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A New Perspective on Polkadot
Gavin Wood
@gavofyork
https://hackmd.io/@polkadot/Decoded2023
Polkadot 1.0
What is Polkadot 1.0?
What is Polkadot 1.0?
What is Polkadot 1.0?
What is Polkadot 1.0?
The only true voyage of discovery, the only fountain of Eternal Youth, would be not to visit strange lands but to possess other eyes
– Marcel Proust
New Perspective on What Polkadot Is
A provider of maximally-resilient, general-purpose continuation computation. The Polkadot Relay-chain is the foundation of the Ubiquitous (Multicore) Supercomputer.
Polkadot: Ubiquitous Supercomputer
The Polkadot Core
Polkadot Core Performance
The performance of each Polkadot core is:
We expect this to track hardware improvements.
Contracts-on-Cores
What it means…
A (Possible) Future
Agile Polkadot
Core Rental
A departure from leases & slots
Time on Polkadot cores (Coretime) is sold periodically.
Core Rental
Two Polkadot-native sales of Coretime:
Minimise parameterisation. Maximise agility.
Bulk Sales
4-weekly sale of 4 week Coretime at fixed price.
Instananeous Sales
Blockly sale of bulk Coretime at a spot price.
The Nature of Instantaneous Coretime
The Nature of Bulk Coretime
Broker para exposes XCM NFT for Bulk Coretime.
Bulk Coretime Usage
Bulk Coretime can be allocated in several ways:
Or just carved up and sold separately OTC.
Bulk Coretime Usage: Rent controls
When assigning a fresh month of bulk Coretime, Broker records price paid and assignment. Coretime can always be purchased next month for same assignment with a capped price change.
Assigning is irreversable.
Meaning for Existing Paras
Meaning for Existing Paras
Parachains need not conform to a fixed period but will have an adaptive period ala CPU clock
Meaning for Existing Paras
Core Usage
Coretime can be sliced and recombined in various ways.
Dumb Core Usage (Long-term Leasing)
Dumb Core Usage (Affinity Unimportant)
Agile Core Usage
Exotic Scheduling
Ranges can be Split
Owners of a range can split and trade.
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJ9rjjI_3.png)
Ranges can be Strided
Chains can take turns on a core to share cost.
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJC4co8_3.png)
Cores can be Compressed
Verify many blocks on a core to allow higher block rates and lower apparent latency.
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryCtf3Lu3.png)
Cores can be Combined
Use multiple cores for greater compute power; either a instantaneously or longer-term.
![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJS5nCId3.png)
Possible Future Directions
Chains share a core to share costs with no reduction in latency
Possible Future Directions
Putting it all together
Application centric
Not chain centric
Polkadot 1.0:
A Chain Centric Paradigm
Apps must seamlessly span chains in order to unlock Polkadot's potential
App-centricity is needed
XCM & Accords
In the world of trading…
"A secure trade route, not a framework for binding trade agreements"
XCM
As an intention language, XCM is well-suited when one system trusts another to honour the stated intention.
But when two systems are under the same consensus, we can do better.
Accords
An Accord is an opt-in treaty across many chains.
Accords
Polkadot is a unique architecture on which Accords can exist and be capitalized.
They allow patterns of cooperation over multiple chains impossible (or rather, insecure!) in other architectures.
Example Accords
Project CAPI: App-centric middleware
Hermit Relay
All user-level functionality moves into system chains.
Polkadot functionality spans over multiple parachains, freeing up the Relay-chain.
Resilience
Building a Resilient Application Platform
To Build a Resilient World
Resilience
Being delivered by a combination of things:
Light-client usage
ZK Primitives
High compute time can lead to centralisation.
ZK Primitives
✅ Simpler stuff
Sassafras Consensus
New forkless block-production consensus algorithm.
Internode Mixnet
Shielded transport for short messages.
Human decentralisation
As long as we rely on decentralisation, we need to involve many disparate actors to gain resilience.
Remember Why