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# 5.现代中国的政治建设与祖国统一 [![hackmd-github-sync-badge](https://hackmd.io/9HhIzbs9TJibGFeeXVWNiQ/badge)](https://hackmd.io/9HhIzbs9TJibGFeeXVWNiQ) ###### tags: `History` - 新中国的民主建设 - 开国大典 - 准备:1949 年 9 月,中国人民政治协商会议第一次会议。 - 主要任务:讨论新中国建立有关事宜。 - 通过《**中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领**》(**临时宪法**的作用) - 新中国成立的历史意义: - 开创了中国历史新纪元 - 标志着中国**新民主主义**革命的基本胜利 - 是马克思主义普遍原理与中国革命实践相结合的胜利。 - 《中华人民共和国宪法》(1954 年第一届全国人大)颁布 - 内容:确立了我国政治制度和政府组织原则,规定了人民的权利和义务。 - 性质:中国第一部社会主义类型的宪法,体现了**人民民主**原则和社会主义原则。 - 历史意义:为社会主义民主和法制建设奠定了基础。 - **人民代表大会**制度的建立——我国根本政治制度 - 制定:1954 年宪法 - 意义:奠定了新中国各项政治建设的基础。 - 中共领导的多党合作和政治协商制度——我国政党制度 - 基础:中共与各民主党派团结合作、共同反对国民党专制独裁的历史。 - 确立:1949 年政协会议初步形成,1954 年宪法正式确立。 - 政协职能的转变:1954 年前,政协代行全国人民代表大会职能;1954 年后,政协是统一战线性质的组织,行使政治协商、民主监督、参政议政的职能。 - 指导思想:1956 年,中共正式提出“**长期共存,互相监督**”的方针;1982 年,发展为“长期共存,互相监督,肝胆相照,荣辱与共”。 - 意义:调动民主人士参政议政热情,开辟群策群力、共同建设国家的新局面。 - 民族区域自治制度——我国民族制度 - 原因: - 我国是统一的多民族国家,政治经济文化发展不平衡。 - 中国长期民主革命斗争的经验积累。 - 基本内容: - 前提:在国家统一领导下 - 目的:实现各民族一律平等和各民族大团结 - 原则:在一些少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治,设立自治机构,行使自治权。 - 实施:……1965 年**西藏**自治区。 - 意义:少数民族当家做主,加强民族团结,促进了国家全面发展。 - 社会主义政治建设的曲折发展 - 文革对民主法治的破坏 - 原因:左倾错误发展到“以**阶级斗争**为纲”。 - 主要表现: - 人民的生命财产得不到任何保障。 - 社会秩序极端混乱。 - 人民代表大会制度、多党合作和政治协商制度遭到破坏。 - 国家法律形同虚设。 - 党的各级组织遭到破坏,党的规章制度被践踏,党内政治生活无法正常进行。 - 教训: - 完善**民主**,健全法制,实行依法治国。 - 坚持以**经济建设**为中心。 - 十一届三中全会后的民主法制建设 - 表现: - 首要环节:**平反冤假错案** - 基础措施:政治体制改革,改进人民代表大会制度和政治协商制度,加强基层政权和基层民主建设。 - 中心措施:加强法制建设,颁布各种法律法规,逐步建成比较完备的法律体系。 - 确立“**依法治国**”方针(中共十五大) - 规范政府行为,“民告官”有了法律保证:《行政复议法》 - 基层民主选举 - 法律依据:《中华人民共和国城市居民委员会组织法》《中华人民共和国村民委员会组织法》 - 村民自治: - 核心内容:民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督。 - 作用:乡村基层选举激发了广大农民的政治热情保障了农民的合法权益。 - 意义:是中国基层民主政治建设的重大进展;…… - 祖国统一的历史潮流 - 一国两制 - 含义: - 前提、核心:**一个中国** - 主体:社会主义制度 - 补充:资本主义制度 - 实践:香港回归、澳门回归。 - 港澳回归的原因:国力增强,国际地位提升,一国两制的构想和具体政策完善。 - 海峡两岸关系的新发展 - 两岸关系的阻力:台独势力、国际反华势力。 - 祖国统一的有利因素:台湾自古以来就是中国领土;祖国统一乃大势所趋、人心所向;大陆综合国力增强;和平统一、一国两制的基本方针、《反分裂国家法》提供法律保障 - 对台问题的立场:“和平统一、一国两制”,但不放弃使用武力。 中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议召开地点是**北平**。 我国逐步形成比较完备的社会主义法律体系,使民主政治建设趋于制度化、法律化,是在**改革开放**时期。 判断:根据《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》,中华人民共和国的性质是社会主义。 错误,是新民主主义。 中华人民共和国确立“依法治国”方针并写入宪法是在**改革开放**时期。 《**共同纲领**》规定新民主主义经济建设的根本方针,是以公私兼顾、劳资两利、城乡互助、内外交流的政策。 判断:1954 年《中华人民共和国宪法》是新中国第一部具有宪法性质的文件。 错误,是第一部社会主义类型的宪法。 判断:1954 年《中华人民共和国宪法》为新中国社会主义建设提供了法律保证。 正确。 把‘中华人民共和国实行依法治国,建立社会主义法治国家’写进《中华人民共和国宪法》第五条第一款,正是把这一治国方略以国家根本大法的形式确立下来的是: A 1982 年宪法 B 1954 年宪法 C 1999 年宪法修正案 D 《共同纲领》 答案 C

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