會計學（一）

# 會計學（一） ---  ###### Moodle 檔案密碼: course --- > [TOC] --- > [color=red][time=2020, 09, 14, Monday] ## Chapter 0 - Accounting Cycle / 會計循環 1. Transaction / 交易 2. 憑證，ex: 發票、收據... 3. Journalizing / 記錄（Chapter 2） 4. Posting / 過帳（Chapter 2） 5. Unadjusted Trail Balance / 未調整試算表（Chapter 2） 6. Adjust / 調整（Chapter 3） 7. Journalizing / 記錄（Chapter 4 + 12） 8. Posting / 過帳（Chapter 4 + 12） 9. Adjusted Trail Balance / 已調整試算表（Chapter 4 + 12） 10. 編成財務報表（Chapter 4 + 12） - Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表 - Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表 - Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表 - ~~Statement of Cash Flows / 現金流量表（Chapter 13）~~ 11. Closing / 結帳（Chapter 4 + 12） ## Chapter 1 - Accounting in Action ### 1. Three activities（p.1-3） 1. 會計辨認（Identify） 2. 會計記錄（Record） 3. 會計溝通（Communicate） ### 2. Who uses accounting data?（p.1-4～p.1-5） 1. Internal users → Top managers: - Pricing / 訂價：參考 accounting data 裡的 cost - Uncertainly：Cost-Volume-Profit（CVP）Analysis - Budgeting：Master budget & Cash budget - Performance evaluation - Others：Outsourcing 2. External users → Top managers 以外的所有人： 1. Investors / Shareholders：根據 accounting data 做投資的決策 2. Creditors / 債權人：根據 accounting data 分析還債能力，並決定是否願意借錢 3. 政府：法令 & 逃漏稅 4. 分析師：用 accounting data 做研究報告 5. 員工 6. Supplies / 供應商 7. ... ### 3. 一般公認會計準則 & 會計準則委員會（p.1-7） 1. International Financial Reporting Standard（IFRS）/ 國際財務報導準則 2. 國際會計準則委員會 3. 根據 IFRS 可編出以下報表： - Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表（p.1-21） - 表達企業在**一個時間點**的財務狀況 - Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表（p.1-21） - 表達企業在**一段時間**內的經營成果 - Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表（p.1-21） - 表達企業在**一段時間**內保留盈餘的改變 p.s. 保留盈餘：企業歷年來賺的，未發放給股東、留在公司裡的錢 - Statement of Cash Flows / 現金流量表 - 表達企業在**一段時間**內現金的改變： - Operating activities - Investing activities - Financing activities（借款 or 還債 or 增資） - Statement of Shareholders Equity / 股東權益變動表（台灣自有） ### 4. Measure Principles / 衡量原則（p.1-8） 1. Historical Cost Principle / 歷史成本原則：購買成本 2. Fair Value Principles / 公平價值原則 ### 5. Assumption / 會計假設針對企業所處的環境作前提 1. Money Unit Assumption / 幣值單位衡量假設（p.1-8）企業所有交易結果，都可以用貨幣單位衡量 2. Economic Entity Assumption / 經濟個體假設（p.1-8） ### 6. 企業組織型態（p.1-9） 1. Proprietorship / 獨資獨資資本主 → 負無限連帶清償責任。 2. Partnership / 合夥合夥人 → 負無限連帶清償責任。 3. Corporation / 公司受公司法約束、管制。中小型多為有限公司；大型公司多為股份有限公司，其中又多為公開發行公司。 1. 無限公司：股東負無限連帶清償責任。 Ex: 投資 50 萬 → 倒閉 → 負債 2000 萬 → 賠償 2000 萬。 2. 有限公司：股東就**出資額**負有限連帶清償責任。 Ex: 投資 50 萬 → 倒閉 → 負債 2000 萬 → 賠償 50 萬。 3. 兩合公司：部分股東負無限連帶清償責任，部分負有限責任。 4. 股份有限公司：根據公司法設立 → 資本額 → 等分分成股數給投資人購買。 - 公開發行公司 --- > [color=red][time=2020, 09, 21, Monday] ### 7. 會計恆等式 / The Accounting Equation（p.1-10） ``` Assets / 資產 = Liabilities / 負債 + Equity / 權益（資金用途）　（資金來源） ``` - 恆等式內容： - Assets / 資產同時符合這兩個條件：1. 企業擁有、2. 產生未來現金流入 or 減少未來的現金流出舉例： - Cash（公司最基本資產） - Account Receivable / 應收帳款：公司出售商品或提供勞務給顧客，顧客尚未付款，口頭上答應未來會付款。 - Equipment - Building - Land - Liabilities / 合約負債同時符合這兩個條件：1. 有義務償還、2. 經濟資源減少舉例： - Notes Payable / 應付票據：購買商品或勞務、賒欠。提供**書面**憑證，允諾未來會償還。 - Accounts Payable / 應付帳款：購買商品或勞務、賒欠。**口頭**允諾未來會償還。 - Equity / 權益（p.1-11）兩大組成： - Share Capital-Ordinary / 股本（股東的投資）： - 普通股 - Retained Earnings / 保留盈餘：公司歷年來賺的錢，累積在公司未發給股東。 ``` Retained Earnings = 上期/期初Retained Earnings + 本期Revenues - 本期Expenses - 本期Dividends ``` - p.s. 上期 / 期初 retained earnings（上一期留下的 = 本期一開始有的） p.s. dividends（股利） - 各種表： - Comprehensive Income Statement / 綜合損益表含有「本期 Revenues & 本期 Expenses」的表 - Retained Earnings Statement / 保留盈餘表含有「Retained Earnings / 保留盈餘」的表 - Statement of Financial Position / 資產負債表含有「Assets / 資產 & Liabilities / 負債 & Equity / 權益」的表 - Statement of Cash flows / 現金流量表含有以下三個細項的表： - Cash flows from operating activities - Cash flows from investing activities - Cash flows from financing activities ### 8. Analyzing Business Transactions（p.1-13～p.1-19） - 課本習題：p.1-42～1-43：P1.4（LO 4, 5） - 關鍵字句 & 重點： 1. **Performed services... on account** → Accounts Receivable 2. **Purchase ???... on account** → Accounts Payable / ??? Exp. 3. **Declared and paid... cash didivends** → Div. 4. **Pay $$$ for ???** → ??? Exp. 5. **Pay $$$ for employee salaries** → Salaries & wages Exp.（NOT Salaries Exp.） - 將題目內的事件轉換成表格： > | | Assets | = | Liabilities | + | Equity | > | ---- | ------ | - | ----------- | - | ------ | > | 6/01 | Cash +$10k | | | | Shared Capital-Ordinary +$10k | > | 6/02 | Cash -$2k Equipment +$14k | | Notes Payable +$12k | | | > | 6/03 | Cash -$500 | | | | Rent Exp. -$500 | > | 6/05 | Accounts Receivable +$4800 | | | | Service Rev. +$4800 | > | 6/09 | Cash -$300 | | | | Div. -$300 | > | 6/12 | Supplies +$150 | | Accounts Payable +$150 | | | > | 6/15 | Cash +$1250 Accounts Receivable -$1250 | | | | | > | 6/17 | | | Accounts Payable +$100 | | Gasoline Exp. -$100 | > | 6/20 | Cash +$1500 | | | | Service Rev. +$1500 | > | 6/23 | Cash -$500 | | Notes Payable -$500 | | | > | 6/26 | Cash -$250 | | | | Utilities Exp. -$250 | > | 6/29 | Cash -$100 | | Accounts Payable -$100 | | | > | 6/29 | Cash -$1000 | | | | **Salaries & wages** Exp. -$1000 | - 答案： > Assets： > | Cash | Account Receivable | Supplies | Equipment | > | ------- | ------------------ | -------- | --------- | > | +$8,100 | +$14,000 | +$3,550 | +$150 | > Liabilities： > | Notes Payable | Accounts Payable | > | ------------- | ---------------- | > | +$11,500 | +$150 | > Equity： > | Shared Capital-Ordinary | Service Rev. | Rent Exp. | Gasoline Exp. | Utilities Exp. | Salaries & wages Exp. | Div. | > | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | > | +$10,000 | +$6,300 | -$500 | -$100 | -$250 | -$1,000 | -$300 | --- > [color=red][time=2020, 09, 28, Monday] ## Chapter 2 - The Recording Process ### 1. The Account / 帳戶科目(會計科目)（p.2-2） ### 2. Debit（Dr.）and Credit（Cr.）/ 左和右（p.2-3） ``` Assets = Liabilities + Equity → Assets = Liabilities + Share Capital-Ordinary + Beginning Retained Earnings + Rev. - Exp. - Div. → Assets + Exp. + Div. = Liabilities + Share Capital-Ordinary + Beginning Retained Earnings + Rev. 　（　Debit / 左）　（　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Credit / 右　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　） ``` ### 3. Steps in the Recording Process（p.2-7） 1. Analyze / 分析交易快速分析一筆交易內包含哪些 Dr. 和 Cr.。 - Simple entry：1 個 Dr. + 1 個 Cr.。 - Compound entry：≧ 1 個 Dr. + ≧ 1 個 Cr.。 2. Journalizing / 把交易記錄到日記簿有分為：Gerenal journal / 普通日記簿和特種日記簿。記錄步驟： 1. 記錄日期　　　　　　　┐ 2. 記錄 Dr. 的科目及金額　 │ 3. 記錄 Cr. 的科目及金額　 ├ Journalizing 4. 寫解釋、註記　　　　　┘ 5. 記錄 Ref.　　　　　　　─ Posting 時補上 3. Posting to a ledger / 分類帳 Journalizing（了解及記錄交易）→ Posting（知道每個 account 的餘額） ### 4. Ledger / 分類帳（p.2-11） - How to post（p.2-12）實際較為繁瑣，但考試時以 T 字帳取代簡化之。實際步驟： 1. 把 Journal entry 中 Dr. 的科目、日期、金額、日記簿頁碼搬到 Ledger 裡。 2. 把 Ledger 的號碼抄回日記簿（Ref.）。 3. 把 Journal entry 中 Cr. 的科目、日期、金額、日記簿頁碼搬到 Ledger 裡。 4. 把 Ledger 的號碼抄回日記簿（Ref.）。 - 課本習題：p.2-40：P2.2（LO 1, 2, 3, 4） - 關鍵字句 & 重點： 1. Receive cash... advance → Unearned Service Rev. / 合約負債 - a 小題的答案： > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Ref. | Debit | Credit | > | ---: | ------------------------------ | ---- | ----- | ------ | > | 2020 Apr.1 . | Cash 　Share Capital-ordinary | 101 311 | 20,000 . | 20,000 | > | 1 . | Not transaction → No entry | | | | > | 2 . | Rent Exp. 　Cash | 729 101 | 1,000 . | 1,000 | > | 3 . | Supplies 　Accounts Payable | 126 201 | 4,000 . | 4,000 | > | 10 . | Accounts receivable 　Service Rev. | 112 400 | 5,100 . | 5,100 | > | 11 . | Cash 　Uneared Service Rev. | 101 209 | 1,000 . | 1,000 | > | 20 . | Cash 　Service Rev. | 101 400 | 2,100 . | 2,100 | > | 30 . | Salaries and Wages Exp. 　Cash | 726 101 | 2,800 . | 2,800 | > | 30 . | Accounts Payable 　Cash | 201 101 | 2,400 . | 2,400 | - b 小題的答案： > | Cash | 101 | > | ------------ | ----------- | > | 4/01 $20,000 4/11 $1,000 4/20 $2,100 | 4/02 $1,100 4/30 $2,800 4/30 $2,400 | > | 4/30 $16,800 | | > | Accounts Receivable | 112 | > | ------------------- | --- | > | 4/10 $5,100 | | > | 4/30 $5,100 | | > | Supplies | 126 | > | ----------- | --- | > | 4/03 $4,000 | | > | 4/30 $4,000 | | > | Accounts Payable | 201 | > | ---------------- | ----------- | > | 4/30 $2,400 | 4/03 $4,000 | > | | 4/30 $1,600 | > | Unearned Service Rev. | 209 | > | --------------------- | ----------- | > | | 4/11 $1,000 | > | | 4/30 $1,000 | > | Share Capital-ordinary | 311 | > | ---------------------- | ------------ | > | | 4/01 $20,000 | > | | 4/30 $20,000 | > | Service Rev. | 400 | > | ------------ | -------------------------- | > | | 4/10 $5,100 4/20 $2,100 | > | | 4/30 $7,200 | > | Salaries and Wages Exp. | 726 | > | ----------------------- | --- | > | 4/30 $2,800 | | > | 4/30 $2,800 | | > | Rent Exp. | 729 | > | ----------- | --- | > | 4/02 $1,000 | | > | 4/30 $1,000 | | --- > [color=red][time=2020, 10, 05, Monday] - 預付項目 ``` （用完） Supplies → Assets ------→ Exp. ``` 以保險為例：會計科目為 Prepaid Insurance / 預付保險費，性質為 Assets 舉例：A 公司向 B 保險公司購買保險對於 A 公司： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Prepaid Insurance 　Cash | 1,000 . | 1,000 | 對於 B 保險公司： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Cash 　Unearned Service Rev. | 1,000 . | 1,000 | ### 5. 試算表（p.2-21） - 功能：過帳後，為了驗證會計分錄或過帳程序是否正確，會進一步將 ledger 每個帳戶 balance 列在 Trail Balance。 - 表的內容： > | | [公司名稱] Trail Balance X 年 X 月 X 日 | | > | - | :-----------------------------------------: | - | > | Cash . . . （按照 ledger 號碼順序排列） | Debit | Credit | > | | Total Debit | Total Credit | 若 Total Debit ≠ Total Credit 必錯 - 課本練習題：P2.2（LO 1, 2, 3, 4）（p.2-40） > | | Emily Stansbury Dentist Trail Balance April 30, 2020 | | > | - | :-----------------------------------------: | :-: | > | | Debit | Credit | > | Cash Accounts Receivable Supplies Accouts Payable Unearned Sevice Rev. Share Capital-ordinary Service Rev. Salaries and Wages Exp. Rent Exp. | $16,800 5,100 4,000 2,800 1,100 | $1,600 1,000 20,000 7,200 . | > | | $29,800 | $29,800 | ### 6. 第二章必考題： Journal entry → Posting → Trail Balance ### 7. 第二章易考題（曾經考過）： P2.4（LO 4）（p.2-41）：更正錯誤的記帳 - 第 1 小題恍神沒聽到 QQ（但 1, 2, 6 是同一題型） - 第 2 小題題目誤寫： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Supplies 　Accounts Payable | 710 . | 710 | 正確應為： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Equipment 　Accounts Payable | 710 . | 710 | - 第 3 小題題目誤寫： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Accounts Receivable 　Service Rev. | 980 . | 98 | 正確應為： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Accounts Receivable 　Service Rev. | 980 . | 980 | - 第 4 小題 Salaries and Wages Exp. 忘記過帳 → Salaries and Wages Exp. +700 - 第 5 小題題目誤寫： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | [ No Debit ] 　Cash 　Accounts Payable | 306 360 | | 正確應為： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Accounts Payable 　Cash | 306 . | 306 | - 第 6 小題題目誤寫： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Salaries and Wages Exp. 　Cash | 600 . | 600 | 正確應為： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ------------------------------ | ----- | ------ | > | Div. 　Accounts Payable | 600 . | 600 | 解答：Div. +600 & Salaries and Wages Exp. -600 - 最終的正確試算表 > | | De Bortoli Co. Trail Balance June 30, 2020 | | > | - | :-----------------------------------------: | :-: | > | | Debit | Credit | > | Cash (3,340+270) Accounts Receivable (2,812-270) Supplies (1,200-710) Equipment (2,600+700) Accouts Payable (3,666-360-306) Unearned Sevice Rev. Share Capital-ordinary Div. (800+600) Service Rev. (2,480+882) Salaries & Wages Exp. (3,200+700-600) Utilities Exp. | $3,610 2,542 490 3,310 1,400 3,300 810 | $3,000 1,100 8,000 3,362 . | > | | $15,462 | $15,462 | ## Chapter 3 - Adjusting the Accounts Do adjusting at the end of "Periods"： - Q1：1/1~3/31 - Q2：4/1~6/30 + 1/1~6/30（H1） - Q3：7/1~9/30 + 1/1~9/30 - Q4：10/1~12/31 + 1/1~12/31（Annual report） --- > [color=red][time=2020, 10, 12, Monday] ### 1. Time period Assumption / 會計期間假設（p.3-3） - fiscal year / 會計年度： - Calendar year / 歷年制 - 非歷年制 ### 2. Accrual-basis vs. Cash-basis Accounting（p.3-3） 1. Cash basis / 現金基礎制所有營業收入與費用認列看是否收到現金。亦即：收到現金 → 收入；付出現金 → 費用。 2. Accrual basis / 應計基礎制（權責發生制）← IFRS 採用交易發生時，辨識、記錄及報導是否為收入或費用。是否收到現金並非記錄的必要條件。 ### 3. Recognizing revenues and expenses（p.3-3）─ for accrual-basis 1. Revenue Recognizing principle（p.3-3）提供勞務或出售商品 → 記錄收入。 2. Expense Recognizing principle（p.3-4） Matching principle / 配合原則：為了產生收入所發生的相關支出。 ### 4. The need for adjusting entries（p.3-5） 1. Why?（p.3-5）使收入和費用的認列原則符合 Accrual-basis 的原則。 2. When?（p.3-5 Prepare financial statements at the end of period. ### 5. Types of adjusting entries（p.3-5） 1. Deferrals（延期） 1. Prepaid expenses（p.3-6）實務上看到 prepaid insurance, prepaid rent...。 - 舉例：一次付清了三年的保險，在第一年結束時應該記錄。 2020/01/01 paid three-year insurance policy $36,000. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 01/01 | Prepaid insurance 　Cash | 36,000 . | 36,000 | 2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 12/31 | Insurance Exp. 　Prepaid insurance | 12,000 . | 12,000 | 2. Supplies - 舉例：購入的物品被消耗的情況。 2020/12/01 purchase supplies on account $6,300. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 12/01 | Supplies 　Account Payable | 6,300 . | 6,300 | 2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 12/31 | Supplies Exp. 　Supplies | 4,200 . | 4,200 | 3. Depreciation / 折舊 → for 使用期間超過一年供營業使用的有形資產 - 舉例：購買了可用十年的有形資產，每一年結束時應使用替代品記錄。 2020/01/01 purchase equipment on account $600,000, useful life: 10 years, no residual value. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 01/01 | Equipment 　Account Payable | 600,000 . | 600,000 | 2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 12/31 | Depreciation Exp. 　Accumulated Depreciation equipment | 60,000 . | 60,000 | 4. Unearned revenue - 舉例：談定了兩年的工作合約，第一年結束時應記錄。 2020/01/01 received two-year consulting service fee $48,000 in advance. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 01/01 | Cash 　Unearned Service Rev. | 48,000 . | 48,000 | 2020/12/31 prepare financial statements → 2020/12/31 adjusting entry. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 12/31 | Unearned Service Rev. 　Service Rev. | 24,000 . | 24,000 | 1. Accruals（應收 / 應付） 1. Accrual salaries and wages（p.3-16） > （p.3-16 的例子） > > 10/26 付過薪水，11/09 要再付一次薪水。 > 但 10/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。 10/29、30、31 薪水雖未付但要記錄。（一日 $400） > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 10/31 | Salaries and wages Exp. 　Salaries and wages Payable | 1,200 . | 1,200 | 到了 11/09 付薪資時（日常交易），剩下 11/01、02、05、06、07、08、09 共 7 天要補上記錄： > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 11/09 | Salaries and wages Exp. Salaries and wages Payable 　Cash | 2,800 1,200 . | 4,000 | 2. Accrued interest（p.3-15） > （p.3-15 的例子） > > 10/01 簽了一個 three-month note payable $5,000 > Interest rate 為 12%（題目未特別註明，視為年利率） > 到期後才償還本金加利息 > 但 10/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。對於利息的部份，到了 10/31 時，累積的應付利息為：本金$5000 × 年利率12% × (1/12)期 = $50 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 10/31 | Interest Exp. 　Interest Payable | 50 . | 50 | 對於利息的部份，到 12/31 償還日時： > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 12/31 | Interest Exp. Interest Payable 　Cash | 100 50 . | 150 | 3. Accured revenue（p.3-13） - 舉例： 12/29 provide service on account $15,000 還未寄帳單也還未記錄（未做 journal entry）但 12/31 要 prepare financial statements → adjusting entry。 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 12/31 | Account Receivable 　Service Rev. | 15,000 . | 15,000 | --- > [color=red][time=2020, 10, 19, Monday] > p.s. Adjusting entries → Cash 絕對不會改變 > p.s. 調整分錄需要知道「用掉多少」，但以 P3.2（LO 2, 3, 4）（p.3-51）的第 2 小題為例，題目告訴我們的是「剩餘多少」→ 原始 - 剩餘 = 用掉的量。 3. 例題 P3.1（LO 2, 3, 4）（p.3-51） - a 小題： - 第 3 小題： $3,600 ÷ (2years x 12months) = $150 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 05/31 | Insurance Exp. 　Prepaid insurance | 150 . | 150 | - 第 4 小題： $2,000 - $400 = $1,600 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 05/31 | Unearned Service Rev. 　Service Rev. | 1,600 . | 1,600 | - 第 5 小題： 2人 × $920 × (3天/5天) = $1,104 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 05/31 | Salaries and Wages Exp. 　Salaries and Wages Payable | 1,104 . | 1,104 | - 第 6 小題： > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 05/31 | Depreciation Exp. 　Accumulated depreciation Equipment | 190 . | 190 | - 第 7 小題： > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | ----- | - | - | - | > | 05/31 | Accounts Receivable 　Service Rev. | 1,700 . | 1,700 | ## Chapter 4 - Completing the Accouting Cycle ### 1. Worksheet（p.4-3） 1. 直接利用調整後試算表編財務報表，可降低出錯率且容易編製 2. 格式：8 欄 / 10 欄（常用） / 12 欄 3. 編製 Worksheet 步驟（必考） --- > [color=red][time=2020, 10, 26, Monday] ### 2. 編製財務報表 1. (Comprehensive) Income statement（p.4-9） - 意義：表達企業在一段時間獲利或虧損 - Revenues > Expenses → Net income 本期淨利 - Revenues < Expenses → Net losses 本期淨損 - 格式（p.4-10） | | [Company Name] Income Statement For the Month Ended October 31, 2020 | | | -------- | :------: | -------: | | Revenues 　Service Revenues 　Rent Revenues 　... 　　Total Revenue Expense 　Salaries and wages expense 　Supplies expense 　... 　　Total expenses Net income (or Net losses) | | \$xxx　　　 xxx　　　 ...　　　 \$xxx xxx　　　 xxx　　　 ...　　　 xxx $xxx | 2. Retained earnings statement - 意義：表達企業在一段時間 Retained earnings 的變化 - 格式 | | [Company Name] Retained Earnings Statement For the Month Ended October 31, 2020 | | | -------- | :------: | -------: | | Retained earnings, **[begin date]** Add: Net income (or Less: Net losses) Less: Dividends Retained earnings, **[end date]** | |\$xxx xxx xxx $xxx | > P.s. > 在 adjusted trial balance 上看到的 retained earnings 數字是 beginning retained earnings，其他科目數字是期末。 3. Statement of Financial Position - 意義：表達企業在**一個時間點**的財務狀況（Assets, Liabilities, Equity） - 格式（**Classified**） | | [Company Name] Statement of Financial Position October 31, 2020 (NT\$ in thousands) | | | -------- | :------: | -------: | | Intangible assets（無形資產） 　Patents（專利權） Property, plant, and equipment（PPE / PP&E / 不動產, 廠房, 設備） 　Land 　Buildings 　Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ buildings 　Equipment 　Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ equipment Long-term investments Non-current assets Current assets 　Prepaid insurance 　Supplies 　Inventory（存貨） 　Notes receviable 　Accounts receivable 　Short-term investments 　Cash 　　Total assets Equity 　Share Capital-Ordinary 　Retained earnings Non-current liabilities 　XXX Payable 　... Current liabilities 　XXX Payable 　... 　　Total liabilities 　　　Total equity and liabilities | **Assets** **Equity and Liabilities** | ... | > 補充：Current assets vs. Non-current assets > 　　在一年和一個營業循環（Operating cycle）中選長的作為時間標準，在這期間內可以變現或耗用的 assets 視為 Current assets，不能的話則視為 Non-current assets。 > P.s. Current assets 是按照它換成現金的難易度排列的，不得更改。 > 補充：Current liabilities vs. Non-current liabilities > 　　在一年和一個營業循環（Operating cycle）中選長的作為時間標準，在這期間內可以用現金償還的 liabilities 視為 Current liabilities，不能的話則視為 Non-current liabilities。 - 實例：P4.1（p.4-47） | | WANG ROOFING Statement of Financial Position March 31, 2020 | | | -------- | :------: | -------: | | Property, plant, and equipment（PPE / PP&E / 不動產, 廠房, 設備） 　Equipment 　Less: Accumulated depreciation ─ equipment Current assets 　Supplies 　Accounts receivable 　Cash 　　Total assets Equity 　Share Capital ─ Ordinary 　Retained earnings Current liabilities 　Accounts payable 　Unearned service revenue 　Salaries and wages payable 　　Total equity and liabilities | Assets Equity and Liabilities | $11,000　　　　 1,500　$9,500 480　　　　 3,200　　　　 4,500 　 8,180 $17,680 $12,900　　　　 **1,320** $14,220 2,500　　　　 260　　　　 700　 3,460 $17,680 | ### 3. Closing 結帳 → 通常在 fiscal year 結束時（p.4-11） 1. 實帳戶（永久性帳戶 / permanent account）（p.4-12）當股東投資設立公司，這些帳戶就隨企業存續至永久。 - Assets 類 - Liabilities 類 - Equity 類 - Share Capital-Ordinary - Retained Earnings 1. 虛帳戶（暫時性帳戶 / temporary account）為了解企業經營成果及權益變動而設此類科目。 - Retained Earnings - Revenue - Expenses - Dividends 1. 結帳的意義：讓暫時性科目歸 0。（p.4-12） --- > [color=red][time=2020, 11, 16, Monday] 4. 結帳的步驟： 1. Step 1：把 Revenue 類歸 0。 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | > | Service Revenue 　Income Summary | 1,000,000 . | 1,000,000 | 2. Step 2：把實用類科目歸 0。 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | > | Income Summary 　Rent expense 　Utilities expense | 400,000 . | 300,000 100,000 | 3. Step 3：把 Income Summary 歸 0。 - Net Income： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | > | Income Summary 　Retained earnings | 600,000 . | 600,000 | - Net Losses： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | > | Retained earnings 　Income Summary | 600,000 . | 600,000 | 4. Step 4：將 Dividends 歸 0。 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | > | Retained earnings 　Dividends | 10,000 . | 10,000 | 5. Post-closing Trial Balance 與 Adjusted Trial Balance 的差異 - Post-closing Trial Balance 沒有 Revenues、Expense、Dividends。 - Post-closing Trial Balance 的 Retained earnings 是期末的值，Adjusted Trial Balance 的 Retained earnings 是期初的值。 6. 課本練習題 P4.1（Worksheet） 1. Step 1： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | > | Service Revenue 　Income Summary | 6,590 . | 6,590 | 2. Step 2： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | > | Income Summary 　Salaries and wages expense 　Miscellaneous expense 　Supplies expense 　Depreciation expense | 4,170 . | 2,000 400 1,520 250 | 3. Step 3： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | > | Income Summary 　Retained earnings | 2,420 . | 2,420 | 4. Step 4： > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | > | Retained Earnings 　Dividends | 1,100 . | 1,100 | ## 期中考統整 > [color=red][time=2020, 10, 24, Monday] ### 會計流程 ``` 每日例行 ┌───────────┴──────────┐ 交易 → 記錄 → Posting → 損益平衡 → 調整 → Prepare financial statement (考試用 T 字帳) ├ Income Statement ├ Retained Earnings Statement ├ Statement of Financial Position └ Statement of Cash flows ``` ### 格式列舉 1. Accounting Equation / 會計恆等式： > ![](https://i.imgur.com/aHyBas9.png) 1. Journalize entries / 記錄項目： > ![](https://i.imgur.com/FDKNkY8.png) 1. Ledger accounts / 分類帳： > ![](https://i.imgur.com/MlOoEyA.png) 1. T-account / T 字帳： T 字帳是分類帳的簡化版寫法，但兩者不同，切勿混淆。 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/OR7FLt6.png =400x) ### 不考的題目： - p.4-44：E4.8（但 E4.9 會考） - p.4-46：E4.14 - b - p.4-48：P4.1 - d、P4.2 - cde、P4.3 - bcd、P4.4 - de、P4.5 - efg --- > [color=red][time=2020, 11, 16, Monday] ## Chapter 5 - Accounting for merchandising operations ### 1. 服務業 vs. 買賣業 1. Income Statement - 服務業： - Service revenue - Expenses = Net income / losses - 買賣業： - Sales revenue（銷貨收入）：每單位產品售價×出售數量 - Cost of goods sold（銷貨成本）：每單位產品成本×出售數量 - Sales revenue - Cost of goods sold = Gross profits（銷貨毛利） - Gross profits - Operating expense（營業費用）= Net income / losses 1. Statement of Financial Position 買賣業的 Assets 比服務業多一個 Inventory 1. Operating cycle - 服務業： ```graphviz digraph G { Cash -> "Provide\nServices"[label="　流出　　　　"]; "Account\nReceivable" -> Cash[label="　流入"]; "Provide\nServices" -> "Account\nReceivable"; { rank=same; "Account\nReceivable", "Provide\nServices" } } ``` - 買賣業： ```graphviz digraph G { Cash -> "Sell products\nAccounts Receivables"[label="　流出"]; "Purchase products\nAccounts Payable" -> Cash[label="　流入"]; "Sell products\nAccounts Receivables" -> "Purchase products\nAccounts Payable"; { rank=same; "Sell products\nAccounts Receivables", "Purchase products\nAccounts Payable" } } ``` 銷貨商品會計處理 ←→ 購買商品會計處理 ### 2. 存貨盤存制度 1. 永續盤存制（Perpetual inventory system）（p.5-4） - 買：記錄「Inventory」增加 ─────┐ - 賣：記錄銷貨與「Inventory」減少 ─┴─ 帳上隨時知道 Inventory balance 1. 定期盤存制（Periodic inventory system）（Appendix B） - 買：記錄進貨 ─┐ - 賣：記錄銷貨 ─┴─ 只靠定期盤點知道 Inventory balance 1. 買賣業購貨流程 ```graphviz digraph G { 下訂單 -> "供應商\n準備出貨"; "供應商\n準備出貨" -> "商品運送\n\n運費\n（Freight costs）\n（p.5-8）"; "商品運送\n\n運費\n（Freight costs）\n（p.5-8）" -> "商品歸屬問題"[arrowhead=none];{ rank=same; "商品運送\n\n運費\n（Freight costs）\n（p.5-8）", "商品歸屬問題" } "商品歸屬問題" -> "FOB\nshipping point\n\n（買方付運費）"[arrowhead=none]; "商品歸屬問題" -> "FOB\ndestination\n\n（賣方付運費）"[arrowhead=none]; "商品運送\n\n運費\n（Freight costs）\n（p.5-8）" -> "到貨後\n進行檢測"; "到貨後\n進行檢測" -> "沒問題\nand\n規格符合"; "沒問題\nand\n規格符合" -> "付現\n（現購）"; "沒問題\nand\n規格符合" -> "賒欠\n（賒購）"; "賒欠\n（賒購）" -> "供應商為鼓勵買方提前付款，\n給予現金折扣（purchase discount）"; "到貨後\n進行檢測" -> "有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符"; "有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符" -> 退貨; "有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符" -> 折讓; 退貨 -> "Purchases returns\nand\nallowances"[arrowhead=none]; 折讓 -> "Purchases returns\nand\nallowances"[arrowhead=none]; } ``` - 現金折扣（purchase discount）舉例： 1. 2/10 & n/30： 10 天之內，取得 2% 現金折扣；超過 10 天則沒有。 1. 1/15 & n/45： 15 天之內，取得 1% 現金折扣；超過 15 天則沒有。 1. 買賣業購貨會計處理 ─ **永續**盤存制練習單的 1. (11/28) ~ 6. (12/13) > ![](https://i.imgur.com/RkKLrBc.jpg) 1. Cash purchase > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | - | > | 11/28 . | Inventory 　Cash | 4,500 . | 4,500 | 1. 賒購 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | - | > | 11/30 . | Inventory 　Accounts Payable | 20,000 . | 20,000 | 1. Purchase returns & allowances > 12/04 退 11/30 賒購的商品 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | - | > | 12/04 . | Accounts Payable 　Inventory | 1,000 . | 1,000 | > 12/05 折讓來自 11/30 的購貨 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | - | > | 12/05 . | Accounts Payable 　Inventory | 300 . | 300 | 1. 運費：FOB shipping point → 買方負擔 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | - | - | > | 12/06 . | Inventory 　Cash | 500 . | 500 | 1. 購貨折扣 > 15 日內付款有 2% 折扣 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/13 . | Accounts Payable 　Cash 　Inventory | 18,700 . | 18,326 374 | > 若不在 15 日內付款，分錄則為 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/13 . | Accounts Payable 　Cash | 18,700 . | 18,700 | 1. 買賣業銷貨流程 ```graphviz digraph G { 收到訂單 -> 準備出貨; 準備出貨 -> "運送商品"; "運送商品" -> 商品送達買方; 商品送達買方 -> "買方驗收正確"; "買方驗收正確" -> "買方付現\n（現銷）"; "買方驗收正確" -> "買方賒欠\n（賒銷）"; "買方賒欠\n（賒銷）" -> "提供買方現金折扣\n（sales discounts 銷貨折扣）"; 商品送達買方 -> "有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符"; "有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符" -> "退貨\nSales returns\n銷貨退回"; "有瑕疵\nor\n規格不符" -> "折讓\nSales allowances\n銷貨退回"; "退貨\nSales returns\n銷貨退回" -> "會計分錄：\nSales returns\nand\nallowances"[arrowhead=none]; "折讓\nSales allowances\n銷貨退回" -> "會計分錄：\nSales returns\nand\nallowances"[arrowhead=none]; } ``` 1. 買賣業銷貨會計處理 ─ **永續**盤存制練習單的 7. (12/14) ~ 12. (01/10) > ![](https://i.imgur.com/RkKLrBc.jpg) 1. 現銷 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/14 . | Cash 　Sales revenue | 3,000 . | 3,000 | > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/14 . | Cost of goods sold 　Inventory | 1,500 . | 1,500 | 1. 賒銷 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/15 . | Accounts receivable 　Sales revenue | 16,000 . | 16,000 | > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/15 . | Cost of goods sold 　Inventory | 8,000 . | 8,000 | 1. 銷貨運費 1. 若為 FOB shipping point → 買方支付 → No journal entry 1. 若為 FOB destination → 賣方支付 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/15 . | Freight-Out 　Cash | xxx . | xxx | 1. 銷貨退回 & 折讓 1. 折讓 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/16 . | Sales returns and allowances 　Accounts receivable | 300 . | 300 | 1. 退回 > 若退回商品規格不符或是瑕疵不大 → 不影響成本 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/18 . | Sales returns and allowances 　Accounts receivable | 2,000 . | 2,000 | > | | Inventory 　Cost of goods sold | 1,000 . | 1,000 | > 若退回商品瑕疵嚴重 → 成本降低 → **以新成本作分錄** > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/18 . | Sales returns and allowances 　Accounts receivable | 2,000 . | 2,000 | > | | Inventory 　Cost of goods sold | **xxx** . | **xxx** | 1. 收現 1. 在折扣期間內收現 Collected $10,00 of receivable ≠ 收到 Cash $10,000 　→ 收到的實際的 Cash 會 < $10,000。 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/24 . | Cash Sales discounts 　Accounts receivable | 9,800 200 . | 10,000 | 1. 超過折扣期間收現 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 01/10 . | Cash 　Accounts receivable | 3,700 . | 3,700 | 1. The accounting cycle for a merchandising company ─ **永續**盤存制 1. Adjusting（p.5-14） At the end of period，準備 financial statements 1. Prepaid insurance, Prepaid rent... 等 Prepaid expenses 1. Supplies expense 1. Depreciation expense 1. Unearned revenue 1. Accrued receivable（應收未記錄） 1. Accrued payable： - Salaries and Wages payable - Interest Payable 1. **永續盤存制特有的調整分錄**（期末必考題）： - 帳載存貨餘額＞實地盤點 → 盤虧（盤損） > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | -: | -: | > | Cost of goods sold 　Inventory | xxx . | xxx | - 帳載存貨餘額＜實地盤點 → 盤盈 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | -: | -: | > | Inventory 　Cost of goods sold | xxx . | xxx | 1. Prepare financial statements 1. (Comprehensive) Income statement / 綜合損益表 1. Single-step income statement / 單站式損益表 [第四章所學的損益表](https://hackmd.io/7YCkAMAnSUyRuj538BuS7w?view#2-%E7%B7%A8%E8%A3%BD%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E5%A0%B1%E8%A1%A8)即為此項 1. Multi-step income statement / 多站式損益（p.5-20） 1. Gross profit　=　Net Income　-　Cost of goods sold 　營業毛利　　營業收入淨額　　　　營業成本（銷貨毛利）　（銷貨收入淨額）　　（銷貨成本） > 毛利率 = Gross profit ÷ Net Sales 1. Income from operations = Gross profit - Operating expenses 　　　營業淨利　　　　　　　　　　　　　　營業費用　（本業的獲利） - Operating expenses - Presentation by nature（p.5-19） - Presentation by function： - Selling expenses / 行銷費用（銷售費用） Ex：銷售人員薪資、銷售人員佣金、銷售部門設備折舊、廣告費用、Feight-Out / 銷貨運費... - Research and development expenses / 研究發展費用 Ex：研發人員薪資、研發人員獎金、研發部門設備折舊、研發部門耗材... - General administrative expenses / 管理費用其餘所有的 expenses 都屬於這個 > 補充： > 　　Selling expenses & General administrative expenses 又稱 SG&A expenses / 銷管費用 > 　　Research and development expenses 又稱 R&D expenses 1. Income before income taxes / 稅前淨利 = Income from operations ± Other income and expenses 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　營業外營收及支出 - Other income and expenses - Interest revenue - Interest expense - 出售廠房設備利得或損失 1. Net income / 稅後淨利 = Income before income taxes - Income taxes 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　營利事業所得稅 > Income Statement 例圖： > ![](https://i.imgur.com/iFLl4nD.png) > Comprehensive Income Statement 例圖： > ![](https://i.imgur.com/2cz7HkD.png) 1. Retained earnings statement 1. Statement of Financial Position 1. Statement of cash flow 1. At the end of fiscal year closing ─ **永續**盤存制 1. Step 1：將收入類科目歸零 1. 若只有 Sales revenue $100,000 一項 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | -: | -: | > | Sales revenue 　Income Summary | 100,000 . | 100,000 | 1. 若公司有 Sales revenue $100,000 & Interest revenue $20,000 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | -: | -: | > | Sales revenue Interest revenue 　Income Summary | 100,000 20,000 . | 120,000 | 1. Step 2：把費用 & 暫時性科目中，有 debit balance 的部分歸零 > | Account Titles and Explanation | > | - | > | Income Summary 　Sales returns and allowances 　Sales discount 　Cost of goods sold 　Feight-Out 　...其他費用 | 1. Step 3：把 Income Summary 歸零 1. revenue＞費用 & 暫時性科目有 debit balance 合計 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | -: | -: | > | Income Summary 　Retained Earnings | xxx . | xxx | 1. revenue＜費用 & 暫時性科目有 debit balance 合計 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | -: | -: | > | Retained Earnings 　Income Summary | xxx . | xxx | 1. Step 4：把 Dividends 歸零 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | -: | -: | > | Retained Earnings 　Dividends | xxx . | xxx | 1. 購貨會計處理 ─ **定期**盤存制（periodic inventory system）（Appendix A）→ 買的時候不記錄「Inventory」的增加。這裡以學習單為例，再做一次「**定期**盤存制」的版本。 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/RkKLrBc.jpg) 1. 現購 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 11/28 . | Purchase 　Cash | 4,500 . | 4,500 | 1. 賒購 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 11/30 . | Purchase 　Accounts Payable | 20,000 . | 20,000 | 1. 進貨退回與折讓 1. 進貨退回 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/04 . | Accounts Payable 　Purchase returns & allowances | 1,000 . | 1,000 | 1. 進貨折讓 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/05 . | Accounts Payable 　Purchase returns & allowances | 300 . | 300 | 1. 進貨運貨：買方 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/06 . | Freight-In 　Cash | 500 . | 500 | 1. 進貨折扣 1. 折扣期間內付款 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/13 . | Accounts Payable 　Purchase discount 　Cash | 18,700 . | 374 18,326 | 1. 若是超過折扣期間付款 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/13 . | Accounts Payable 　Cash | 18,700 . | 18,700 | 1. 銷貨會計處理 ─ **定期**盤存制 → 賣的時候只記錄銷貨收入，不記錄「Inventory」的減少。 > ![](https://i.imgur.com/RkKLrBc.jpg) 1. 現銷 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/14 . | Cash 　Sales revenue | 3,000 . | 3,000 | 1. 賒銷 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/15 . | Accounts Receivable 　Sales revenue | 16,000 . | 16,000 | 1. 銷貨退回與折讓 1. 銷貨折讓 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/16 . | Sales returns & allowances 　Accounts Receivable | 300 . | 300 | 1. 銷貨退回 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/18 . | Sales returns & allowances 　Accounts Receivable | 2,000 . | 2,000 | 1. 銷貨運貨此題為 FOB shipping point，Cherry Co. 為賣方 → 不負擔運費。但若為 FOB destination： > | Account Titles and Explanation | > | - | > | Freight-Out 　Cash | 1. 銷貨折扣 1. 折扣期間內收到款項 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 12/24 . | Cash Sales discounts 　Accounts receivable | 9,800 200 . | 10,000 | 1. 若是超過折扣期間才收到款項 > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 01/10 . | Cash 　Accounts Receivable | 3,700 . | 3,700 | 1. The accounting cycle ─ 買賣業（**定期**盤存制） 1. At the end of period，準備 financial statement 之前 → Adjusting 調整與服務業完全相同。 1. Prepare financial statements - Retained Earnings Statement - Statement of Financial Position - ~~Statement of Cash Flow~~ - ☆ Comprehensive Income Statement ``` 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Net purchase 進貨淨額　　　　　　　　 ┌───────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┐ Beginning Inventory + ( Purchases - Purchase returns & allowance - Purchase discounts + Freight-In ) = Cost of goods available for sold 　　　　期初存貨　　　　　 └──────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘　　　　　　　　可供銷售商品成本　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Cost of goods purchase 購貨成本 ``` ``` Cost of goods available for sales - Ending Inventory = Cost of goods sold 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　期末存貨 ```  3. 結帳 Closing 1. Step 1 1. 推算 Cost of goods sold 1. 把 Purchase、Purchase returns & allowances、Purchase discounts、Freight-In 歸零 1. 把 Inventory 由 Beginning 數字 → Ending 數字 - Ex：上課補充講義 1. $32,000 + ((4,500 + 20,000) - (1,000 + 300)\ - 374\ + 500)$ Beginning　11/28 　 11/29　　 12/04 　 12/05　12/13　12/06 inventory　　　Purchases　　　Purchase returns　　|　　Freight-In 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　and allowances　　 | 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　└→ Purchase discounts $= 55,326$ ← Cost of goods available for sales $55,326 - 46,826 = 8,500$ ← Cost of goods sold 　　　　 Ending 　　　　 inventory - Closing > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | -: | -: | > | Purchases returns & allowances Purchases discounts Inventory（endings） Cost of goods sold 　Purchases 　Freight-In 　Inventory（beginning） | 1,300 374 46,826 8,500 . | 24,500 500 32,000 | 1. Step 2：把 Revenue 歸零 > | Account Titles and Explanation | > | - | > | Sales revenue Interest revenue ... 　Income Summary | 1. Step 3：把 Expenses 及暫時性科目有 debit balance 的部分歸零 > | Account Titles and Explanation | > | - | > | Sales returns & allowances Sales discounts Cost of goods sold ... 其他費用 | 1. Step 4：把 Income Summary 歸零 1. If Net Income > | Account Titles and Explanation | > | - | > | Income Summary 　Retained Earnings | 1. If Net Losses > | Account Titles and Explanation | > | - | > | Retained Earnings 　Income Summary | 1. Step 5：把 Dividends 歸零 > | Account Titles and Explanation | > | - | > | Retained Earnings 　dividends | ## Chapter 6 - Inventories ### 1. 存貨的意義商品的庫存或儲存為企業所用（p.6-2） ### 2. 買賣業與製造業存貨 1. 買賣業：已經可以出售之商品 1. 製造業： 1. Raw Materials 2. Work in process 在製品 3. Finished goods 製成品 ### 3. Determining inventory quantities（p.6-4） First, taking a physical inventory Second, determining ownership of goods 1. Goods in transit 在途存貨（p.6-5） - FOB：shipping point ○ - FOB：destination ╳ 1. Consigned goods 寄銷品（p.6-5） → 屬於寄銷人 ### 4. Inventory methods & financial effects（p.6-6） - Ending inventory = Number of unit at ending inventory × Unit cost - Cost of goods sold = Number of units sold × Unit cost 1. 實際辨認實物流動之情況（個別辨認法 Specific identification）（p.6-7）條件：量少、具有獨特性可辨識、價值高 1. Cost flow assumption 使用成本流動假設（p.6-7）此處四個方法皆用課本 p.6-39 的 P6.5 為例 - 平均法 1. **定期**盤存制 - 加權平均法（weight-average method） $計算單位成本 = \dfrac{beginning\ inventory\ 成本+進貨成本}{beginning\ inventory\ 數量+進貨數量}$ - 分子：Cost of goods available for sale 可供銷售商品成本 - 分母：Number of goods available for sale 可供銷售商品數量計算單位成本 $=\dfrac{60×24+(120×26+70×27+80×28)=8,690}{60+(120+70+80)=330}≒26.333$ 1. Ending inventory$=(330-(100+65+120))×26.333≒1,185$ 1. Cost of goods sold 兩種解法（建議使用第一種）： 1. Cost of goods available - ending inventory$= 8,690 - 1,185 = 7,505$ 1. Number of units sold × unit cost$= 265 × 26.333 ≒ 7,505$ 1. Gross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold $=(100×35+65×40+120×40)-7,505=3,395$ 1. Gross profit rate $=\dfrac{Gross\ profit}{Net\ sale}=\dfrac{3,395}{10,900}≒31.1%$ 1. **永續**盤存制 - 移動平均法（moving average method）每一次進貨重新計算單位成本 | Date | Purchases | Sale | Balance | | ----- | --------- | ---- | ------- | | 10/01 | | | 60×24=1,440 | | 10/09 | 120x26=3,120 | | 1,440+3,120=4,560 =180×**25.33** | | 10/11 | | 100x**25.33**=2,533 | 80x**25.33**=2,027 （同 4,560-2,533） | | 10/17 | 70x27=1,890 | | 1,890+2,027=3,917 =150x**26.11** | | 10/22 | | 65x**26.11**=1,697 | 85x**26.11**=2,220 （同 3,917-1,697） | | 10/25 | 80x28=2,240 | | 2,220+2,240=4,460 =165x**27.03** | | 10/29 | | 120x**27.03**=3,244 | 45x**27.03**=1,216 （同 4,460-3,244） | 1. Ending inventory $=1,216$ 1. Cost of good sold 表格中 Sales 的各項加總即為答案 $=2,533+1,697+3,244=7,474$ 1. Gross profit = Net sales - Cost of goods sold $=10,900-7,474=3,426$ 1. Gross profit rate $=\dfrac{Gross\ profit}{Net\ sale}=\dfrac{3,426}{10,900}≒31.4\%$ - 先入先出法假設先買進來的貨品，就會先賣出去。 1. **定期**盤存制 ─ FIFO > ![](https://i.imgur.com/TvfCCaG.jpg) 1. **永續**盤存制 ─ FIFO | Date | Purchases | Sale | Balance | | ----- | --------- | ---- | ------- | | 10/01 | | | 60×24=1,440 | | 10/09 | 120x26=3,120 | | 120x26=3,120 60×24=1,440 | | 10/11 | | 60x24=1,440 40x26=1,040 | 80x26=2,080 | | 10/17 | 70x27=1,890 | | 70x27=1,890 80x26=2,080 | | 10/22 | | 65x26=1,690 | 70x27=1,890 15x26=390 | | 10/25 | 80x28=2,240 | | 80x28=2,240 70x27=1,890 15x26=390 | | 10/29 | | 35x28=980 70x27=1,890 15x26=390 | 45x28=1,260 | 1. Ending inventory $=1,260$ 1. Cost of goods sold $=1,440+1,040+1,690+390+1,890+980=7,430$ → 由此可得，永續的 FIFO 和定期的 FIFO 結果會一樣。 總結 / 比較：若物價不斷上漲 → 進貨成本上揚（上面的 P6.5 即為此情況） | | Average method | FIFO | | ------------------ | :------------: | :--: | | Ending inventory | 低 | 高 | | Cost of goods sold | 高 | 低 | | Gross profit | 低 | 高 | --- > [color=red][time=2020, 12, 21, Monday] ### 5. Inventory presentation and analysis（p.6-15） - Statement of Financial Position 上 Ending inventory 金額 - Lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value 成本淨變現價值孰低法 1. Step 1 - 計算**成本** ← 期末存貨個別辨認法 or 平均法 or FIFO 1. Step 2 - 決定 Net Realizable Value（NRV） NRV 係指企業在正常營運情況下，出售存貨所能取得淨額 1. Step 3 - 比較成本及 NRV 選低作為 Statement of Financial Position 的 Ending inventory - 成本：個別（逐項）比較 ← **國際標準** - NRV：分類比較以課本 p.6-35 的 P6.8 為例： > | | Cost | NVR | 個別比較 | 分類比較 | > | - | ---: | --: | ------: | -----: | > | Cameras 　Ｍinolta 　Canon 　　小計 | $1,360,000 $900,000 $2,260,000 | $1,248,000 $912,000 $2,160,000 | $1,248,000 $900,000 . | $2,160,000 | > | Light meters 　Vivitar 　Kodak 　　小計 | $1,500,000 $1,610,000 $3,110,000 | $1,380,000 $1,890,000 $3,270,000 | $1,380,000 $1,610,000 . | $3,110,000 | > | Total | $5,370,000 | $5,430,000 | $5,138,000 | $5,270,000 | Adjusting： > $5,370,000 - $5,138,000 = $232,000 > | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | -------- | -------- | -------- | > | Cost of goods sold 　Allowance to reduce inventory to market 　（備抵存貨跌價損失） | $232,000 . | $232,000 . | ### 6. Estimate inventory - Gross profit method 1. Step 1 - 計算正常銷貨毛利率使用過去資料（非本期） $正常銷貨毛利率 = \dfrac{Net\ sales - Cost\ of\ goods\ sold}{Net\ sales}$ 1. Step 2 - 估計**本期**銷貨毛利 $本期\ gross\ profit = 本期\ Net\ sales × 正常銷貨毛利率$ 1. Step 3 - 估計**本期** Cost of goods sold $本期\ Cost\ of\ goods\ sold = 本期\ Net\ sales - 本期\ gross\ profit$ 1. Step 4 - 估計**本期** Ending inventory $本期\ Ending\ inventory$ $= Beginning\ inventory + Net\ Purchases + FreightIn - 本期\ Cost\ of\ goods\ sold$ - 可將 Step 2 & Step 3 合併 $本期\ Cost\ of\ goods\ sold = 本期\ Net\ sales × (1 - 正常銷貨毛利率)$ 以課本 p.6-41 的 P6.10 為例： - a. 計算 2 月份銷貨毛利率： - $Cost\ of\ goods\ sold$ $= Beginning\ inventory + Net\ purchases + FreightIn - Ending\ inventory$ $= 4,500 + 197,800 + 2,900 - 25,200 = 180,000$ - $正常銷貨毛利率$ $= \dfrac{Net\ sales - Cost\ of\ goods\ sold}{Net\ sales} = \dfrac{300,000 - 180,000}{300,000} = \dfrac{120,000}{300,000} = 40\%$ - b. - 計算 3 月份 Ending inventory → 直接合併 Step 2 & Step 3 本期 gross profit = 3 月 Net Sales ×（1 - 2 月份銷貨毛利率） = 260,000 ×（1 - 40%） = 156,000 - 計算 3 月份火災損失 3 月 Begining inventory + 3 月 Net purchases + 3 月 Freight-In - 3 月估計 Cost of goods sold = 25,200 + 191,000 + 4,000 - 156,000 = 64,200 3 月份火災損失 = 64,200 × 70% = 44,940 ### 7. 存貨錯誤 / Effects of inventory errors（p.6-13） $Begining\ inventory + Cost\ of\ goods\ purchased - Ending\ inventory$ $= Cost\ of\ goods\ sold$ $（BI + P - EI = CGS）$ - 假設 Ending inventory 被低估（在此假設只有本期被低估，次期的 Ending inventory 是正確的） | 對 Income Statement 影響 | 對 Statement of Financial Position 影響 | | - | - | | 本期： BI + P - EI↓ = CGS↑ Sales revenues - CGS↑ = Gross profit↓ Gross profit↓ - operating expenses + non-operation income - non-operating expenses = Net income↓ | 本期： Current asset 中的 Inventory（EI）↓ Retained earnings↓ | | 下期： BI↓ + P - EI = CGS↓ Sales revenues - CGS↓ = Gross profit↑ Gross profit↑ - operating expenses + non-operation income - non-operating expenses = Net income↑ | 下期： Current asset 中的 Inventory（EI）正確 Retained earnings 不影響 | 以課本 p.6-36 的 E6.4 為例 - a. > | | 2019 | 2020 | > | - | ---: | ---: | > | Sales | $2,100,000 | $2,500,000 | > | Cost of goods sold 　Beginning inventory 　Cost of goods purchases | 320,000 1,730,000 | 500,000 2,040,000 | > | .　Cost of goods available for sale 　Ending inventory（440,000+60,000） | 2,050,000 500,000 | 2,540,000 520,000 | > | .　　Cost of goods sold | 1,550,000 | 2,020,000 | > | Gross profit | $550,000 | $480,000 | - b. - Incorrect： $2019\ Gross\ profit + 2020\ Gross\ profit = 490,000 + 540,000 = 1,030,000$ - Correct： $2019\ Gross\ profit + 2020\ Gross\ profit = 550,000 + 480,000 = 1,030,000$ ## Chapter 7 - Fraud, Internal control and Cash ### 1. Fraud / 舞弊（p.7-3） ### 2. Internal control / 內部控制（p.7-3）完善 Internal control 可以降低 Fraud 發生機率 ### 3. Principles of internal control activities（p.7-4）（本節自己看） --- > [color=red][time=2020, 12, 28, Monday] ### 4. Cash receipts control（p.7-11） - 用收銀機收現 - 隨收、隨記、隨存 ### 5. 現金支出內部控制 - 管錢不管帳，管帳不管錢 - 除了小額支付採用零用金（petty cash），一律用支票給付 - 定期編銀行調節表（Bank reconciliation） ### 6. Control Features of a Bank Account（p.7-18） 1. 銀行對帳單（Bank statement）（p.7-20） 2. 銀行與公司帳不同的原因 - 銀行：銀行對帳單當期期末餘額 - 公司帳：公司現金帳期末餘額 1. 公司已記，銀行未記 1. 在途存款（deposit in transit）每月最後一個營業日 1. 在外流通支票（outstanding checks）公司已開立支票但持票人尚未存入銀行 1. 銀行已記，公司未記編好銀行調節表後，公司要做調整分錄 1. 銀行代收（bank collection） 1. Interest revenue 1. Service charge（銀行服務費）例：印空白支票費用、數鈔費 1. EFT（Electronic Fund Transfer）例：銀行代付水電費（直接從公司存款扣除） 1. NSF（Not-Sufficient Fund） ### 7. 銀行調節表 1. 銀行對帳單餘額 → 正確餘額 ← 公司現金帳餘額 - 銀行對帳單餘額 → 正確餘額 1. 銀行未記、公司已記 1. 銀行錯誤 - 正確餘額 ← 公司現金帳餘額 1. 公司未記、銀行已記 1. 公司錯誤 - 以課本 p.7-41 P7.4 為例 - 項目調整 1. Service charge / 服務費用：-C 1. The bank collected / 銀行代收：+C 1. Receipts not included [or] Deposits in transit / 在途存款：+B 1. Incorrectly entered / 公司記錄錯誤：±C 1. Checks outstanding / 在外流通支票：-B 1. NSF charge / 支票跳票：-C - a. > | | Keeds Company Bank reconciliation July 31, 2020 | | > | - | :-: | -: | > | Cash balance per bank statement Add: Deposit in transit | | $7,690.8 1,193.3 | > | Less: Outstanding checks | | 8,884.1 1,860.1 | > | Adjusted cash balance per **bank** | | **$7,024** | > | | | | > | Cash balance per books Add: Electronic funds transfer received | | $6,140 1,520 | > | Less: Bank service charge 　　 Error in recording check No.2480 　　 NSF | | 7,660 $25　　　　 36　　　　 575　　 636 | > | Adjusted cash balance per **books** | | **$7,024** | - b. > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 7/31 . | Cash 　Account receivable | $1,520 . | $1,520 | > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 7/31 . | Bank charge expense 　Cash | $25 . | $25 | > | Date | Account Titles and Explanation | Debit | Credit | > | - | - | -: | -: | > | 7/31 . | Account payable 　Cash | $36 . | $36 | 1. 銀行對帳單餘額 → 公司現金帳餘額 1. 公司現金帳餘額 → 銀行對帳單餘額 ## 期末考統整 > [color=red][time=2020, 01, 11, Monday] ### 買賣業的記帳：永續 Perpetual vs. 定期 Periodic | 項目 | Perpetual | Periodic | | - | - | - | | 購貨貨物 | Inventory | Purchase | | 購貨運費 | Inventory | Freight-in | | 售貨運費 | Freight-out | Freight-out | | 售貨成本 | Cost of goods sold 　Inventory | ╳ | | 售貨退貨 | Inventory 　Cost of goods sold | ╳ | | 購貨退貨 | Inventory | Pusrchase returns & allowances | | 購貨折扣 | Inventory | Pusrchase discounts |

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