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    # 智慧工廠(這個不是作業) # 淺談物聯網及其衍生而出的工業4.0與工業物聯網 * 全世界現在都在將物聯網(IOT)運用到各行各業中,IoT的很大一部分專用於工業,因此對這一方面進行了進一步的 命名:工業物聯網(IIoT) **IIOT是由IT與OT兩者融合而成的現在因為無線感測器、射頻辨識標籤(RFID)、進階資料分析等的普及 想達成更 加容易了** IIoT 現在是許多行業正在進行的變革核心,又有人將它稱為第四次工業革命或工業 4.0,以此為基礎而誕生的概念 就是智慧工廠。 智慧工廠要啟用這種功能,必須有能從周圍虛擬世界與現實世界獲取資訊的後台系統,虛擬到工具狀況現實的資訊,都可以在智慧工廠裡流通。現實和虛擬世界的資訊融合是透過 **網宇實體系統(CPS)** 和 **物聯網系統(IOT)** 的相互作用下完成的。 智慧工廠的製程通常都是高數位化和連網,能執行超出自動化的延伸功能。也就是說智慧工廠具背景感知能力。 網宇實體系統(CPS)是借由技術手段實現人的控制在時間、空間等方面的延伸,CPS系統的本質就是人機物的融合計算,主要負責建立實體過程和環境的**虛擬**環境 而物聯網則是將工廠中的產線設備(感測器和自動化控制設備)整合起來並利用連接到網來達成擴充功能性。 在智慧工廠中物聯網系統將CPS連結在一起 **網路連線使智慧工廠能使用從周邊環境收集的資料作為基礎,對內部和周圍發生的任何變化能更自主,能適應能靈活地反應** **CPS 和物聯網系統的結合賦予智慧工廠4大特性如下:** **互通性**:讓智慧工廠生產鏈中的重要機器並且與其他裝置可以相互傳遞訊息,也可以用網路通訊。 **虛擬化**:主要應用在感測器系統和自動系統上,所以智慧工廠可以模擬或建立周邊現實環境的虛擬副本能夠整合虛擬和現實世界的輸入,因此,智慧工廠能夠使用過去(模擬)和現在 (即時監控) 的資訊以高度針對情境的方式運行。操作人員也能更透明地觀察整個製造過程。 **去中心化**:智慧工廠的控制不限於單個運算單元CPS能獨立運作,智慧工廠可以更靈活、完善地解決問題。 **即時反應**:使工廠有能力對可能突然發生的問題作出回應。即時監控資料,讓工廠可以回應周圍發生的事情。持續監控流程的能力也能注意到,甚至預測可能導致突發至狀況發生異常的情況。 物聯網使工廠甚至能達到廠對廠的資訊傳輸及控制 **智慧工廠就是用網路連結各處,管理工廠一切大小事** 所謂的智慧工廠,就是藉由實現以下兩件事 1.將工廠內的各種設備連結成網路 2.從各種不同的角度取得與管理點的裝置有關的數據 讓工廠各項數據與資訊透明化 **預測維護** 工廠都會安排定期或連續的設備狀態監測,而用AI技術可以收集到所有資料,在故障前利用統計過程控制提早修復漏洞,而「預防維護」,可以讓主管預估設備需要維修或保養的時間點而解決問題。 **生產力提高** 有些製造業的員工憂心AI會讓他們面臨失業,但科技確實能夠減輕人員的工作負擔,製造業與機器的融入也已經很多年了,未來AI更可協助工廠提升員工的工作表現,AI能夠利用數據挑選最合適的材料來生產,也能夠精確的計算生產材料的投入。 **增強公司運作效率** 面對客戶需求日益漸增,就需要AI來應變客戶的需求,而先進的智慧工廠會自己計算 **智慧工廠面臨問題** 現在科技越來越發達,這是個連網時代,除了工廠內系統彼此串連企業網路,改變了生產流程之外,同時駭客可入侵攻擊的地方也變多。 **勒索病毒** WannaCry勒索病毒綁架工廠,該病毒能在短時間即癱瘓,大量企業系統。 該惡意程式,也感染了ㄧ些負責管理工業控制的軟體電腦,而影響工業控制系統。 **工業控制系統與工業架構** 現今,不是每間工廠都是針對今日的工業控制系統的連線網路和威脅而設計。老舊的控制系統通常到缺乏資安機制,容易受到病毒的入侵我們只要使用IoT裝置搜尋引擎「shodan」就能在網路上找到許多暴露在外的設備。 **第一次到第四次工業革命與產業發展** 工業4.0或第四次工業革命是智慧科技革命的發展,集成資訊科技、物聯網科技等,發展具有適應性、資源效率、及人因工程學的智慧工廠(Smart Factory),以貫穿商業夥伴流程及企業價值流程,創造產品與服務等我客製化能力供應能力。實踐一個有智能意識生產模式的產業世界,但它可以實現的時間,各方說法不一,德國電器電子及訊息技術協會會員中只有四分之一認為2020年前會有大規模的實施,專家們普遍預期2030年前有機會實現。 **大數據分析運用於半導體工廠** * 增加運作時間 調查可能降低勞工成本與品質並改善產能及上市時間的做法,以正確格式取得正確資料,並做出決策增加運作時間。 * 加速輸出 * 減少故障 **AI 在智慧工廠的應用** 從人力逐漸轉變成AI智慧工廠,這說明了可能以後不太需要人力來做工,因為人力需要保勞健保那些有的沒有的,但是機器並不用,只需要定期維修及保養,偶爾更新一下軟體,花的成本比人力在低一些,現在台灣工業在石化產業以現有的自動化廠區設基礎,智慧製造相關生產創新,還有消費者有關應用與服務創新,有了新知識服務結合產業結構,提升產業的競爭力,現在台灣有基礎上的自動智慧化石化廠,之後可能也慢慢多了很多智慧的應用。智慧工廠裡的應用有生產進度追蹤、在製品管理、生產排程管理、品質能力、人員效率、物料管理,這些都是未來在智慧工廠會應用到的關鍵。 **5G引領智慧工廠** 最近高效能的通訊科技的趨勢下,開始以5G技術發展為重心,5G有著高可靠度、低延遲以及大規模通訊這三個優勢所在,使未來的應用能夠更穩固,5G在智慧工廠的潛在應用有:強化機器人之間的合作、提升自主機器人的效能、擴增實境與虛擬實境、即時資訊回饋。在台灣來說,製造業是非常重要的發展之一 來源:https://blog.trendmicro.com.tw/?p=56546

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