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    # 生物步步高12.减数分裂和受精作用 ###### tags: `Biology` ## 减数分裂和受精作用 - 减数分裂的概念 - 范围:进行**有性生殖**的生物。 - 时期:从**原始生殖**细胞到**成熟生殖**细胞。 - 特点:染色体只复制一次,细胞**连续分裂两次** - 成熟生殖细胞中染色体数目是原始生殖细胞中的**一半**。 - 减数分裂过程 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Apflku9.png) - 精子和卵细胞形成过程的异同点(以哺乳动物为例) | 比较项目 | Column 2 | Column 3 | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 场所 | 睾丸 | 卵巢 | | 时间 | 初情期 | 胎儿时期和初情期后 | | 细胞质分裂 | 均等分裂 | 卵母细胞**不均等**,第一极体**均等** | | 是否变形 | 变形 | 不变形 | | 结果 | 1个精原细胞→4个精细胞→变形成为4个精子(成熟配子) | 1个卵原细胞→1个较大的卵细胞(成熟配子)和3个较小的极体(退化消失,不能受精) | | 相同点 | 染色体的变化行为相同 | 一个卵原细胞不均等分裂最终只形成一个体积较大的卵细胞,这有什么意义? 使卵细胞的体积尽可能的大,储存足够的营养物质,保证受精后受精卵早期发育的物质和能量供应。 - 受精作用 (1)概念:卵细胞和精子**相互识别、融合成为受精卵的**过程。 (2)实质:精子的细胞核与卵细胞的**细胞核相融合,使彼此的染色体会合在一起**。 (3)结果:受精卵中的**染色体数目**又恢复到体细胞中的数目。 (4)意义:减数分裂和受精作用对于**维持每种生物前后代体细胞中染色体数目的恒定**,对于生物的**遗传和变异**,都是十分重要的。 受精卵中遗传物质一多半来自母方的原因是? 细胞核中遗传物质一半来自父方、一半来自母方,细胞质中的遗传物质几乎全部来自母方。 判断:有丝分裂和减数分裂都有细胞周期。 错误。 判断:减数第二次分裂后期彼此分离的染色体大小、形态一样,但不是同源染色体。 正确。 减数第一次分裂染色体数目减半的原因是**同源染色体分离,并分别进入两个子细胞。** 请从配子形成和受精作用两个方面解释遗传多样性的原因。 减数第一次分裂时四分体中非姐妹染色单体间的交叉互换,减数第一次分裂后期非同源染色体的自由组合,都导致配子中染色体组合的多样性。卵细胞和精子的随机结合,进一步增加了受精卵中染色体组合的多样性,因而增加了遗传的多样性。 请从配子形成和受精作用两个方面解释遗传稳定性的原因(以二倍体为例)。 减数分裂形成的配子中染色体数目减半;而且每个配子中的染色体是一整套非同源染色体的组合。卵细胞和精子的结合,使受精卵中的染色体数目又恢复到体细胞中的数目,生物体的性状是由染色体上的遗传物质控制的,因此,染色体数目的恒定维持了遗传的稳定性。 - 减数分裂过程中的相关曲线图与柱形图(以精子形成为例) ![](https://i.imgur.com/9vLJCYt.png) (1)甲为精原细胞;乙为初级精母细胞;丙、丁为次级精母细胞;戊为精细胞。 (2)染色体数目变化及原因 ①减数第一次分裂末期,同源染色体分离、分别进入两个子细胞,染色体数目减半。 ②减数第二次分裂后期,着丝点分裂,染色体数目加倍到体细胞水平。 ③减数第二次分裂末期,细胞一分为二,染色体数目减半。 (3)核DNA数目变化及原因 ①减数第一次分裂前的间期,DNA复制,核DNA数目加倍。 ②减数第一次分裂末期,细胞一分为二,核DNA数目减半。 ③减数第二次分裂末期,细胞一分为二,核DNA数目再减半。 (4)染色单体数目变化及原因 ①减数第一次分裂前的间期,DNA复制,染色单体形成。 ②减数第一次分裂末期,细胞一分为二,染色单体数目减半。 ③减数第二次分裂后期,着丝点分裂,染色单体消失。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Pb9MzYF.png) ## 观察细胞的减数分裂 - 观察细胞的减数分裂实验原理 蝗虫的精母细胞进行减数分裂形成精细胞,再形成精子。此过程要经过两次连续的细胞分裂。在此过程中,细胞中的染色体形态、位置和数目都在不断地发生变化,因而可据此识别减数分裂的各个时期。 - 观察细胞的减数分裂的实验步骤 ![](https://i.imgur.com/kP06KaA.png) - 观察细胞的减数分裂实验材料选择 宜选用**雄性**个体生殖器官如植物的花药、动物的精巢作为观察减数分裂实验的材料,原因如下: (1)雄性个体产生精子的数量多于雌性个体产生卵细胞的数量。 (2)在动物卵巢内的减数分裂没有进行彻底,有的排卵时排出的仅仅是次级卵母细胞,只有和精子相遇后,在精子的刺激下,才能继续完成减数第二次分裂。 ## 减数分裂和有丝分裂的综合题型解题规律 | 比较项目 | 减数分裂 | 有丝分裂 | | ------------------ | ------------------------------------ | -------------------- | | 分裂的细胞 | 原始生殖细胞 | 体细胞或原始生殖细胞 | | 细胞分裂次数 | 2次 | 1次 | | 染色体复制时期 | 减数第一次分裂前的间期 | 间期 | | 联会、四分体 | 发生在减数第一次分裂前期 | 不出现 | | 交叉互换(基因重组) | 发生在同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体之间 | 不发生 | | 同源染色体分离 | 发生在减数第一次分裂后期 | 不发生 | | 着丝点分裂 | 发生在减数第二次分裂后期 | 发生在后期 | | 子细胞间的遗传物质 | 不一定相同 | 一般相同 | | 可遗传变异 | 基因突变、基因重组、染色体变异 | 基因突变、染色体变异 | (其它如柱状图、折线图等等,请自行翻阅教材和教辅)

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