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    # 用 Type 建立 Type:一起來當個 TypeScript 的型別魔術師 - PJCHENder {%hackmd CtA3qhz_RMS-TdMLw6dyqw %} :::success + [投影片連結](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1jTnrOyCVbdWbbvx8EEY8r3Ex6DhXyqM-V3_P16HIvI8/edit?usp=sharing) + [Github 連結](https://github.com/pjchender/mopcon-2021) + [議程問卷連結](https://forms.gle/wWWJZDveyC3pGSeN8) + [Sli.do 連結](https://app.sli.do/event/pvar92x3) ::: > 從這開始 ## 泛型 `<T>` 使用起來就很像是 JavaScript 的函式,讓開發者可以帶入參數,只是現在的參數是「型別」。 像是函式中的變數,可以根據 `T` 輸入的型態定義自己的客製型態 ### 泛型限制(generic constriants)`extends` extends 可以限制 T 的範圍,讓 T 的宣告限制在某些型態裡面。 ### 泛型參數預設值 `<T = number>` 代表未帶入型別時,預設型別是 number。可與`extends` 並用。 ## Utility Types 像是呼叫函式一樣,透過這些小工具建立型別。Utility Type 就像 Utiliy Function,只是現在的參數是「型別」。 - NonNullable:過濾掉 `null` 或是 `undefined` 這些型別。 ## Basic Type Operators - keyof:取得物件型別中的 key 作為型別。 - typeof:後面可直接加上物件,透過自動推論來建立型別。經常搭配 `keyof` 使用。 使用情境:keyof typeof 可以搭配物件取得該物件裡面所有的 key 與它的型別。 ```typescript= /** * typeof 的使用:後面接的是 JS 的「值」而不是 TS 的型別。 */ const mopcon = { name: 'MOPCON', year: 2021, isAddToCalendar: true, price: 800, }; type KeysOfConferenceFromTypeOf = keyof typeof mopcon; ``` - Template Literals:像 JS 一樣在 template 中帶入變數。根據傳入的聯集自動產生新的聯集 ## Manipulate Object Types - Indexed Access Types:取得物件型別中的值的型別 > 建立 Utility Types 的兩步驟 > STEP 1:先透過實際的範例把功能寫成來:取得 Conference 中所有屬性的 Keys。 > STEP 2:把可以變成參數的地方抽出來 ## Mapped Types 使用關鍵字 `in` 搭配聯集,可以形成類似迴圈的功能。 - 可以搭配 keyof 關鍵字進行複製 `[P in keyof OtherTypes]: OtherTypes[P]` - 一次修改所有物件型別的 value - 一次修改所有物件型別的 key(搭配 template literal) - 使用 Mapped Type 挑出物件型別中的特定屬性(官方提供的 `Pick<T, K>` ## Conditional Types type A = ... - X extends Y ? T : F - 若 X 是 Y 的子集合,型別 A 就是 T,反之為 F - never extends Y ? T : F - 因為 never 不是任何型態的子集合,因此型別 A 必定為 F ## Infer - 只能在 conditional type 中的 extends 後被使用 - 推導出來的型別 R 只能用在符合 True 的條件使用 ## Recursion - Function 裡面自己呼叫自己 ###### tags: `MOPCON 2021`, `TypeScript`

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