carbite。 一開始是發現鐵加鉻可以抗鏽蝕,但是還不夠好。後來就加入了$Ni$改良,產生一堆不鏽鋼的品種。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/LnnPbU4.png) 加入鉻鎳有什麼神奇的地方?看看腐蝕量跟加入鉻鎳的關係: ![](https://i.imgur.com/L4nhSD7.png) 首先看鉻。加入大約13%鉻左右之後就可以抵抗硝酸,那是因為++會產生緻密的鉻氧化物++。但是對硫酸的抵抗力會變差,因為鉻氧化物對硫酸來說比鐵好腐蝕,所以氧化物越多反而會不利硫酸。 這時候就知道要看另外一張鎳的圖了。 加入鎳可以顯著抵抗幾乎所有的酸,所以再加入鎳,就把硫酸的弱點補起來了。不過對氟酸來說還是沒輒,所以又要再加其他金屬。 然後為什麼不直接加鎳就好了?++因為鎳他媽的超貴啊啊啊啊啊啊++。 不鏽鋼的系列大概有下面這幾種: ![](https://i.imgur.com/t00pT4n.png) 代號的話,$Cr$系是4XX,$Cr-Ni$系是3XX 先來看看$Cr$系不鏽鋼: ### 鉻系 ![](https://i.imgur.com/7rff5sG.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/dhp3nPV.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/ISToSPW.png) 為什麼有分兩種?想解答這個問題要先看看$Fe-Cr$平衡圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/DEFN6IM.gif) > 可以發現加入$Cr$可以促成肥粒鐵生成。$\alpha$鐵的範圍較本來的鐵碳平衡圖擴張很多。 * 麻田散鐵是$\gamma$鐵淬火得到的,所以如果要麻田散鐵系,就要從$\gamma$鐵開始往下淬火,看相圖知道這時候$Cr$約需要11%左右。但是實際上,++因為不能去除全部的C,所以要多留一點點$Cr$++,$Cr$會加稍微多一點點。另外,不鏽鋼的淬火溫度比較高(九百多度。看相圖就可以知道)。 如果要更硬,就會加一些碳,不過老樣子要++用比理論值還多一些的$Cr$把碳中和,避免讓鉻的濃度低於能夠抵抗腐蝕的最低溫度++。 * 如果要$\alpha$鐵系,看相圖就會知道要加到超過16左右才會得到$\alpha$鐵,不過老樣子會需要多一點點$Cr$來中和一下多的$C$。 然後$Cr$系會有磁性。工廠實習的時候焊工的師父有拿磁鐵出來示範。 種類有如下: ![](https://i.imgur.com/aUttYGV.png) 430, 403, 410是標準型。 ### 鉻鎳系 再來看看$Cr-Ni$系: ![](https://i.imgur.com/YfsSMVm.png) 加入$Ni$可以抵抗更多物質的腐蝕,還會++把$\gamma$態的變態溫度降到常溫以下++,所以++除了本來的$\alpha-Fe$系、麻田散鐵系,還多了沃斯田鐵系++、$\gamma-Fe$ + $\alpha-Fe$系。 沃斯田鐵系是因為變成合金之後,抑制變態溫度,被壓到常溫以下,導致他在常溫時還是沃斯田鐵,就是沃斯田鐵系的鋼(18-8不鏽鋼)。因為是沃斯田鐵,所以++沒有磁性++。 然後要讓$Cr-Ni$系的強化方式不是淬火,而是++直接把他加工,讓他加工硬化++,他就會變硬了。 然後他有一個弱點: ![](https://i.imgur.com/HnQ7ejP.png) 這個東西叫做「敏化」(Sensitized Condition),因為附近$Cr_{x}C_{y}$++在500~900度時在晶界析出之後,就會降低晶界附近的$Cr$含量++,然後晶界附近的$Cr$++濃度就會低於抵抗酸所需要的最低濃度++,就會沿著晶界附近裂掉(就是上面講到的粒間腐蝕)。 要注意的是,焊接時,周遭金屬的溫度有可能會落在這個溫度內,焊完之後有可能變得脆弱。日本人叫做Weld Decay。有圖有真相: ![](https://i.imgur.com/4F14frv.jpg) 那要怎麼避開? ![](https://i.imgur.com/vZDeCQ2.png) 這裡提到三種解法: * 降低含碳量:是根本,就像全世界都回到石器時代的生活就不會有污染,不過這樣有講跟沒講一樣。 * 或是如第二點,加入金屬,他們會比$Cr$更先去跟$C$結合。但是,++他們得碳化物會析出在晶粒內部,而不是在晶界++,就可以解決了。 * 最後一種解法是**淬火韌化**: ![](https://i.imgur.com/XZR8AcC.png) (跟時效硬化有87%像。不過吳說過鋁業喜歡另外幫同樣的東西取名字嘛~) 所以幫$Ni-Cr$系的不鏽鋼做個~~技能樹~~型號圖,大概如下: ![](https://i.imgur.com/iQNNkjt.png) 其中302, 304, 316, 304L, 316L是比較常用的 * 302:經典款18-8鋼的代號 * 304:後面可以衍伸一堆抵抗粒間腐蝕的版本(比如上面第二點「加入金屬」的就是347) * 316:上面第三點中,加$Mo$的版本。 最後來看$\gamma-Fe$ + $\alpha-Fe$系 ![](https://i.imgur.com/J1y5MhQ.png) 把鉻量提升,加鎳使$\gamma$區域往下延伸,就會產生$\gamma-Fe$跟$\alpha-Fe$共存的相 ### 析出硬化型(PH) ~~龐克哈薩德~~析出硬化型 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Xm1ICdO.png) 這裡介紹兩種: * 630(17-4):麻田散鐵系:$Ni-Cu$析出物 * 631(17-7):沃斯田鐵系:$Ni-Al$ 不鏽鋼的用途很多(廢話)。主要的用途課本列了張表: ![](https://i.imgur.com/HgiFz6w.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/qMBikOk.png) ## 耐熱鋼 是不鏽鋼的兄弟。因為希望在高溫的時候,也可以保持不鏽鋼優良性質,所以作出的改量! ![](https://i.imgur.com/Uqa17A8.png) 來看$Cr$系: ![](https://i.imgur.com/Wacs4LD.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/TC7T69Q.png) 不過高於500度的時候,建議使用$Ni-Cr$系: ![](https://i.imgur.com/sKajVqI.png) 如果需要更高溫,就要用課本417頁的$Ni$基超(耐熱)合金了: ![](https://i.imgur.com/advumoN.png) ## 磁氣用鋼 白話文就是用鐵的永久磁性做磁鐵。不過,因為這樣做出來的磁鐵磁性實在是太弱了,所以現在不太使用。 ### 軟磁鋼 其實是**矽鋼片**。就是鐵裡面加矽。 還記得小時候學過「如果電磁鐵線圈中間插磁鐵,電磁鐵強度會變強」嘛?中間插的磁鐵就是軟磁鋼。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/InOwO8Q.png) ### 硬磁鋼 就是永久磁鐵。現在不用惹~~~ # 鑄鐵(Cast Iron) * 鑄鐵的溶解法:融鐵爐(Cupola) * 鑄鐵的組織: * 白鑄鐵(white cast iron) * 班鑄鐵(motted cast iron) * 灰鑄鐵(gray cast iron)

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