侯嘉晉
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    # 2022/10/01 CPS extra-case discussion ## Cheif complaint ### 36y/o man with AML s/p Mismatch allogenic HSCT with recurrence presenting with left facial swelling, epistaxis, ileus and acute-onset desaturation ## Underlying ### 1. T cell lymphoma, s/p autologous HSCT 2004 with longterm survival, with secondary MDS and AML, s/p treatment with CR, but recurrent and s/p Mismatch allogeneic HSCT in 2022/04 and recurrent on the Day +65, s/p treatment, but poor response with subsequent infection complication and prolonged neutropenic phase 2. left sinusitis, suspected aspergillosis related (pathology likelly, but no serology evidence) s/p isavuconazole and voriconazole, but still recurrence during chemotherapy 3. CMV viremia, 2022/06 ## Present illness - Admitted for fever and sevre epistaxis - ICU transfer due to risk of respiratory failure - Associated with abdominal distention, ileus, progressive left facial swelling - WBC: 100, persistent neutropenia ## Approach to epistaxis ### 1. 先穩定airway, 找ENT(可取得檢體) 2. Anatomy approach for cause 3. 解決coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia 4. 是否有用antiplatelet or anticoagulant 5. aspergilosis, mold 多會angioinvasion ## PE ICU day 5 - Fever 38.8, HR:148, RR:23, SpO2: 6L - Left side cheek swelling, puffy eyes with periorbital edema - bilateral basal lung crackle - Abdominal distention ->increased O2 demand compared with Day 1 ## Reasoning - 小心PJP, CMV, EBV, HSV等伺機性感染造成的pneumonia - 注意EOM,小心sinusitis是否進展至orbital cellulitis - 肚子脹,比較不像是aspergillosis等,較可能是candida的問題,肚子和鼻血兩者不見得有關係 ## Further course ### - Desaturation on Day 6 under imipenem, vancomycin and voriconazole - change to ambisome, add sevatrim - Lab: - WBC:2.31K, band form↑ - HB:7.6 - INR 1.4, correctable - ferritin: 26K - CDI PCR: positve - COVID, TB PCR, serum CNV/EBV PCR: All Negative - CXR: no active patch lesion - CT C+A: - some small nodule over left side - paralytic ileus, no eiology was found ## Reasoning - interstitial pattern CXR 不見得看得出來 - CXR 沒有Finding > 小心PE! - 移植之後可能的肺部併發症: Lung GVHD, Bronchiolitis obliterans - Prolonged neutropenia > fungus infection risk 較高 - 看bone marrow的狀況,是否有relaped leukemia - 沒有CMV viremia 不代表不能有CMV disease, like CMV pneumonitis, CMV colitis ## Differential diagnosis for respiratory failure 1. Bronchiolitis obliterans 2. recurrent leukemia . CT left lung few nodule . peripheral blood smear: many blast cells ## Treatment ### for suspected BO 1. FAM-Fluticasone, Azithromycin, And Montelukast 2. azithromycin > for immunomodulation - better CO2 washout after adding A+M ### For fungus sinusitis - change to ambisome > eye, sinus resolved ### For Hypercapnia respiration failure with poor CO2 wash out, BO, leukemia 1. titrate up methyprenisolone(for suspected lung GVHD) 2. treat BO - poor CO2 wash out > consider still high CO2 production, due to hyperdynamic status ### For CDI - vanco PO + metronidazole IV ### For recurrent leukemia - no further treatment regimen ### For epistaxis - treat coagulopathy - treat high blood pressure - treat fungus infection with ambisome - resolved after correcting the above etiology ## Discussion ### For epistaxis #### DDx 1. Vascular malformation 2. cancer 3. 小心流鼻血是以咳血來表現,因為逆流回去了(NPC以咳血來表現,CXR乾淨) 4. coagulopathy: 小心platelet, INR看不出來的,e.g. von willebrand disease 5. barotrauma 6. medication: Cocaine, anticoagulant Management: 1. 大部分是由littlet's area出來 2. 指頭加壓前1/3的鼻子 15~20 mins 3. bosmin compression 4. transamine topical IH, IV(500mg Q6H), PO 5. correct coagulopathy 6. 會ENT rhinoscopy > 前或後的出血 ### For post HSCT lung disease Phase I: 0~30 Days Phase II:30~100 Days Phase III: >100 days > Our case ![](https://i.imgur.com/RSwD8DF.png) PERDS: 預後好,用STeroid可快速改善 DAH: 預後中等 IPS: 預後差 ![](https://i.imgur.com/vtgQ7oO.png) BO and COP 1. Allogenic HSCT, Late onset(>1year) 2. high mortality ![](https://i.imgur.com/Qckrq5r.png) 在這個個案上,唯一不像的點是desaturation速度太快了,因此leukemia infiltration仍是需要考慮 ![](https://i.imgur.com/IaKDYK7.png) ## 道紘學長補充 ### 1. Disease status - 通常血液科醫師都會給這些病人很長一串診斷,包含最基本的FAB分型、Flow Cytometry、Genetics、treatment、PBSCT conditioning regimen、HLA match X/10、Donor&recipient CMV serology,裡面往往暗藏需要注意的玄機,在病人爛掉的時候裡面的資訊會讓我們對這個病人的處理有不同看法。所以這個病人的診斷其實可以給的更完整一點,而需要注意的細節下面再講。 2. Immunecompromised severity - 血液科的病人就是非常immunecompromised,原因來自治療期間的neutropenia、抗癌藥物本身(Fludarabine/Ibrutininb/Rituximab)、移植後抗排斥藥物、類固醇等等。因此要知道一年內的化療藥物、Neutropenia成度與時間、排斥狀況與抗排斥藥物等等。討論這類病人的時候最好要把這一部分呈現出來。 - 這個病人看起來是relapse/refractory,不見得會一直長時間處於neutropenia,接受V+V治療時血球通常會降,打過FLAG應該有prolong neutropenia(+fludarabine本身特性),會讓病人的Fungal infection risk非常非常高。所以當病人出現疑似鼻竇炎症狀時,我想大家應該都會想到fungal sinusitis,但背後免疫缺乏的程度還是需要釐清,在後續腸胃與肺部出問題時,也會影響我們對於Fungal infection懷疑的程度與治療的輕重。如果真的是IFI的話單打Ambisome還不是最強的,Ambisome+caspofungin、Ambisone+Voriconazole甚至Ambisome+caspofungin+Voriconazole三合一的我都看過...... - 而因為frank relapse,我猜應該也沒什麼抗排斥藥物,因此FK506/Tacrolimus (T-cell function)造成的免疫缺乏,比重會稍微弱一點。(CMV/VZV/HSV等) 3. Fungal infection - 黴菌的診斷非常困難,因爲時常都只是Colonization,確診通常需要Tissue pathology/culture,再加上抗黴菌藥物的副作用大、價格昂貴,因此不能見到黑影就開槍。 - 很多人應該都聽過Possible/Probable/Proven fungal infection,這個是來自EORTC/MSG 2019年(前一版2008)公佈的診斷標準,因此最好要呈現這個病人黴菌感染目前有什麼證據。Serum/sputum/BAL Aspergillus Ag? Fungus culture? Nasal swab culture? Surgical tissue culture? Surgical pathology?Radiological? Proven/probable/possible會影響我們對這個病人黴菌感染的相信程度,對治療會有所,是否要更積極治療?Surgical debridement? Dual anti-fungal agent? - 其實我還蠻好奇這個病人之前就看到有Sinusitis,當時有沒有積極去FESS清乾淨?有沒有積極去prove pathogen是那一隻黴菌? - 不過提醒一下EORTC/MSG criteria主要是用在研究收案用(近期其實蠻多anti-fungal在phase 2/3 clinical trial喔!),真實世界中看病人需要更謹慎,不要完全符合才治療黴菌,也不要覺得沒有完全符合就治療很奇怪。 4. CMV - 捐增者陰陽、受贈者陰陽2*2總共會有四總組合,不同組合CMV的risk會差很多,可能會用到Letomovir,也可能只需要定期追蹤Viremia並Pre-emptive治療。 - 這個病人曾經有CMV viremia >1000,有可能接受過Anti-CMV的治療,接受後他是否有持續接受Valgangiclovir做secondary prophylaxis? 這也會影響CMV pneumonitis/colitis在我們心中ddx的地位。 5. GVHD - STR比例不同、其他曾經有任何器官的GVHD、一開始接受的Conditioning regimen、抗排斥用藥,會影響GVHD的risk。 - 這個病人我沒記錯的話是8/10合,沒有發生過任何GVHD,且frank relapse的病人通常GVHD很弱,因此說這個病人要發生Bronchiolitis obliterans,我覺得以病史來看非常非常低。憑影像學就出手治療並沒有不行,但我不會把這個放在優先的鑑別診斷,在治療BO的同時,要小心這個劑量的Steroids會不會造成其他副作用,並且更小心其他的DDx不能忘記! ### 總歸來說 - 這類的病人在台大ICU是家常便飯,對我來說WBC >100就是血球很多免疫力恨好,WBC=10000/Blast 30%叫做partial remission 疾病控制的還不錯,搞到我覺得我都有點認知失調了。治療上面很難去做非常仔細的D/D,通常是全部的治療都會給,但治療強度會依照不同D/D的比重去有所差異,也可能為了證明某個ddx去做更積極的診斷。病人能不能活著離開ICU,多半還是看他癌症與GVHD的程度如何,我個人的經驗是......40% prolong pancytopenia. 40% refractory/relapse, 15% uncontrolled GVHD-------通通會死掉,只有剩下5%本身血液科疾病控制得不錯的才有機會離開加護病房。 - 在這個病人的影像學與O2 demand來說,要說有那麼大的dead space讓MV高達16還洗不掉,再加上Airway resistance/IP都不高,不太可能有嚴重的small airway/obstructive問題。我個人覺得最可能的診斷是還是leukemia lung或infection,我印象中病人好像在血球長起來的時候呼吸爛掉,可能是血球長起來後會有類似IRIS的反應,加重肺部的發炎反應,導致狀況變差,同時也可能hypermetabolism CO2產生過多造成Respiratroy acidosis。不過這推論evidence不是很強就是了XD

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