延平物理
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    # 延平國中理化 6 ###### tags: `YP` `Jun High School` `physics` ## ==**此份講義為許宸碩所寫 請勿隨意外傳**== ## Ch.1 電與生活 ### 1-1 電流熱效應 :::info #### 公式集合 ##### 電能: $$ E = QV = IVt = I^2Rt = \frac {V^2}{R}t $$ ##### 電功率: $$ P = \frac {E}{t} = IV = I^2R = \frac {V^2}{R} $$ ##### 特定功率題(只給V&W): $$ R = \frac {V^2} {P} $$ ::: #### 重點 * 大多數題目都在考個別電阻的功耗,因此大多數題目的關鍵皆在於 ==找出 **V、I、R** 三者的數值== * 串聯電阻:串聯時 -> 電流相同,因此帶入 $$ P = I^2R $$ * 並聯電阻:並聯時 -> 電壓相同,因此帶入 $$ P = \frac {V^2}{R} $$ * **能量守恆** -> 電池提供的總功率 = 電器消耗電功率之和 $$ P_總 = I_總V_總 = P_A + P_B + … $$ * 單位: W = J/s ; 1 kW = 1000 W :::success 解題時的小技巧:可以用兩種顏色的筆表示電流與電壓 -> 比較不會搞混 :+1: ::: &ensp; #### 題目 * 進階題:綜合進階演練5、12 > 請把講義所有題目都練過至少一次 ==都很重要== #### 105年 會考 第49、50題: ![](https://i.imgur.com/y9J3ezI.png) :::spoiler 詳解 49. Ans: (D) 根據敘述「接觸鋁箔紙溫度上升,隨即在乙處起火燃燒」 -> 電能轉為熱能,造成溫度上升 &nbsp; => 電流熱效應 50. Ans: (A) 同一條線路上,電流相同 ::: #### 106年 會考 第46題: ![](https://i.imgur.com/Wl9GmF9.png) :::spoiler 詳解 46. Ans: (D) 若兩並聯之電阻電功率一樣(並聯電壓同),則I、R皆相同 -> 丙之電流為甲乙合併 則根據公式即可知道答案 $$ P = I^2R $$ ::: &ensp; :::warning 讀完本章後 你應該要: - [ ] 能夠清楚求出電路上個別電阻之電功率 - [ ] 熟練應用正確的公式求出電功率 ::: *** ### 1-2 電的運送與消耗 #### 重點 * 直流電&交流電的差異 -> 交流電的波動性變化 ==有正負號之分== * 討論運輸電力時,需注意以下兩點 $$P_{發電廠} = IV $$ $$P_{損耗} = I^2R $$ > 不能用V -> 因為電線本身就會消耗電壓 * ==電壓越高 電路損耗的能量越低== -> 高壓電 * 火線地線看清楚 -> 怎麼連接決定電壓多少 * 一度電 = 1 kW-hr = 3.6 * 10^6 J -> **看清楚再算電費** #### 題目 * 基礎題:綜合進階演練3 &ensp; :::warning 讀完本章後 你應該要: - [ ] 了解運送電路之相關概念 - [ ] 透過功耗求出電費 ::: *** ### 1-3 家庭用電安全 #### 重點 * 保險絲與最大附載電流的定義 * 確認電路是否安全 -> 有沒有短路 &ensp; :::warning 讀完本章後 你應該要: - [ ] 判斷電路是否安全 ::: *** ### ==本章解題重點== #### 注意事項 * 串並聯系統 分別對於 **「電壓、電流、電阻」** 都應記熟 * 單位的絕對不能看錯 **==特殊單位:度==** * 遇到電路複雜的題型時 -> 可以透過單條電路分開分析去簡化問題 *** ## Ch.2 磁 ### 2-1 磁鐵與磁場 :::info **名詞定義&解釋** 1. 磁力:與重力、庫倫靜電力相同,屬於超距力的一種 (此指的是磁鐵互相引與排斥的效果) 2. 磁場:磁力可以產生作用的空間 3. 磁力線:磁場中磁力作用的具象化表現方式<假想的> -> 可以看出 ==磁力強度與方向== ::: #### 重點 * 磁鐵: 1. 磁鐵一定有正負雙極 無論分裂成多少塊都是 -> 必定成對存在 與 ==電荷不一樣== 2. 磁性物質:鐵、鈷、鎳(與其合金)==[背]== -> 化學的[電子組態]()會解釋背後的原因 > 常識複習:磁鐵中 -> 正極為N;負極為S * 磁力線: 1. 磁力線為封閉的平滑曲線 -> 任兩條磁力線==永不相交== 2. 磁力線由正極出發 負極回來 -> 切線方向就是此處之==磁場方向== 也就是**指針N極指向之方向** 3. 磁力線越密集 -> 磁場越強 > 不要忘記磁力線是 ==虛擬的== -> 唯一能看到的方式:灑鐵粉 >> 記得看熟 學校講義 P41 的磁力線圖 &ensp; :::success 雖然地磁並不為這個章節的核心重點 但對於地科有著舉足輕重的影響 &ensp; -> **唯一的重點是:可將視為地球一個巨型磁鐵 且 ==N為南極 S為北極==** ::: #### 題目 * 進階題:綜合進階演練2 > 能夠看懂磁力線之圖案標示 &ensp; :::warning 讀完本章後 你應該要: - [ ] 了解磁鐵的基本性質 - [ ] 熟練並且精確的判斷磁力線方向與磁場大小 ::: *** ### 2-2 電流的磁效應 :::info **複習** [國小自然] 通電後的導線具備磁場 -> 影響指南針 & 「安培右手定則」 > ### 這就是 **==「電流磁效應」==** * 國小教學影片 > {%youtube PKZEJCzkQRg %} ::: #### 重點 * 電流磁效應: 1. 通電的導線可以在周圍產生磁場 -> 稱為「電流磁效應」 2. 長直導線產生的磁場為「同心圓」-> 拇指為電流 四指為磁場方向 圓形線圈產生的磁場為「類圓柱形的薄磁鐵」& 螺線管線圈產生的磁場為「棒狀磁鐵」 &ensp; -> 四指為電流 拇指為磁場方向 ### => **==安培右手定則==** > ### 安培定律: > 長直載流導線所產生的磁場 與 電流大小成 **==正比==** & 導線距離成 **==反比==** >> ![](https://i.imgur.com/If7P1fc.png) :::success 下一章節將會提到 **「右手開掌定則」** 這個與「安培右手定則」有所不同 請不要搞錯 => 下章節會仔細介紹 ::: * 電磁鐵: 1. 透過電流磁效應來創造磁場 -> 電磁鐵 (大多使用螺線管作為線圈) 2. 增強電磁鐵磁力的方式: * 電流加大 * 單位線圈密度提升 * ==加入磁性物質在其中== &ensp; > #### 原因:將磁性物質暫時磁化 可大幅提升磁力效果 3. 須注意電流方向 -> 會影響磁力方向 **==尤其是螺線管==** * 電磁鐵應用: 1. 大多數透過通電與否 造成與永久磁鐵的 **吸引與排斥** 2. 包含:電鈴、喇叭、安培計、==馬達== > 馬達特殊之處:**==「集電環」==** :::success 接下來將會提到 **「發電機」** 發電機&馬達 有眾多相似之處 請將兩者的方法與應用 **記熟** ::: #### 題目 * 基礎題:綜合進階演練1、2 * 進階題:會考基礎題4、12、15 &ensp; :::warning 讀完本章後 你應該要: - [ ] 熟練地分析不同情況的電流磁效應 - [ ] 能夠了解各種電磁鐵系統的應用與原理 ::: *** ### 2-3 電流與磁場的交互作用 :::info **必備知識:** **穿入紙面&穿出紙面** >穿入紙面:「叉」 >穿出紙面:「點」 > >>![](https://i.imgur.com/MKQJ8wU.png) **磁力定義** > 當有電流與磁場同時存在 並且 **==不平行==** 時 -> 產生的力及為「磁力」 > >> 這個和單純的磁場所產生的效果不同 而是更相似於我們過往學的力學中的 **「力」** ::: #### 重點 * 右手開掌定則: 1. 使用方式:(請打開你的右手) * 拇指方向 -> 電流 * 四指方向 -> 磁場 * 掌心推出方向 -> 磁力 > **==三者互相垂直==** 2. 與力矩相似 當電流與磁場互相垂直時 -> 磁力有最大值 ### &ensp; **==「只要不平行就有磁力」==** * 基礎範例: 1. 兩長直導線 * 同向:互相吸引 * 反向:互相排斥 2. 簡易馬達: 1. 相較於正常馬達 運行方式完全不同 &ensp; 傳統:磁鐵互斥;簡易:磁力(透過電流與磁場的共同作用) 2. 四個邊所產生的磁力都有所不同 -> 有加強 有抵銷 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/IrKfdn2.png) * 進階範例: 1. 電子在電磁場中的運動 (P63 範例三) * 電子之運動 -> 電流 * 當電子在一磁場中運動時 -> 右手開掌定則 &ensp; :::info [Recall] 電荷的吸引&排斥 「同極相斥 異極相吸」 > 質子:負電板吸引 正電板排斥 > 電子:負電板排斥 正電板吸引 > 中子? > >> 真正的公式 (電場強度公式) >> $$\vec{F} = q \vec{E} $$ ::: 2. 磁場中之鐵棒 * 核心概念:鐵棒變成暫時「電池」& 切割磁力線 * 原因: 1. 當鐵棒在移動時 其中的電荷也在移動 -> 產生電流 2. 電流與磁場交互作用 -> 產生磁力 3. 磁力推動鐵棒中的電荷 -> **==只有電子 因為質子不會移動==** 4. 由於電荷堆積在其中一側 -> 兩側ㄧ正一負 視為「電池」 &ensp; > 高中感應電動勢會詳細提到並且複雜許多 >> 此類題型屬於相對複雜 請看熟 並提出疑問之處 * 額外補充解釋: 1. 勞倫茲力: * 我們所討論的「磁力」其實就是勞倫茲力 * 定義:是運動於電磁場的帶電粒子所感受到的作用力 * 公式: $$ \vec{F} = q \vec{v} \times \vec{B} $$ > 會跟上方的電場強度公式互相搭配使用 (高中) #### 題目 * 基礎題:綜合進階演練1、2 * 進階題:會考基礎題2、13、14 > 會考或外面的題目反而不會太難 -> 延平大多會銜接高中題目 :cry: &ensp; :::warning 讀完本章後 你應該要: - [ ] 熟練地運用右手開掌定則 - [ ] 了解勞倫茲力的相關題目(國中等級) ::: *** ### 2-4 電磁感應 :::info **本章核心重點:** **==電生磁 磁生電==** > 電生磁:電流磁效應 > 磁生電:電磁感應 **電磁感應:** 定義:放在變化磁通量中的導體 會產生電動勢 &ensp; 白話文:變化的磁場下 可以透過導體生電 -> 磁生電 ::: #### 重點 * 必備概念: 1. 法拉第定律: * 定義:感應電流的大小 與 磁場「變化的速率」成正比 2. 冷次定律: * 定義:感應電流產生磁場的方向 **==「恆為」==** 抗拒磁場變化的方向 > 簡單來說 磁場就是 **「傲嬌」** -> 反著來就對了 * 發電機: 1. 設計特點: * 跟馬達非常相似 只是運作邏輯反過來 &ensp; 馬達 -> 電生磁來轉動 ; 發電機 -> 轉動來磁生電 * 特殊設計:集電環 & 電刷 > &ensp; > ![](https://i.imgur.com/cTqpkwI.png) 2. 直流&交流: * 直流電&交流電的差別 * 兩種發電機之差別:集電環設計 > 請記熟這兩種的 產生電流與線圈位置之圖形 (P73~74) * 變壓器: * 變壓器目的:升壓 或 降壓 -> **==「只能使用交流電」==** * 構造: * 主線圈&副線圈 * 鐵芯 * 原理:「電磁感應」 1. 透過交流電通過主線圈產生磁場 2. 運用鐵芯強化磁場 3. 電磁感應使副線圈產生電力 > 會有 **「熱能」** 損耗 * 公式: $$ \frac{N_1}{N_2} = \frac{V_1}{V_2} = \frac{I_2}{I_1}$$ > 理想變壓器: > $$I_1V_1 = I_2V_2 $$ &ensp; > ![](https://i.imgur.com/vqCot1t.png) #### 題目 * 基礎題:綜合進階演練2、4、5 * 進階題:綜合進階演練8、9、10 & 會考基礎題5 > 題目類型多 理解觀念更重要 &ensp; :::warning 讀完本章後 你應該要: - [ ] 判斷電磁感應的電流大小與方向之比較 - [ ] 了解電磁感應在生活中的運用 ::: *** ### ==本章解題重點== #### 題型:判斷屬於哪種現象 ```mermaid graph LR A[實驗設計 or 特殊裝置] -->B(找出特定的說明 or 現象) B -->|電生磁| D[電流磁效應] B -->|電磁場 and 受力偏移 | E[電流與磁場的交互作用] B -->|磁生電| F[電磁感應] ``` #### 注意事項 * 螺線管的繞圈方向&電流方向 皆要注意 * 空間概念不要混亂 -> 靜下心來 好好運用右手 * 仔細檢查 **==電流、磁場、磁力==** 三者的方向 -> $$「手指代表的內容不能更動」$$ > 拇指方向 -> 電流 > 四指方向 -> 磁場 > 掌心推出方向 -> 磁力 *** ## Ch.3 氧化還原應用 <化學> ### 3-1 電池 ### 3-2 電流化學效應

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    # Header Header 基本排版
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    var i = 0;
    ```
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