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    # 10.近代中国经济结构的变动、资本主义的曲折发展和中国近现代社会生活的变迁 [![hackmd-github-sync-badge](https://hackmd.io/7dwSd3t9SgKFFzY1HaNU2A/badge)](https://hackmd.io/7dwSd3t9SgKFFzY1HaNU2A) ###### tags: `History` ## 近代中国经济结构的变动、资本主义的曲折发展 - 中国传统的经济结构:自给自足的小农经济(自然经济)占据主导地位。 - 近代中国经济结构变动的原因:西方列强的侵略;工业产品的冲击。 - 近代中国经济结构变动的表现 - 自给自足的小农经济(自然经济)开始瓦解 - 表现:**耕织分离**,农产品**商业化**。 - 影响: - 逐渐依附于世界资本主义体系。 - 导致社会结构发生变化(买办阶层兴起) - 为近代工业的产生提供条件(劳动力、市场) - **近代工业**(机器生产)产生与发展(洋务运动和民族资本主义工业产生和发展) - 洋务运动 - 时间:19 世纪 60-90 年代 - 背景:19 世纪五六十年代,清政府内忧外患。 - 根本目的:自强求富,维护清王朝统治。 - 内容: - 兴办军事工业和民用工业。 - 创办新式学堂,派遣留学生。 - 创办新式海军。 - 评价: - 没有达到自强求富的目的。 - **近代化**的开端。 - 加速自然经济解体,诱导民族工业产生。 - 民族资本主义工业的出现和发展 - 产生阶段 - 时间:19 世纪六七十年代 - 原因:自然经济逐渐解体;外商企业的利润刺激和洋务企业的诱导。 - 表现:上海发昌机器厂,广东南海**继昌隆缫丝厂**,天津怡来牟机器磨坊等。 - 初步发展 - 时间:甲午中日战争后 - 原因:列强对华输出资本,进一步瓦解了中国自然经济;清政府放宽对民间设厂的限制。 - 黄金时期(短暂的春天) - 时间:1912 至 1919 年 - 原因: - 辛亥革命推翻清朝帝制,建立**中华民国**。 - 资产阶级受「实业救国」思想影响,积极投身于兴办实业的运动中。 - 群众性反帝爱国运动的推动。 - **一战期间**列强放纵对中国经济侵略(最主要原因) - 快速发展时期 - 时间:1927 至 1936 年 - 原因:南京国民政府成立后,开展「国民经济建设运动」,鼓励发展工业农业和交通运输业。 - 灾难时期 - 时间:1937 至 1949 年 - 原因:日本侵华战争;1946-1949 年,美国经济掠夺、官僚资本主义摧残、通货膨胀严重。 - 表现:民族工业日益萎缩并最终陷入绝境。 - 影响中国资本主义发展的主要因素: - 不利因素: - 诞生和发展在半殖民地半封建社会,封建守旧势力强大。 - 先天不足(缺乏资本、人才、技术、市场和思想观念的准备) - 后天畸形(轻工业发展快,重工业基础薄弱,地区分布失衡,未能形成完整独立的工业体系) - 近代中国政局长期动荡,民族工业发展缺乏稳定的社会环境。 - 有利因素:自然经济逐步解体;清末至民国期间政府鼓励。 1912 年至 1919 年间,中国民族工业迅速发展的主要原因? 列强忙于一战,放松对华经济侵略。 1927 年至 1936 年间,中国民族工业迅速发展的主要原因? 南京国民政府成立,开展「国民经济建设运动」。 中国近代民族工业兴起于何时? 洋务运动时期。 民国期间民族工业发展特点是? 曲折发展。 ## 中国近现代社会生活的变迁 - 近代社会生活的巨大变迁 - 近代人们物质生活的社会习俗的变化 - 变化: - 服饰:长袍马卦与西装革履并行;**中山装**和旗袍就是中西合璧的产物。 - 饮食:西餐馆;烟酒茶等日常食品发生改变;张裕葡萄酿酒公司首开使用新工艺技术。 - 住房:中西合璧的里弄住宅。 - 习俗: - 「断发易服」,不缠足运动兴起。 - 社交礼仪改变,废除跪拜等,以握手、鞠躬代替。 - 「老爷」、「大人」等称谓改为「先生」「同志」 - 婚丧仪式由铺张繁琐愚昧走向简洁文明。 - 阅读报刊、看电影成为人们生活的一部分。 - 原因:西方生产、生活方式和社会习俗的影响;仁人志士的推动;民主思潮促进;近代工商业的发展。 - 中国近代交通、通讯工具的发展 - 交通 - 铁路:中国自建第一条铁路总设计师**詹天佑**。 - 水运:1872 年,**轮船招商局**建立,标志着新式水运业诞生。 - 航空:1909 年,冯如制造了中国第一驾飞机。 - 近代报刊等大众传播媒体的发展 - 报刊:《申报》;维新派报《中外纪闻》《时务报》;同盟会机关报《民报》 - 影视:中国人第一次尝试自摄影片《**定军山**》,中国第一部有声片《歌女红牡丹》 - 现代中国的社会生活和习俗 - 新中国成立初期社会生活的变化: - 原因:人民当家作主;党和政府采取一系列措施进行恢复和发展国民经济。 - 表现:农民分到土地,城市解决劳动就业问题,人民生活逐步得到改善;生活必需品要凭票证计划供应,整体生活水平较低。 - 改革开放以来社会生活的巨大变化: - 原因:实行改革开发;党和政府切实解决人民困难。 - 表现: - 衣:衣服的人均拥有量大幅度提高; - 食:到 1987 年,基本上解决了人民的温饱问题。 - 住:改革开放以来,人民的住房状况得到了空前改善。 - 交通、通信工具和大众传媒的发展 - 新中国成立后,铁路、公路事业快速发展。 - 20 世纪 90 年代,互联网技术迅速发展,被称为「**第四媒介**」。 近代中国出现大规模「断发易服」现象是在什么时候? 辛亥革命之后。 中国的电报电话事业始于什么时候? 晚清。 中国人自行架设的第一条有线电报线是在哪里? 台湾。 下列交通工具,在中国最晚出现的是? A 火车 B 轮船 C 汽车 D 马车 答案 C 19 世纪 70 年代,中国开始出现的新式通信方式是? A 有线电报 B 驿站邮传 C 无线电话 D 航空邮递 答案 A,台湾架设第一条有线电报线。

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