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    # 3. 頻率-週期-時鐘 (LED應用範例) [參考網址:Chia tần số trên FPGA](https://vimach.net/threads/chia-tan-so-tren-fpga.142/) ###### tags: `verilog` `IC 設計` ### :pushpin: Dao động và tần số ta có thể tìm thời gian từ tần số và công thức để chuyển đổi từ tần số trong thời gian là: **f=1/T T: chu kì đơn vị là s(giây) F: tần số đơn vị là Hz** - Vậy từ công thức ta có thể suy ra được 1Hz là 1s. - Một tín hiệu 1Hz được biểu diễn như sau: ![](https://i.imgur.com/lwxh4yx.png) ### :pushpin: Chia tần số Một công đoạn rất quan trọng trong bất cứ mạch nào liên quan đến sự đồng bộ và thời gian thực. Hoặc trong một mạch chúng ta cần nhiều tần số thì việc chia tần số chính của board FPGA ( thường là 50Mhz) ra nhiều tần số khác nhau là không thể thiếu. **Chuyển đổi thời gian:** 1 mili giây = 0,001 giây 1 micro giây = 0,000 001 giây 1 nano giây = 0,000 000 001 giây **Chuyển đổi tần số-thời gian:** 1 Hz <=> 1 giây 10 Hz <=> 0,1 giây 100 Hz <=> 0.01 giây 1 KHz (1 000 Hz) <=> 1 mili giây 1 MHz (1 000 000 Hz) <=> 1 micro giây 1 GHz (1 000 000 000 Hz) <=> 1 nano giây ### :pushpin: LED應用範例 ### **題目:** -Ta có FPGA tần số ban đầu là 100Mhz. -Chúng ta cần thiết kế theo yêu cầu hiển thị led nhấp nháy **sáng 0.5 giây** và **tắt là 0.5 giây**. --- ### **設計方法:** **STEP01:** tính toán tần số cần thiết bằng cách sử dụng công thức: **f = 1 / 0,500 = 2 Hz** ==> **0,5 giây thì có tần số bằng 2 Hz.** **STEP02:** Trong FPGA, chúng ta sẽ sử dụng bộ đếm để điều khiển giây như mình mong muốn. Vì thế chúng ta cần một hằng số để đếm. Sau đây là công thức để tính hằng số đó: **c = gclk/clk** Với gclk: là tần số của board FPGA (100Mhz = 100,000,000Hz) Clk: tần số ta đã tính ở trên (2Hz) Vậy ta có hằng số: **c =100,000,000/2=50,000,000** -Chúng ta sẽ đếm sự thay đổi của tần số gclk ( 1 hoặc 0 ) và đếm sự thay đổi đó đến hằng số cần thiết thì ta được thời gian hoặc tần số mình mong muốn. ```verilog= always @(posedge clkin_100MHz, posedge reset) begin if(reset) Q1 <= 8'b0; else begin if (clk_2Hz) Q1 <= 32'b0; else Q1 <= Q1 + 32'b1; end end assign clk_2Hz = (Q1 == 32'd50000000) ? 1'b1 : 1'b0; ```

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