huang-me
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
      • Invitee
    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Versions and GitHub Sync Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
Invitee
Publish Note

Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
Your note is now live.
This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
See published notes
Unpublish note
Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
View profile
Engagement control
Commenting
Permission
Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Enable
Permission
  • Forbidden
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Suggest edit
Permission
Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
Enable
Permission
  • Forbidden
  • Owners
  • Signed-in users
Emoji Reply
Enable
Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
   owned this note    owned this note      
Published Linked with GitHub
2
Subscribed
  • Any changes
    Be notified of any changes
  • Mention me
    Be notified of mention me
  • Unsubscribe
Subscribe
--- tags: linux kernel --- # 〈Concurrency Primer〉校訂和範例撰寫 Contributed by < `huang-me` > ## 使用 atomic 與否差異 ```c #include <stdatomic.h> int v = 0; atomic_bool v_ready = false; int bv; void *threadA() { v = 42; v_ready = true; } void *threadB() { while(!v_ready); bv = v; } ``` :::warning 以下使用 gcc -O3 optimization ::: - threadA 中: 若將 `v_ready` 定義為 amtomic_bool 則 compiler 將會插入 memory fence 使得所有在之前寫入的 register 值都被更新至 memory 中。 ```diff threadA: threadA: .LFB40: .LFB40: .cfi_startproc .cfi_startproc endbr64 endbr64 movl $42, v(%rip) movl $42, v(%rip) movb $1, v_ready(%rip) movb $1, v_ready(%rip) mfence < ret ret ``` - threadB 中:若不是使用 `atomic_bool`,compiler 會對 while loop 中的讀取進行優化,造成無限迴圈而無法正常執行。(row 7,8) ```diff= threadB: threadB: .LFB41: .LFB41: .cfi_startproc .cfi_startproc endbr64 endbr64 > cmpb $0, v_ready(%rip) > jne .L4 > .L5: > jmp .L5 .p2align 4,,10 .p2align 4,,10 .p2align 3 .p2align 3 .L4: .L4: movzbl v_ready(%rip), %eax < testb %al, %al < je .L4 < movl v(%rip), %eax movl v(%rip), %eax movl %eax, bv(%rip) movl %eax, bv(%rip) ret ret ``` ## Check if atomic element is lock free C/C++ 中分別定義`atomic_is_lock_free`/`std::atomic<T>::is_lock_free` 可用以檢驗此 atomic 變數是否可以在 lock free 的情況下做到 atomic operation。 ```c struct foo { int a, b, c; char *s; }; atomic_bool v_ready = false; struct foo f; int main() { printf("foo is lock free? %s\n", atomic_is_lock_free(&f) ? "true" : "false"); printf("v_ready is lock free? %s\n", atomic_is_lock_free(&v_ready) ? "true" : "false"); return 0; } ``` :::success 以上測試程式執行結果如下: ```shell foo is lock free? false v_ready is lock free? true ``` - 若定義的 atomic variable 大小大於一個 register 之大小且 variable **aligned**,則需要使用 mutex lock 確保 operation 之 atomicity。 - 反之,若 variable 沒有被 aligned ,則是否為 lock free 取決於硬體架構的設計方式。 ::: ## Read-modify-write 當需要 atomically 完成讀取、修改、寫入的一系列指令時,可以使用以下指令 - `atomic_<type>`: \ `atomic_compare_exchange` & `atomic_exchange` - `atomic_flag`: \ `atomic_flag_test_and_set` & `atomic_flag_clear` ### 利用 `atomic_flag` 實作 mutex lock ```c atomic_flag f = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT; void atomic_operation() { while(atomic_flag_test_and_set(&f)) nop; /* critical section */ atomic_flag_clear(&f); return; } ``` ### `atomic_flag` 編譯結果 - 原始 c code: ```c void *threadA() { while(atomic_flag_test_and_set(&f)); t1.a++; atomic_flag_clear(&f); return NULL; } ``` - 對應 assembly ``` .L2: movl %edx, %eax xchgb f(%rip), %al testb %al, %al jne .L2 addl $1, t1(%rip) xorl %eax, %eax movb $0, f(%rip) mfence ret ``` :::success `atomic_flag_test_and_set` 使用 x86 的 exchange 指令 `xchgb` 設定 flag 的值 \ `atomic_flag_clear` 則在寫入值之後還加上了 memory fence 以確保所有值的修改都可以被其他 processor 看見。 ::: ### compare and exchange - CAS c code ```c atomic_int ai = 0; void cas() { atomic_int exp = 0; atomic_compare_exchange_strong(&ai, &exp, 1); return; } ``` - 對應 assembly code ```= cas: .LFB24: .cfi_startproc endbr64 xorl %eax, %eax movl $1, %edx lock cmpxchgl %edx, ai(%rip) ret ``` :::success 第 7 行中,`lock` 使得在做 `cmpxchgl` 時同時只能有一個 cpu 獲得此變數的存取權。\ 並且 `cmpxchgl` 先比較 `%eax` 以及 destination register (`ai(%rip`),值相等時才將 `%edx` 中的值與 `ai(%rip)` 互換。 ::: ### load-link and store-conditional (LL/SC) 在某些 cpu 架構之下(MIPS,RISC-V,ARM,etc...),有指令可以追蹤此次要 store 的目標值是否被修改過,以避免 load modfiy store 覆蓋已經被更新的值。 ### `atomic_compare_exchange_weak` 存在意義 ```c void addone(int val) { int expected = val; while(!atomic_compare_exchange_?(&val, &expected, val + 1)) nop; return; } ``` 我們可能經常使用以上方式進行 CAS 動作,但是如果硬體有支援 ll/sc 的話則有可能錯誤發生在 sc 而非一開始比較 `val` 以及 `expected` 時,但其時我們不在乎什麼時候出現錯誤,所以定義 weak 版本的 CAS 只要動作沒有正確的完成就會回傳 true。 ## Memory ordering 有時候我們並不需要所有的指令都在一定的順序下執行,有部分的指令可以提前或者延後執行時間。\ 因此,在 `stdatomic.h` 中有 6 種 memory ordering model 可以讓 compiler 清楚各指令可以接受的優化方向。 ### Sequentially consistent 在各個 thread 中,所有的指定為 `memory_order_seq_cst` 指令都是 sequentially 執行,所有的執行順序跟程式被撰寫的順序相同,因此沒有重排指令造成執行結果錯誤的可能性。 ```c void *threadFunc() { atomic_int val = atomic_load_explicit(&a, memory_order_seq_cst); val += 1; atomic_store_explicit(&a, val, memory_order_seq_cst); return NULL; } ``` > 若同時讓多個 thread 執行以上 function,指令的執行順序按照 thread 建立時間以及指令順序執行。 :::danger 使用 sequentially consistent 的缺點為即使使用多個 thread 還是按照 sequential 執行,使得執行效率低落,甚至可能跟 single thread 時差不多,但卻浪費了很多資源。 ::: ### Acquire 只能用在 `atomic_load`\ 所有在此 load 之後的指令都不能被重排到此指令的前面。 ### Release 只能用在 `atomic_store`\ 與 Acquire 相反,所有在此 store 之前的指令都不能被重排到此指令的後面。 ### Acquire Release 可以用在 `atomic_load` 以及 `atomic_store`\ 必須同時滿足 Acquire 以及 Release 條件 ### Relaxed 所有 atomic operation 都 atomically 執行,但是不同 thread 之間對於相同變數的執行順序沒有固定。 ### Consume 基本上跟 `Acquire` 相似,不同點在於只需要保證相同變數的順序,其他不相關的變數可以做前後順序的調換,且 memory barrier 的加入為非必要。 :::danger 〈Atomic Primer〉勘誤 - Enforcing law and order:\ ![](https://i.imgur.com/Rbc92DH.png) > 應修正為: \ "They look and act just like the type they mirror ..." :::

Import from clipboard

Paste your markdown or webpage here...

Advanced permission required

Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

This team is disabled

Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

This note is locked

Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

Reach the limit

Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

Import from Gist

Import from Snippet

or

Export to Snippet

Are you sure?

Do you really want to delete this note?
All users will lose their connection.

Create a note from template

Create a note from template

Oops...
This template has been removed or transferred.
Upgrade
All
  • All
  • Team
No template.

Create a template

Upgrade

Delete template

Do you really want to delete this template?
Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

This page need refresh

You have an incompatible client version.
Refresh to update.
New version available!
See releases notes here
Refresh to enjoy new features.
Your user state has changed.
Refresh to load new user state.

Sign in

Forgot password

or

By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
Wallet ( )
Connect another wallet

New to HackMD? Sign up

Help

  • English
  • 中文
  • Français
  • Deutsch
  • 日本語
  • Español
  • Català
  • Ελληνικά
  • Português
  • italiano
  • Türkçe
  • Русский
  • Nederlands
  • hrvatski jezik
  • język polski
  • Українська
  • हिन्दी
  • svenska
  • Esperanto
  • dansk

Documents

Help & Tutorial

How to use Book mode

Slide Example

API Docs

Edit in VSCode

Install browser extension

Contacts

Feedback

Discord

Send us email

Resources

Releases

Pricing

Blog

Policy

Terms

Privacy

Cheatsheet

Syntax Example Reference
# Header Header 基本排版
- Unordered List
  • Unordered List
1. Ordered List
  1. Ordered List
- [ ] Todo List
  • Todo List
> Blockquote
Blockquote
**Bold font** Bold font
*Italics font* Italics font
~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
19^th^ 19th
H~2~O H2O
++Inserted text++ Inserted text
==Marked text== Marked text
[link text](https:// "title") Link
![image alt](https:// "title") Image
`Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
```javascript
var i = 0;
```
var i = 0;
:smile: :smile: Emoji list
{%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
$L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
:::info
This is a alert area.
:::

This is a alert area.

Versions and GitHub Sync
Get Full History Access

  • Edit version name
  • Delete

revision author avatar     named on  

More Less

Note content is identical to the latest version.
Compare
    Choose a version
    No search result
    Version not found
Sign in to link this note to GitHub
Learn more
This note is not linked with GitHub
 

Feedback

Submission failed, please try again

Thanks for your support.

On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

 

Thanks for your feedback

Remove version name

Do you want to remove this version name and description?

Transfer ownership

Transfer to
    Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

      Link with GitHub

      Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
      • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
      • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
      Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

      Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

        Authorize again
       

      Choose which file to push to

      Select repo
      Refresh Authorize more repos
      Select branch
      Select file
      Select branch
      Choose version(s) to push
      • Save a new version and push
      • Choose from existing versions
      Include title and tags
      Available push count

      Pull from GitHub

       
      File from GitHub
      File from HackMD

      GitHub Link Settings

      File linked

      Linked by
      File path
      Last synced branch
      Available push count

      Danger Zone

      Unlink
      You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

      Syncing

      Push failed

      Push successfully